涂覆热分解与电化学聚合法制备聚苯胺/RuO2复合电极材料

通过涂覆热分解法并结合电化学聚合法制备得到聚苯胺(PANI)/RuO₂电极材料。使用涂覆热分解法于260℃热处理3 h制备RuO₂薄膜, 通过电化学聚合法将PANI粒子沉积在RuO₂薄膜上, 并在80℃加热12 h。采用XRD分析PANI/RuO₂复合物晶相, 采用SEM观察PANI/RuO₂复合电极材料的形貌变化。利用循环伏安及恒流充放电测试了该复合电极的电化学性能。结果表明, PANI沉积时间为25 min, 该PANI/RuO₂复合电极的最大电容量为9.72 F, 比电容为452 F·g^-1, 充放电曲线体现了较低的电压降、等效串联电阻及良好的充放电性能。经1000次循环伏安后, 其比电容损失约为11%。     

Co~(2+)掺杂聚苯胺复合薄膜的电化学合成及抗腐蚀性能的研究

在含有苯胺(PANI)、硝酸(HNO3)和硝酸钴[Co(NO3)2·6H2O]的溶液中,采用循环伏安法(CV)在不锈钢基底表面制备PANI/Co2+复合薄膜。利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对其结构和形貌进行表征。在0.5mol/L H2SO4中,通过循环伏安测试(CV)、交流阻抗(EIS)、塔菲尔(Tafel)曲线对PANI/Co2+复合薄膜的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,不锈钢表面覆盖掺杂态聚苯胺膜后,其腐蚀电位比纯聚苯胺膜时提高,可以显著降低腐蚀电流密度,并且Co2+浓度会影响掺杂态膜的耐腐蚀性。     

1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯盐离子液体中采用电化学法合成聚苯胺薄膜及其耐蚀性

为了进一步扩大质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的实际应用,提高其双极板的耐腐蚀性能至关重要。在不锈钢基体上电化学沉积导电聚苯胺(PANI)薄膜,有可能满足PEMFC对导电性和耐蚀性的要求。前人关于电化学合成PANI主要集中在硫酸、高氯酸等水溶液体系,鲜见离子液体中采用电化学法合成聚苯胺薄膜及其耐蚀性的研究。本工作以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯盐(EMIES)离子液体作为聚合反应电解质,采用循环伏安法在316L不锈钢(SS)表面电化学合成PANI薄膜,制备了PANI/316L SS复合材料双极板。用红外光谱、拉曼光谱、紫外可见光谱、X射线光电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜对PANI膜进行结构表征,用开路电位、极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究PANI/316L SS腐蚀性能。结果表明:PANI具有中间氧化态结构,EMIES离子液体的阴离子(CH3CH2SO4-)和乙二酸的阴离子(HOOC-COO-)作为"对阴离子"在PANI共轭分子链中发生了共掺杂。本工作在316L SS表面获得了平整致密的PANI薄膜。与316L SS裸金属相比,PANI/316L SS的腐蚀电位E0提高0.2～0.4 V,腐蚀电流密度I0降低一个数量级,PANI薄膜使316L SS耐腐蚀性能显著增强。     

钯铁合金共沉积行为及其成核机理的研究

应用循环伏安法和电位阶跃法研究了Pd-Fe合金电沉积的循环伏安特性与电结晶机理.结果表明,在以FeSO4·7H2O和Pd(NH3)2Cl2为主盐、磺基水杨酸(SSCS)为络合剂、(NH4)2SO4为导电盐所组成的镀液体系中,Pd-Fe合金共沉积经历了成核过程,而不是欠电位沉积,且其电沉积反应是一个不可逆过程;将Pd-Fe合金共沉积的恒电位暂态曲线进行拟合得知,其电结晶的成核过程属于三维瞬时成核方式.     

超级电容器高比容(RuO_2/SnO_2)·nH_2O复合薄膜电极的研究

采用电沉积工艺制备超级电容器用钽基(RuO2/SnO2)·nH2O复合薄膜,研究了初始沉积液中Sn2+与Ru3+浓度比以及热处理对制备(RuO2/SnO2)·nH2O复合薄膜性能的影响.借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱对薄膜的形貌和物相进行分析,用循环伏安法(CV)对该复合薄膜电容特性进行了测量.结果表明,以沉积液中Sn2+与Ru3+浓度比为2:1时电沉积出的样品,在温度为300℃、热处理2.5h后所制备出的复合电极薄膜材料的比电容达到385F/g.     

聚苯胺/聚吡咯复合薄膜电极的制备及其超电容和耐腐蚀性

在聚苯胺(PANI)和聚吡咯(PPy)的相应单体溶液中,采用循环伏安法(CV)在不锈钢基体(SS)上分层聚合制备了具有聚苯胺/聚吡咯复合薄膜(PANI/PPy/SS)的电极材料。用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)对其结构进行了表征。在0.5mol/L H2SO4中,对PANI/PPy/SS电极材料进行了循环伏安法、恒流充放电、交流阻抗谱(EIS)等电化学性能测试,并用塔菲尔曲线(Tafel)研究了其耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,当电流密度为5mA/cm2时,PANI/PPy/SS电极材料比电容达747.5F/g,且复合膜的腐蚀电位相对于单纯的PANI、PPy薄膜分别正移了0.064V、0.117V,表现出较好的耐腐蚀性,是一种应用前景很好的超级电容器材料。     

电化学制备有序聚苯胺／聚苯乙烯复合材料

利用垂直沉积自组装技术在氧化铟锡（ITO）导电玻璃基底上制备出高度有序的聚苯乙烯（PS）薄膜,以此为模板,在三电极体系中应用循环伏安法,控制电势在-0．3-0．9V之间,以20mV／S的扫描速度,在有序排列PS薄膜的表面电化学沉积聚苯胺（PANI）,成功制备出了聚苯胺／聚苯乙烯（PS／PANI）有序导电高分子复合材料,通过紫外-可见光分光光度计、循环伏安法、场发射扫描电镜、x射线衍射仪进行表征,结果表明,制得的PS／PANI复合材料粒径均匀、排列有序、呈密堆积结构,可为制备具有有序中空或大孔膜产物提供较理想的模板。     

ITO表面PANI纳米纤维膜的电化学聚合与表征

以盐酸为掺杂剂,采用循环伏安和恒电位2种电化学聚合法在氧化铟锡(ITO)表面制得导电性良好的纳米纤维状聚苯胺(PANI)薄膜,对ITO和PANI薄膜进行表征。研究表明,在ITO电极表面,苯胺循环伏安电聚合行为电位扫描速率和循环次数增加,对应的氧化-还原峰电位差增加,PANI氧化还原可逆性变差;恒电位聚合过程中,苯胺单体浓度对其在ITO表面聚的合诱导期有显著影响,当盐酸和苯胺浓度均为0.1mol/L,扫描速率为20mV/s,恒电位为0.9V时,制得的PANI膜的厚度为3.47μm,电导率最大达到49.48S/cm,性能较好。     

Cu-In合金硒化法制备CuInSe_2薄膜

采用三电极体系恒电压电沉积法制备了Cu-In薄膜,经硒化退火生成CuInSe_2薄膜.采用循环伏安法研究了电沉积Cu-In的循环伏安特性,确定其最佳沉积电位在-0.75V左右,Cu与In的化学计量比为1.1,达到了理想前驱体的Cu与In的化学计量比.研究了不同沉积电位下材料组成、结构与性能的影响.硒化后,Cu与In的化学计量比为1,1时形成了比较单一的CuInSe_2黄铜矿相结构.     

Cr2O3-Al2O3复合薄膜对304不锈钢抗高温氧化性能的影响

电沉积-热解法沉积氧化物薄膜是提高材料抗高温氧化性能的重要途径.采用电沉积-热解法在304不锈钢表面制备了Cr2O3-Al2O3单一薄膜和复合薄膜,研究了单一薄膜和不同沉积液浓度制备的复合薄膜在900℃下的高温循环氧化行为.氧化动力学曲线、SEN形貌及XRD分析结果表明:电沉积-热解沉积薄膜明显提高了304不锈钢的抗高...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from