山西省王莽岭景区大型滑塌构造成因机制

滑塌构造又称滑陷构造,是指已沉积的沉积层在重力作用下发生运动和位移时所产生的各种同生变形构造的总称。其触发因素多种多样,研究滑塌构造有助于了解沉积历史和古地理特征。本文对山西省王莽岭国家地质公园景区内发育于寒武系与奥陶系之间的大型滑塌构造的下伏层、滑塌体和上覆层所具有的构造与沉积几何特征进行综合研究分析,并通过滑塌构造体典型剖面中碎屑流的厚度分布、泥砾含量对比、流向指示等运动特征研究,再结合震积滑塌体伴生褶皱的规律,表明王莽岭景区大型滑塌构造的成因为地震诱发所致,且震积滑塌体的滑塌方向为自北东向南西。此次研究分析成果提高了景区地质科学内涵,同时对我国境内的震积滑塌体的构造体系研究也具有重要的科学借鉴意义。     

Diaphragm wall-soil-cap interaction in rectangular-closeddiaphragm-wall bridge foundations

Rectangular-closed-diaphragm-wall foundation is a new type of bridge foundation. Diaphragm wallsoil-cap interaction was studied using a model test. It was observed that the distribution of soil resistance under the cap is not homogeneous. The soil resistance in the corner under the cap is larger than that in the border; and that in the center is the smallest. The distribution of soil resistance under the cap will be more uniform, if the sectional area of soil core is enlarged within a certain range. Due to the existence of cap, there is a “weakening effect” in inner shaft resistance of the upper wall segments, and there is “enhancement effect” in the lower wall segments and in toe resistance. The load shearing percentage of soil resistance under the cap is 10%–20%. It is unreasonable to ignore the effects of the cap and the soil resistance under the cap in bearing capacity calculations. __________ Translated from China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40(8): 67–73 [译自: 土木工程学报]     

Catastrophic landslides associated with the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

Numerous earthquake-induced landslides occurred in the Longmenshan tectonic belt associated with the 12th May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake where the vertical acceleration was greater than the horizontal ground motion. Many of these landslides originated in the steep mountain terrain which amplified the effect of the ground shaking. Three typical landslides are discussed: the Niujuangou sturzstrom, the Chengxi rock slide and the 1,100 million m³ Daguangbao rock slide. Having discussed the individual slides and some previously published models, a mechanism to explain both the very fast velocity of the slides and their long run-out distance is proposed, taking into account aerodynamic principles. The model postulates that air trapped in the steep-sided valley by the collapsing rock mass forms a “cushion-effect” on which the debris moves.     

The dynamics of coastal landslides: insights from laboratory experiments and theoretical analyses

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to study the dynamics of landslides commencing sub-aerially and ending inside a water basin. A comparison between experiments with and without water shows differences in the final deposits. In the subaqueous experiments the grains did not spread out from the mass in the same way as in the subaerial movement. It is suggested that air can be trapped inside the mass which, released during the final stage of the underwater mass propagation, modifies the buoyancy forces. Other effects observed during the air to water transition include the “jumping” and “tilting” of grains. It is concluded that the air to water transition plays a key role in the dynamics of combined subaerial/subaqueous landslides. The information obtained from the experiments may also be useful in the consideration of tsunami generation and the sedimentological analyses of landslide deposits.     

"Composition" and regularisation of architectural production in contemporary China

The purpose of this paper is to explore how the “Beaux-Arts” “composition” sustained the constitution of design principles for architectural production in China in the last two decades of the twentieth century. “Composition”, a key technique of the “Beaux-Arts” system, is not a simple act of “putting elements together” into a unified whole, but also relates to an array of different “constructions” of architectural knowledge which regulate and sustain the act of design. Through analysing the structure of three “textbooks” published in the early 1980s, this paper examines three aspects of the “constructions”: the setting up of the principles for governing architectural forms, regularisation of design methods and approaches for architectural practice, and the construction of a “tradition” for the expression of “Chineseness”.     

Use of gestalt in wayfinding design and analysis of wayfinding process

The authors brought forward the definition of “Gestalt space” and indicated this kind of space can be easily cognized. Three experiments showed that “classification” and “grouping” are the human strategies to solve wayfinding problems. “Similarity” and “Legibility” of the space are advantageous to help people to complete wayfinding tasks. The designer should provide the essential “Legibility” in Gestalt space, by using some techniques such as “break” and “accession” to settle the wayfinding problem. __________ Translated from Architectural Journal, 2007, (5): 89–91 [译自: 建筑学报]     

Location-allocation aspects of Tinbergen-Bos systems

Tinbergen-Bos Systems (TBS) operationalise L?sch's general spatial economic equilibrium model in terms of “centers” (clusters of activities) and “systems” (combinations of centers). The initial specifications are generalised to a non-discrete metric, and a method is derived to solve the resulting location-allocation problem by linear programming. Applications are presented, the conclusion being that the way is paved to handle large quasi-dynamic TBS, allowing to study the evolution of “economic landscapes”. Received: December 1997/Accepted: May 1998     

Housing management matters: Citizenship and managerialism in the new welfare market

This paper addresses three neglected issues in the restructuring of housing policy and provision in the UK in the 1980s and 1990s: first, the relationship between welfare restructuring and management regimes; second, the nature of local variations in the impact of welfare restructuring; and third, the significance of human agency interpretations of change. The paper starts by summarizing the main features of welfare state restructuring and then considers recent manifestations of citizenship and managerialism in housing. Three competing conceptions of citizenship rights are used to examine changing notions of welfare: “market efficiency”, “institutionalized rights” and the “radical challenge” provided by social movements. A four-part typology of the main concepts and themes in the “new public management”—“efficiency”, “downsizing and decentralization”, “excellence” and “public service”—is used to present the main components of change in management regimes. The paper draws on literatures on housing management, citizenship and “the new public management” and on recent research into tenant participation, housing rights and housing advice services. Conclusions are drawn about how tensions between different conceptions of citizenship and public management are implicated with national and global influences at the local level to create particular welfare outcomes.     

Spatial prices,search behavior and location

This paper presents a model that links spatial prices with search behavior and location. Consumers are assumed to search for a product at the lowest overall costs where suppliers are spatially distributed. The expected result of this “shopping decision” is linked with a longer term “quantity decision” relating the customer’s location via bid prices for land with the expected costs of buying the product. We demonstrate various characteristics of this model via numerical simulations.     

Simulation of a building and its HVAC system with an equation solver: Application to benchmarking

The today-availability of powerful engineering equation solvers is opening very new possibilities in technical component modelling and in system simulation. The simulation models, the “user guide” and the “reference guide” are all included in a same file. Reliable “reference” and “simplified” models are currently available for the building zone and for most (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) HVAC components. Focus is given here on “simplified” models and on a simulation tool, called “Benchmark”. This tool should help an auditor to make the best use of the limited information usually available about actual fuel and electricity consumptions and to get a very first evaluation of the actual performances of a given HVAC system. An example of such use is presented. Another simulation tools and more information about the modelling of HVAC components will be presented in a further paper.     

Foundations for Large-Scale Tanks in Tectonic-Fracture Zones (Technology Provided by NTTs Geoproekt)

The effect of slow tectonic movements of a rigid (semi-rock or rock) foundation bed on the service reliability of large-scale tanks situated in a zone of active tectonic fractures is examined. Results are cited for three-dimensional numerical analyses of a “bed-foundation-structure” system. __________ Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 6, pp. 28–32, November–December, 2005.     

Negatives in symmetric input–output tables: the impossible quest for the Holy Grail

In the Supply-Use (or Make-Use) input–output models, “product-technology” (PT) or “fixed-industry-sales-structure” (FISS) assumptions are more widely adopted (SNA, Eurostat) for deriving symmetric input–output tables (SIOT) than “industry-technology” or “fixed-product-sales-structure” assumptions, but generate negatives in the SIOT. A SIOT deduced from the Supply-Use model is considered as satisfactory as soon as it contains no more negatives; scholars have focused on the negatives in the SIOT and on how to remove them. However, as a SIOT may include no negatives even if there are some negatives in the inverse Supply matrix, we have completely reversed the reasoning. A counter-example demonstrates that computing the inverse Supply matrix, as imposed by PT or FISS assumptions, is mathematically a nonsense operation even when the symmetric input–output tables do not include any negative; this result is new. Hence, deriving a SIOT under PT or FISS assumption must be rejected. Three applications are provided: Austria 2000 and 2005 and USA 2007.     

A design method for seepage barriers with allowance for the initial filtration gradient

A method is presented for calculation of the basic parameters of an anti-seepage “wall” with allowance for the initial filtration gradient of the filler material. The case of plane-radial seepage through a contour “wall” of the perfect and imperfect type, which is constructed by various modifications of the “wall-in-the-ground” method and using kinematic jet energy, is discussed. Computational analytical relationships and working equations for a number of special cases are derived in general form for the schemes under consideration. A software package, which makes it possible to make a rational projection of structural parameters of the “wall” and determine the position of the depression curve ahead of the “wall,” is developed. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, Nos. 4–5, pp. 37–42, July–October, 1998.     

A land use model of the effects of eco-labeling in coffee markets

International non-profit organizations have started to implement eco-labeling for credence attributes programs aimed to inform consumers about environmentally sound or “sustainable” production standards for various products. Using coffee labeled as “shade grown” or “bird friendly” as an example, this paper describes the impact such labeling programs may have on local land use patterns in coffee producing regions. Shade grown coffee farms should provide a variety of external benefits, including the preservation of biodiversity, carbon sequestration, the prevention of soil erosion and aquifer recharge. Those externalities, however, are not expected to have observable land use impacts unless they are capitalized in the coffee market. The prospect of market capitalization of externalities suggests the extension of the conventional von Thünen model to the calculation of social location rent. Using the maximization of social location rent as a criterion allows the externality effect to play a direct role in market-based land use allocation of land between eco-labeled shade grown coffee production and other activities.     

Inter-regional labor market equilibrium: another pattern of spatial mismatch

The inability of the free market to lead to a balanced regional labor market equilibrium has been explained to a certain extent by the spatial mismatch hypothesis: “housing segregation” explains a deadlock situation where a “center” with high unemployment and low income coexists with “suburbs” with high labor demand and income. The author proposes a framework for a theoretical general equilibrium model that may explain the existence of a spatial equilibrium with inequalities in employment and income in various regions. This model explains the interregional imbalances on the labor demand side due to the changes in relative land prices and agglomeration economies and diseconomies in three separate types of economic sectors. On the labor supply side, the model suggests a pattern of a commuting–migration relationship by which labor migrates for housing reasons while retaining present jobs and commuting back to them. Government intervention through influence on travel costs, education, and land allocation can lead to the diminution of such interregional gaps.     

Reply to the alternative optimal growth controls

Sasaki (2002) argues that: (1) “the agglomeration effect in the (Lai and Yang 2002, (L-Y)) paper is different from the introduction of urban production in Sasaki (1998)”; and (2) the “treatment of public good in the (L-Y) paper is strange,” because the public good provided by owner-residents is only consumed by renter-residents. This reply shows that (1) the agglomeration effect in the L-Y model catches the key results of urban production presented in Sasaki's model; and (2) both renter and owner-residents consuming the public good have been developed in this reply. However, the major conclusions of the L-Y model are still hold. Received: February 2001/Accepted: September 2001     

Intra-Asia trade and foreign direct investment

This article reconsiders the patterns of intra-Asia trade and the linkages with foreign direct investment (FDI) in this region. The following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, by 1985 intra-Asia trade exhibited both distinct patterns of inter-industry trade on the one hand, and intra-industry trade on the other. Secondly, the patterns of trade in this region have not changed since 1985 from vertical to horizontal, but from a “flying-geese” to an “acrobatic” type, due to the sharp increase in FDI within the region. Thirdly, since the early 1990s, FDI began to shift to China due to the wage differentials between China and other East Asian countries. This made the countries of East Asia compete with one another, rushing to obtain capital and financial resources from all over the world – ultimately contributing to recent financial and economic turbulence in the region. The article concludes with some brief policy recommendations on how to avoid a recurrence of the Asian crisis in the 21 century. Received: 18 August 1997 / Accepted: 16 December 1998     

Evolution, interaction and welfare An introduction

A jubilee often triggers backward-oriented reflections, sometimes nostalgic. A jubilee can also be used as an excuse for looking forward. This special issue is composed in honour of ?ke E. Andersson, delayed in the sense that the anniversary (60 years) dates back to 1996. The contributions to this volume have also gone through a maturing process in the form of reviews and revisions. The contributions are organised in three thematic groups. The themes appear in the sequence “Evolution”, “Welfare”, and “Interaction”.     

Tackling crime and vandalism on post-war housing estates: The Dutch approach

This paper is based on two papers presented at the Paris conference, “Housing debates—Urban challenges”, 3–6 July 1990. Our research is part of a large-scale research project being conducted at the Research Institute for Policy Sciences and Technology (OTB) at the University of Delft into the problems of vandalism and crime on housing estates. This research is sponsored by the Ministries of Justice and Home Affairs, and affiliated to the research program of Urban Networks.