城市V形坡隧道火灾最高温度数值模拟

采用FDS 数值模拟方法,对V 形坡隧道火灾时烟气运动特性及隧道纵向中心线上温度分布情况进行研究,并提出不同火灾位置时顶板最大温升参数经验预测模型。结果表明,火源位于变坡点右侧120 m 时,隧道纵向中心线峰值温度点向下游偏移,偏移距离随坡度的增加而增加,隧道顶板最高温度随坡度的增加而减小。通过推导无量纲火源位置与变坡点距离不同时的最大温升参数预测模型得出,无量纲最大温升参数随无量纲火源位置的增大而增大、与无量纲热释放速率的0.8 次幂成正比,且与隧道坡度呈非线性非单调关系。     

城市Ⅴ形坡隧道火灾最高温度数值模拟

采用FDS数值模拟方法,对Ⅴ形坡隧道火灾时烟气运动特性及隧道纵向中心线上温度分布情况进行研究,并提出不同火灾位置时顶板最大温升参数经验预测模型。结果表明,火源位于变坡点右侧120 m时,隧道纵向中心线峰值温度点向下游偏移,偏移距离随坡度的增加而增加,隧道顶板最高温度随坡度的增加而减小。通过推导无量纲火源位置与变坡点距离不同时的最大温升参数预测模型得出,无量纲最大温升参数随无量纲火源位置的增大而增大、与无量纲热释放速率的0.8次幂成正比,且与隧道坡度呈非线性非单调关系。     

汽车常用液体接触热表面火灾危险性的研究

通过对汽车常用液体进行热谱分析、模拟试验并结合实际情况分析，对汽车常用液体火灾危险性进行了系统的研究。结果表明其火灾危险性主要分为两方面：一是液体接触热表面自发引燃，另一方面是液体泄漏后接触热表面挥发或者产生一定量的可燃蒸气和烟雾，并遇到车内电气的火花或者摩擦、静电火花而引燃。后者的火灾危险性要高于前者。     

室内火灾作用下正交胶合木结构受火性能研究

为了研究室内自然火灾作用下可燃的正交胶合木(cross laminated timber, CLT)对CLT房间火灾荷载的贡献和不同层板组成的CLT对火灾的动态影响,开展4次内表面受火面积不同、板材层板组成不同的CLT房间自然火灾试验,直接受火CLT面积占CLT房间内表面积百分比分别为0%、19.8%、36.4%和87.6%;并以双区域模型为基础,建立考虑炭化层脱落的CLT结构室内自然火灾温度场计算模型,对CLT房间火灾试验进行模拟,分析双区域模型应用于CLT结构自然火灾时的有效性及局限性。试验结果表明：CLT受火面积对室内自然火灾发展过程及热量释放影响显著,随着CLT受火面积的增大燃烧速率显著提高,火灾的热释放速率增大;炭化层是否脱落对火灾发展过程影响显著,炭化层脱落时间及区域存在随机性;CLT单层层板厚度越薄,炭化层越早发生脱落;考虑CLT燃烧及炭化层脱落的双区域模型可一定程度上准确模拟CLT房间自然火灾室内空气温度,但是火灾降温阶段双区域模型预测的温度始终低于试验温度。     

Experimental study on fire performance of cross laminated timber structure exposed to compartment fire

为了研究室内自然火灾作用下可燃的正交胶合木(cross laminated timber, CLT)对CLT房间火灾荷载的贡献和不同层板组成的CLT对火灾的动态影响，开展4次内表面受火面积不同、板材层板组成不同的CLT房间自然火灾试验，直接受火CLT面积占CLT房间内表面积百分比分别为0%、19.8%、36.4%和87.6%；并以双区域模型为基础，建立考虑炭化层脱落的CLT结构室内自然火灾温度场计算模型，对CLT房间火灾试验进行模拟，分析双区域模型应用于CLT结构自然火灾时的有效性及局限性。试验结果表明：CLT受火面积对室内自然火灾发展过程及热量释放影响显著，随着CLT受火面积的增大燃烧速率显著提高，火灾的热释放速率增大；炭化层是否脱落对火灾发展过程影响显著，炭化层脱落时间及区域存在随机性；CLT单层层板厚度越薄，炭化层越早发生脱落；考虑CLT燃烧及炭化层脱落的双区域模型可一定程度上准确模拟CLT房间自然火灾室内空气温度，但是火灾降温阶段双区域模型预测的温度始终低于试验温度。     

沉管隧道火灾热释放速率试验研究

为了深入分析沉管隧道火灾发展过程及其规模,以港珠澳沉管隧道为研究对象,建立足尺隧道火灾试验平台,配备试验测量系统,开展足尺隧道火灾试验。试验火源选用油池火、木垛火以及真实车辆,通过失重法和热辐射法相结合的方式确定火源规模,同时,探讨影响其火灾热释放速率的因素。试验结果表明:油池火更适宜作为火灾试验火源;通过不同油盘的组合能够模拟多种规模的火灾,试验中最大规模为40 MW左右;废弃小汽车火灾规模近似为5 MW,中巴车近似为15 MW。另外,影响火灾热释放速率的主要因素是燃烧面积、燃料类型、火源位置和纵向风速等。     

可燃固体火灾危险性特征研究

概述了可燃固体的火灾危险性参数,包括总热值、自燃温度、闪燃温度、火焰蔓延速率、热释放速率、发烟量等。给出了可燃固体火灾危险性参数的定义、测试方法。对典型可燃固体的自燃温度和闪燃温度进行了试验研究,分析了两者之间的关系。     

隧道内火灾大小和火灾蔓延模拟研究

隧道内火灾的热释放速率对火灾蔓延和烟气生成起着关键作用。影响热释放速率的关键参数包括：燃烧物特性、隧道形状、通风条件以及车辆流量。综述了几年来热释放速率对这些参数的依赖性所做的研究成果。设计了贝页斯概率模型来模拟火灾热释放速率受隧道形状以及纵向通风的影响，设计了定性模型来模拟火灾在类似海底隧道内从一个物体蔓延到另一个物体的情况，通风条件同样是纵向通风，并给出了此次研究的初步成果。     

纵向风对隧道柴油池火影响的试验研究

在全尺寸隧道模型中开展了试验研究,采用柴油池火设计了2.8~12.2 MW共8组工况,考查了油盘面积2~5 m~2、纵向风速0.2~2.0 m/s条件下隧道火灾烟气层形态、热释放速率和火源燃烧速率的变化规律。研究发现,各工况在该区域附近的烟气分层效果较好,纵向风速对各工况中火源区烟气分层影响不明显。热释放速率经验计算值比测量值普遍高7%~30%,但当火源面积较大、纵向风速较高时经验计算值显著低于测量值。火源平均燃烧速率表现出与热释放速率一致的变化规律,随隧道纵向风速增大而增大。在纵向风作用下,3 m~2和5 m~2柴油池火的燃烧速率比无风环境下分别高出18.4%和25.1%。     

有坡隧道内烟气拱顶最高温度及温度衰减特性研究

隧道火灾时拱顶最高烟气温度及温度衰减特性的预测对于隧道防火安全设计具有很重要的意义,而现有的研究通常基于隧道无坡的情况,而实际隧道坡度不可忽略。于是通过FDS数值模拟得到了不同火源热释放率、不同通风速度下有坡隧道顶棚最高温度及温度衰减趋势的模拟值,并与现有的温度模型预测值进行了对比,发现现有模型对隧道带有坡度的情况,或多或少存在缺陷。通过数据处理,得到了坡度隧道的拱顶最高温度及温度衰减特性的预测修正模型。     

Effect of cross section and ventilation on heat release rates in tunnel fires

Model scale fire tests were performed in tunnels with varying tunnel widths and heights in order to study the effect of tunnel cross-section and ventilation velocity on the heat release rate (HRR) for both liquid pool fires and solid fuel fires. The results showed that for well ventilated heptane pool fires, the tunnel width nearly has no influence on the HRR whilst a lower tunnel height clearly increases the HRR. For well ventilated solid fuel fires, the HRR increases by approximately 25% relative to a free burn test but the HRR is not sensitive to either tunnel width, tunnel height or ventilation velocity. For solid fuel fires that were not well ventilated, the HRRs could be less than those in free burn laboratory tests. In the case of ventilation controlled fires the HRRs approximately lie at the same level as for cases with natural ventilation.     

The Influence of Tunnel Geometry and Ventilation on the Heat Release Rate of a Fire

It has occasionally been observed that fires in tunnels appear to be significantly more severe than fires in the open air. A literature review has been carried out, comparing heat release data from fires in tunnels with heat release data from similar fires in the open air. A Bayesian methodology has been used to investigate the geometrical factors that have the greatest influence on heat release rate. It is shown that the heat release rate of a fire in a tunnel is influenced primarily by the width of a tunnel; a fire will tend to have a higher heat release rate in a narrow tunnel rather than in a wide tunnel. The observed relationship between heat release rate and tunnel width is presented. Results from a study investigating the variation of heat release rate with ventilation velocity for fires in tunnels are also presented. A method for making realistic estimates of the heat release rates of fires in tunnels, based on these results, is presented.     

Critical velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation

Since the prediction of ‘critical velocity’ is important to control the smoke in tunnel fires, many researches have been carried out to predict critical velocity with various fire sizes, tunnel shape, tunnel slope, and so forth. But few researches have been conducted to estimate critical ventilation velocity for varied burning rate by longitudinal ventilation, although burning rate of fuel is influenced by ventilation conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the difference of upstream smoke layer (e.g., backlayering) between naturally ventilated heat release rate and varied heat release rate by longitudinal ventilation.In this study, the 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to examine the difference of backlayering between naturally ventilated heat release rate and varied heat release rate by longitudinal ventilation. And the experimental results obtained are compared with numerical ones. Three-dimensional simulations of smoke flow in the tunnel fire with the measured burning rates have been carried out using Fire Dynamics Simulator; Ver. 406 code, which is developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology. They show a good degree of agreement, even if some deviation in temperature downstream of the fire is evident. Since ventilation velocity had a greater enhancing effect on the burning rate of fuel due to oxygen supply effect, the critical ventilation velocity should be calculated on the basis of varied HRR by ventilation velocity.     

Burning Rate of Liquid Fuel on Carpet (Porous Media)

The occurrence of a liquid fuel burning on carpet has been involved in many incendiary and accidental fires. While the research on a liquid fuel fire on carpet is still limited, much work on porous media has been performed using sand or glass beads soaked with liquid fuel. In this study, a heat and mass transfer theory was first developed to analyze the burning process of liquid on carpet, and then several small-scale tests were performed to validate the theory. This analysis is valid for pool fires intermediate in size (5–20 cm. in diameter). The experimental apparatus consisted of a circular pan (105 mm) and a load cell. Varying amounts of fuels (heptane, kerosene and methanol) were spilled onto the carpet, which was allowed to burn in a quiescent environment. It was found that due to the different controlling mechanisms, the liquid burning rate could be less or more than that of a similarly spilled free-burning pool fire. For the worst-case scenario in fires, the maximum enhancement of the burning rate due to the porous media is predictable through the physical properties of the fuel. This analysis is valid for both combustion and evaporation. Several similar results in the scientific literature are analyzed to further describe the trend. This work explains the role of carpet in liquid pool fires and also helps to explain special risks related to the presence of carpet involved in arsons and will be useful in reconstruction of the early development of an incendiary or accidental fire.     

Experimental study on transverse smoke temperature distribution in road tunnel fires

To assess the impact of smoke on the ceiling in tunnel fires, the smoke temperature under the ceiling was studied experimentally with small-scale experiments. This study focused on the transverse smoke temperature distribution in road tunnel fires as the longitudinal one has been widely researched. Comparison for the transverse and longitudinal smoke temperature distributions near the fire was conducted and the difference was researched. A correlation determining the transverse smoke temperature distribution under the ceiling was developed by taking the fire location into account.     

An experimental study on the effect of ventilation velocity on burning rate in tunnel fires—heptane pool fire case

The 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to investigate the effect of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the burning rate in tunnel fires. The n-heptane pool fires with heat release rate ranging from 3.71 to 15.6 kW are used in this study. A load cell is used to measure the mass loss rate of burning fuel and the temperature distributions are measured by K-type thermocouples in order to investigate smoke movement. The ventilation velocity in the reduced-scale tunnel is controlled by the wind tunnel through an inverter. The increases in ventilation velocity lead to enhance burning rate of n-heptane fuel. The reason is that the oxygen supply effect prevails rather than the cooling effect as the ventilation velocity increases. As a result, the heat release rates in experiment are larger than constant heat release rates by 4.45–11.3 times in the n-heptane pool fires. Also, it is found that non-dimensional critical ventilation velocity is proportional to one-third power of non-dimensional heat release rate.     

基于CFD的开放空间油池火燃烧速率和热辐射研究

采用混合组分燃烧模型和有限体积辐射模型,通过液体表面蒸发模型对液态燃料和火羽流进行耦合,建立开放空间油池火模型.利用CFD方法分别对不同直径的庚烷油池火进行模拟,研究其燃烧速率、热释放速率随直径的变化以及火焰中轴上的温度和单位体积热释放速率(HRRPUV)分布,并得出油池表面的热辐射反馈以及油池外部水平和垂直方向的热辐射强度分布规律.部分模拟结果与实验进行对比,验证该模型的适用性和有效性.     

Heat Release Rate of Heavy Goods Vehicle Fire in Tunnels with Fixed Water Based Fire-Fighting System

A series of large-scale fire tests for road tunnel application was conducted in a test tunnel facility in Spain. The aim of this fire tests program was to investigate the magnitude of the heat release rate generated by a fire in heavy goods vehicles (HGV’s) with and without a fire suppression system in tunnels in Singapore; the possibility of interchanging a fire suppression system with other measures such as lowering the longitudinal flow velocity; and to acquire information on the appropriate design parameters (e.g., nozzle type, discharge density and activation time) to adopt based on the most probable fuel load used in these road tunnels. In order to ensure repeatability, simulated HGV’s consisting of 228 pallets with 48 plastic pallets (20%) and 180 wooden pallets (80%) were used in all fire tests. An air velocity of approximately 3 m/s was applied. As the scope of work covered in this fire test program is very large, only the setup of the fire test and the findings on the effects of heat release rate with (Test 4) and without (Test 7) a fixed water based fire-fighting system are covered. The test results indicate that a substantial reduction of fire heat release rate can be obtained using a low-pressure deluge fire suppression system, as long as timely activation of the water is provided. However, the influence of the suppression system on CO production is significant. Such experimental data address the current dearth of knowledge on the actual effect of low-pressure deluge systems on the heat release rate from HGVs in tunnel fires.     

纵向通风与竖井自然排烟下隧道火灾烟气特性实验研究

中国逐渐发展成为世界上隧道和地下工程最多的国 家,其长隧道数量和长度跻身世界前列。据统计,火灾中85%的 人员死亡是由热烟气造成的,目前隧道中采用较为广泛的排烟系 统有纵向排烟系统、集中排烟系统和横向排烟系统,而针对长隧道 来说,我国广泛采用的是竖井式纵向通风,因此,研究纵向通风与 竖井排烟综合效应下隧道火灾烟气流动特性及温度分布规律具有 重要意义。本文建立了1：10 缩尺寸竖井隧道模型,主隧道长度 16.5 m,宽度1.3 m,高度0.65 m;竖井通过排烟横通道与主隧道 连接,排烟横通道设置在主隧道侧面中部,尺寸为1.2 m 长、0.6 m 宽、0.4 m 高;竖井横截面为半径0.6 m 的1/4 圆,高4.6 m。在 竖井隧道模型中开展了一系列油池火实验,选取2 种方形燃烧池 （20 cm×20 cm、23 cm×23 cm）作为火源,设置2 个纵向火源位置 （位置A：火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离0.375 m;位置B： 火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离1.375 m）,7 种纵向通风风 速（0,0.18,0.27,0.35,0.44,0.52,0.69 m/s）,定量分析不同工 况下温度分布及烟气逆流长度。研究结果表明：当无纵向通风时, 火焰与隧道地板垂直,且呈轴对称形态;当有纵向通风时,火焰向 下游偏移,且纵向通风风速越大,火焰向下游偏移越明显;当纵向 通风风速为0 m/s 时,由于竖井的存在,火源上、下游两侧烟气温 度分布并非对称,火源下游（竖井侧）烟气温度下降速度较快,与单 洞隧道烟气温度分布明显不同;随纵向通风风速增加,烟气逆流长 度和烟气温度减小,而最大温度偏移距离整体呈增加趋势;当无量 纲纵向通风风速v′＜0.19 时,主隧道最大温升△Tmax 与Q2/3/ Hef 5/3 呈正比,而当无量纲纵向通风风速v′＞0.19 时,主隧道最大 温升△Tmax 与Q? /(vb1/3Hef 5/3)呈正比,但常数系数均小于Li 等预 测模型中的常数系数;竖井隧道内无量纲纵向烟气温度分布符合 Fan 和Ji 等建立的纵向温度衰减模型,衰减系数k′在1.36~1.63 范围内变化,但其值明显大于单洞隧道纵向温度衰减系数k′;另 外,当火源位于位置A 时,最大烟气温度低于火源位于位置B 时 的最大烟气温度,无量纲纵向烟气温度衰减速度慢于火源位于位 置B 时衰减速度。     

高海拔隧道全尺寸火灾烟气及温度场特征试验研究

通过对海拔为4100m的高海拔隧道进行全尺寸火灾试验,揭示高海拔隧道火灾烟气下沉及温度场变化特征。试验采用三种不同尺寸火源(0.8m2、1.0m2、2.0m2),对隧道火灾烟气蔓延特征、火区最高温度、隧道拱顶纵向温度分布进行研究。试验研究结果表明：隧道火灾试验初期及燃烧稳定阶段,火源附近隧道上层烟气与下层冷空气分界明显,火灾后期烟气下沉严重;较小风速有利于高海拔隧道小规模火灾烟气逆流层纵向和垂向蔓延的控制。隧道火灾温度场研究表明：隧道火灾温升速率随火源热释放率增大而增加;火源附近20m范围内温度衰减速率较快,远火源区域隧道拱顶纵向温度衰减较慢,趋于平缓;通过对火源上方拱顶烟气温度分析,发现隧道火灾探测采用差温报警模式较定温报警模式更加有效,并得出10℃/min的温升速率可基本满足高海拔隧道小规模火灾的初期报警;隧道拱顶纵向温度分布规律导致火源远场烟气下沉严重而近火源区域烟气层化较好的特征。高海拔隧道火灾温度分布特性试验研究,可为高海拔隧道火灾动力特性研究提供依据,为高海拔隧道人员疏散逃生提供指导及建议。