海冰与锥体抗冰结构动力作用的数值模拟

结合渤海海冰的实际情况,应用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA模拟海冰和海洋平台锥体抗冰结构相互作用的弯曲断裂过程。模拟结果展示出和现场观测一致的弯曲断裂过程,海冰断裂长度和冰力分布符合现场实测数据结果。平台结构所受最大冰力出现在环向裂纹出现时;通过分析不同冰速对断裂长度、冰力和平台响应的影响可以发现断裂长度对冰速变化并不敏感,对海冰破碎周期有明显的影响。     

纤维束张紧力缠绕复合材料飞轮初应力的三维数值分析

利用平面应力型全弹性模型的思想(即将纤维束张紧力缠绕看成多层复合材料薄环连续过盈装配的过程) , 建立了三维纤维束张紧力缠绕复合材料飞轮初应力分析模型, 并给出了基于面-面接触算法求解张紧力缠绕复合材料飞轮初应力的三维数值方法。算例分析表明, 三维数值分析得到的飞轮的环向初应力及径向初始压应力(数值) 均略低于平面应力模型的结果, 且这种差距随着飞轮轴向长度的增加而缓慢增大; 三维分析证实了平面应力模型关于张紧力缠绕复合材料飞轮的初应力分析有足够的精度。最后给出了三维模型轴向效应的表征方法。      

薄板和厚板材料中不同裂纹形状的断裂分析

本文导出了与破损时线弹性应力强度因子弹性名义破损应力和两种材料参数有关的两参量断裂准则。断裂准则以前用于拉伸裁荷条件下簿板和厚板试样表面开裂和穿透裂纹的数据分析。本文的断裂准则则应用于中心裂纹拉伸试样、紧凑试样和缺口弯曲断裂试样,这些试样用钢、钛或鋁合金制成,在室温下进行试验。断裂数据包括了宽范围的裂纹长度、试样宽度和厚度。所分析的材料具有一个宽范围的拉伸性能。用此准则计算的破损应力与试验破损应力相当吻合(±10％)。同时还发現,此准则与不同试样类型(如中心裂纹拉伸试样和紧凑试样)所取得数据相关;对于同样材料、厚度和试验温度来说为±10％。     

坝基界面在非线性水压力驱动下的非线性断裂过程模拟

基于多边形比例边界有限元法和粘聚裂缝模型提出了混凝土坝坝基界面在随缝宽非线性变化的水压力驱动下的非线性断裂数值模型。混凝土和基岩采用多边形比例边界单元模拟,界面裂缝的断裂过程区采用粘性界面单元模拟。因为界面裂缝总是处于复合断裂模态,故同时引入了法向和切向的界面单元,且考虑了裂纹面作用有法向和切向任意荷载时的应力强度因子求解。以裂尖为原点,裂尖附近的位移场和应力场在径向上解析求解,在环向具有有限元精度。因此无需在裂尖附近加密网格或采用富集技术即可求得高精度的解。对于界面断裂,可模拟出与两种材料差异性相关的非1/2奇异性。断裂过程区的水压力随缝面宽度变化,采用指数函数的形式进行表征,通过参数调整可实现不同分布的水压力的模拟。水压力与粘聚力考虑为与裂缝宽度相关的组合函数,便于非线性迭代的实现。结合多边形网格生成和重剖分技术,可方便地模拟界面裂缝在水力驱动下的扩展过程。算例研究表明了该文模型的有效性,从中也可看出考虑缝内水压及其具体分布形式对研究坝的稳定性具有重要影响。     

汽车用U型螺栓断裂分析

某汽车用U型螺栓制成后在搬动过程中发生断裂,断裂位于U型螺栓感应加热的锻打弯曲部位。通过宏观观察、扫描电镜微观观察以及金相检验等方法对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该U型螺栓锻打弯曲部位感应加热温度过高导致局部过烧,使其在锻打应力的作用下沿晶开裂形成热裂纹;冷却后该裂纹在搬动过程中的低应力作用下扩展导致螺栓最终脆断。     

节流阀阀套断裂失效分析

国外某气田单井的井口节流阀阀套在运行10d(天)左右后便发生了断裂失效。为了研究阀套的失效原因,对其宏观形貌、化学成分、显微组织、硬度和断口形貌等方面进行了分析。结果表明:阀套主要呈脆性断裂特征,表现形式为沿晶断裂,断裂与环向应力和轴向应力相关;裂纹从阀套外表面的点蚀坑底部萌生,沿壁厚方向扩展,阀套在受到较大的环向应力时发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

T3紫铜输油管断裂原因分析

某电厂用T3紫铜输油管使用约半年时间发生断裂失效。采用宏观检验、断口微观分析、能谱分析、金相检验的方法,对该紫铜输油管的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:输油管的断裂类型属于应力腐蚀开裂;管内的长效润滑油中含有应力腐蚀敏感介质硫和氯元素,且输油管弯曲部位存在较大拉应力,导致该紫铜输油管发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

平流层浮空器用柔性复合材料的断裂性能

对某浮空器蒙皮用柔性复合材料的撕裂性能和顶破性能进行了实验研究和数值分析。通过不同切口宽度和总宽度试样的撕裂实验, 发现撕裂过程为典型的脆性断裂特征, 根据线弹性断裂模型对撕裂过程进行数值模拟得到与实验结果一致的断裂过程, 通过数值计算得到扩展过程中裂纹尖端的应力强度因子, 计算得到的撕裂承载能力随相对切口宽度增加而降低, 与实验结果一致。对不同直径试样进行顶破实验, 并以断裂应变为裂纹临界扩展的断裂模型进行数值分析, 得到顶破模拟结果与实验结果一致: 使顶破位置达到相同的断裂应变值, 大直径试样需要较大的位移值, 失效时圆心位置的应力水平保持不变使得最大顶破承载水平保持不变。      

F304不锈钢阀门卸压杆断裂原因分析

通过宏观检验、金相检验和断口分析等方法,对F304不锈钢截止阀卸压杆断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:卸压杆发生了应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹起源于杆中心孔内壁并向材料中扩展;开裂的原因是卸压杆冷加工成形后未进行高温固溶处理,奥氏体不锈钢中存在大量形变诱发马氏体组织,同时天然气中存在硫等腐蚀性物质,导致氢脆型应力腐蚀,最终造成卸压杆断裂。     

钢筋混凝土烟囱预应力环箍加固效应研究

钢筋混凝土烟囱经预应力环箍加固后,在烟囱筒壁外表面与环箍接触处产生了一周沿环向均匀分布的径向压力。用圆柱壳理论导出了径向压力在筒壁中产生的环向压力、环向压应力、压力影响高度的计算公式,环向压应力呈曲线分布。数例计算结果表明:环向压应力值在环箍作用处最大,约为-1.0MPa,且随着环箍位置增高而增大,在压力影响高度起止点处衰减为零;压力影响高度随着环箍位置增高、半径变小而减小,平均值约为2.8m;根据压力影响高度,即可计算上下两道环箍之间的合理距离。     

Stable crack growth in a surface compression-strengthened hollow cylinder

In this paper the static fatigue problem for a circumferentially cracked hollow cylinder is examined. For this particular configuration, stable crack growth, in the absense of any external forces, is determined for cylinders with axial components of residual stress which are compressive on the inner and outer radial surfaces and tensile in the cylinder wall. An initial surface crack which is deep enough to penetrate the compression strengthened surface region and enters the tensile zone may propagate in a stable manner until either sudden spontaneous failure occurs or the crack arrests. Since a portion of the crack near the cylinder surface will be closed because of the compressive residual stress field, an additional unknown in the problem is the extent of the crack surface contact. This crack surface contact length is determined by iteration on the integral equation which arises in the mathematical derivation for an embedded circumferential crack in a hollow cylinder. As an illustration of stable crack growth for this geometry with a realistic residual stress distribution, numerical results are presented for a hollow, soda-lime glass cylinder, based on crack growth rates in soda-lime glass exposed to water at 25‡ C. Using the fracture toughness and slow crack growth characteristics for soda-lime glass, the conditions for no crack propagation, crack propagation leading to crack arrest, and catastrophic failure are established.     

Experimental fatigue crack growth analysis and modelling in part‐through circumferentially pre‐cracked pipes under pure bending load

In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the fatigue crack growth in a part‐through circumferentially notched pipe specimen. It has been observed that under four‐point bend cyclic load, the crack propagates in a transverse plane in the radial direction initially followed by propagation in the circumferential direction. The crack extension in the circumferential direction resulted crack growth retardation in the radial direction. This behaviour of the fatigue crack growth has been modelled, and a fatigue life prediction methodology based on an exponential model has been applied for prediction of fatigue crack growth.     

Evaluation of three-dimensional effects in short deep beams using a rigid-body-spring-model

Three-dimensional (3-D) effects in short deep beams without stirrups that failed in shear were investigated experimentally and analytically. Two deep beams with a shear span to depth ratio (a/d) of 0.5 and with different beam widths were tested. The effect of beam width on load-carrying capacity, failure mode, crack pattern and 3-D behavior was investigated, and shape effect due to beam width was clarified. In addition, the beams were analyzed by the 3-D rigid-body-spring model (RBSM). RBSM is a discrete form of modeling that presents realistic behavior from cracking to failure, and 3-D RBSM is applicable to simulate 3-D behavior as well as the confinement effect of concrete. Analytical results in terms of load–displacement curves and crack pattern are compared with the experimental results. Three-dimensional deformations, strut widths and cross-sectional stress distribution are investigated analytically and compared with the experimental results to determine 3-D behavior in detail. The 3-D effects in short deep beams are clarified.     

Radial cracking with closure

Progressive radial cracking of a clamped plate subjected to crack-face closure is studied. The material behavior is assumed to be elastic-brittle. The cracks are assumed to be relatively long in the sense that the three-dimensional contact problem can be described via a statically equivalent two-dimensional idealization. The number of cracks is supposed large enough to permit a quasi-continuum approach rather than one involving the discussion of discrete sectors. The formulation incorporates the action of both bending and stretching as well as closure effects of the radial crack face contact. Fracture mechanics is used to explore the load-carrying capacity and the importance of the role of the crack-surface-interaction. For a given crack radius, the closure contact width is assumed to be constant. Under this condition, a closed-form solution is obtained for the case of a finite clamped plate subjected to a concentrated force. Crack growth stability considerations predict that the system of radial cracks will initiate and grow unstably over a significant portion of the plate radius. The closure stress distribution is determined exactly in the case of narrow contact widths and approximately otherwise.     

含尖角裂纹的有限宽板在弯矩作用下裂纹周围应力场研究

对于含裂纹的板,有时裂纹尺寸与板的宽度相比并不很小,必须按有限宽板来计算。针对含尖角裂纹的有限宽板,建立基于弹性断裂理论的计算模型。通过所求得的复变应力函数,给出裂纹周围应力场的解析计算公式。根据保角变换原理,得到不同裂纹形状所对应的映射函数。对两端受弯矩作用含尖角裂纹的有限宽板,在具有不同的裂纹张开角情况下,对裂纹周围应力分布进行较为详细的仿真分析。另外,对不同的板宽对裂纹周围应力场的影响进行分析,并对不同裂纹张开角的情况进行了计算、比较。     

Frictional contact induced crack initiation in incompressible substrate

Surface crack initiation in an incompressible substrate induced through frictional fretting contact is analyzed using an energy-based fracture mechanics model. A closed-form energy release rate for surface crack initiation at the contact boundary has been derived with the crack growth angle determined by the mixed mode singular stress field at the contact edge. The driving forces in the form of J_i-integral, the critical energy release rate and the critical load for crack initiation from the crack free surface have been formulated. The relations between the friction coefficient and crack initiation angle, critical load have been specified.     

Fatigue crack growth rates under sequential mixed-mode I and II loading cycles

One common mode of failure that occurs in rolling bodies such as gears, bearings and rails is due to the fatigue process. Several research workers suggest that rolling contact fatigue cracks are subjected to mixed mode I and II loading cycles. It is believed that the correct modelling of loading cycles can help us to study the mechanics of crack growth because fatigue comprises a major safety consideration in the design process. Experiments have been performed under nonproportional mixed-mode I and II loading cycles with fixed degrees of overlap, so that coplanar cracks were produced. Three empirical crack propagation laws have been established which are related to both mode I and mode II effective stress intensity factor ranges.     

Stress intensity factor calculation of steel-lined hoop-wrapped cylinders with internal semi-elliptical circumferential crack

The purpose of this paper is to present mode I stress intensity factor for a circumferential semi-elliptical crack on the inner surface of a hoop-wrapped steel-lined CNG cylinder. The stress intensity factors along the crack front are directly computed by 3D finite element method for a wide range of variations of the crack geometry. Also influence of many parameters such as cylinder internal pressure, composite layer thickness, composite material properties and undertaking Auto-Frettage pressure are studied on the stress intensity factor of the crack and some conclusive results are drawn. For the sake of validation of the results and because of lack of the results for a circumferential semi-elliptical crack in the literature, a semi-elliptical axial crack in a composite hoop-wrapped cylinder has been modeled and the results have been compared with those in the literature showing a good agreement.     

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CRACKS IN TURBINE DISCS

Stage-II fatigue crack growth paths in firtree fixtures have been predicted using a photoelastic technique. Initiation was assumed to occur at the edge of contact on the load-bearing flanks and, subsequently, the cracks were extended in the direction of the maximum circumferential stress. After a short initial length, in which propagation was perpendicular to the contact surface, the direction of crack growth was, in a broad sense, equivalent to the hoop direction in the disc. Stress intensity factors were found for the majority of the crack path using data taken from the isochromatic fringe patterns. It was concluded that the most catastrophic failure was likely to occur from the innermost land of the firtree and that the width of the firtree had little influence on the stress intensity factors.