创建知识系统工程学科

介绍了如何在钱学森的系统科学与思维科学思想的启发和指引下,创建知识系统工程学科,知识系统工程的任务与内涵,知识系统的组成要素和功能;提出了知识系统的组织、人员、技术、经营和文化的体系结构;分析了知识系统的运作过程;特别对创新过程中知识的集成、转化与新知识的生成提出了一些新的观点。     

The next generation of macroergonomics: Integrating safety climate

To date little research has examined safety climate in relation to macroergonomics and how the two distinct sub-disciplines can be integrated to affect safety outcomes. The purpose of macroergonomics is to design a fully “harmonized” work system that improves numerous aspects of organizational performance and effectiveness, and this is accomplished by incorporating the foundational theoretical framework of sociotechnical systems theory (STS). Two broad subsystems within such a system are the personnel subsystem, the ways individuals perform tasks, and the technological subsystem, the tasks to be performed. Management is an important aspect of the personnel subsystem, and there is a growing body of research regarding supervisors’ influence over employee safety. One such area of research is safety climate, which is based on the perception of workers regarding safety and organizational practices. Two major factors of safety climate are management commitment to safety and communication pertaining to safety as a true priority from both top management and direct supervisors. This article describes the conceptual overlaps of macroergonomics and safety climate in order to present a conceptual model that integrates these domains using the framework of mesoergonomics. In conclusion, we discuss how this model can serve as a framework to guide the analysis and design of work systems and subsequent organizational interventions.     

Evaluating the transfer of technology between application domains: a critical evaluation of the human component in the system

Technology can take many forms from the development of sophisticated electronics to the application of basic procedural principles. Technology transfer can also take several forms, however, in this case, it is the transfer of technological principles between application domains that is of primary interest. This paper presents a framework (the Five ‘M’s framework) that can be used to consider the likely success of technology transfer. The framework is based upon a sociotechnical system approach. The framework is illustrated with an evaluation of the introduction of intelligent cruise control into motor vehicles. It is argued that this is a technological concept first developed as an aerospace application in the form of the autopilot. In this case, it is argued that the transfer of this technology in its current form may potentially compromise safety.     

Mediators in action: Organizing sociotechnical system change

To extend and deepen the roles of mediators in relation to sociotechnical change, this article first suggested an analytical approach which thereafter was used for analysing two cases illustrating two Swedish mediating organizations in different sectors at different time periods: the half state-/half industry funded Research Institute for Water and Air Protection, IVL, in the 1960s and 70s; and the Swedish Urban Network Association, SUNA, in the early years of the 21st century. We found that the associated sociotechnical systems changed through the actions of mediators and their organization of time-spatial specific settings. The mediator concept contributed to our understanding of these changes through a number of visible processes of translating rather than transferring specific knowledge, by functioning as a single entrance to knowledge, by supporting the selection processes, and sometimes by bridging knowledge in unforeseen ways. Overall, the mediating actors took on roles to promote the system and encouraged actors within the system to connect and develop both the system as such.     

Mechanisms of knowledge degradation in a resource management task ¶

Previous research has focused more on learning relative to forgetting despite both being generally recognized as important human performance issues. This research pursued an improved understanding of variables that impact the effectiveness with which humans can retrieve procedural knowledge, such as mathematics or programming. Two studies reviewed yielded varying results in experiments that investigated factors that can inhibit the retrieval of procedural knowledge from memory. To explore theoretical explanations for the opposing results, 32 human participants performed a resource management task in the multi-attribute task battery (MATB) manipulating task strategy and colour symbology. Human performance resulted in significant interference effects for a switch in strategy, but not with a change in the implicit meaning of colours. Therefore, the participants’ sensitivity to the implicit meaning of visual stimuli was not as significant as a more comprehensive change in rule structure associated with procedural knowledge.     

面向产品创新知识集成的模型及机制

构建了知识过程与产品创新过程相融合的知识集成模型,具体从知识活动、知识内容和知识主体的角度分析了知识集成的MSSI、SCEI和ITOI模型,分析了该模型的特点;讨论了产品创新知识集成机制.     

On functional periodicity as the basis for long-term stability of engineered and natural systems and its relationship to physical laws

In this research note, it is shown that for long-term stability, both engineered systems and natural systems must be either at a stable equilibrium state or have a functional periodicity. Examples are listed in a table. Classical physics such as Newtonian mechanics and thermodynamics are based on the existence of equilibrium states, whereas modern physics such as quantum mechanics and superstring theory suppose the existence of a functional periodicity. The particle/wave duality of matters that forms the basis of quantum mechanics is consistent with the stability argument presented in this paper.     

The effect of two complexity factors on the performance of emergency tasks—An experimental verification

It is well known that the use of procedures is very important in securing the safety of process systems, since good procedures effectively guide human operators by providing ‘what should be done’ and ‘how to do it’, especially under stressful conditions. At the same time, it has been emphasized that the use of complicated procedures could drastically impair operators’ performance. This means that a systematic approach that can properly evaluate the complexity of procedures is indispensable for minimizing the side effects of complicated procedures. For this reason, Park et al. have developed a task complexity measure called TACOM that can be used to quantify the complexity of tasks stipulated in emergency operating procedures (EOPs) of nuclear power plants (NPPs). The TACOM measure consists of five sub-measures that can cover five important factors making the performance of emergency tasks complicated. However, a verification activity for two kinds of complexity factors—the level of abstraction hierarchy (AH) and engineering decision (ED)—seems to be insufficient. In this study, therefore, an experiment is conducted by using a low-fidelity simulator in order to clarify the appropriateness of these complexity factors. As a result, it seems that subjects’ performance data are affected by the level of AH as well as ED. Therefore it is anticipate that both the level of AH and ED will play an important role in evaluating the complexity of EOPs.     

知识集成模式研究

概述了知识集成的涵义,探讨了基于认识论的知识集成的SECI模式和基于本体论的ITOI模式,在此基础上,建立了知识集成的三维模式。     

Levels of knowledge in distributed systems

We correlate thelevel of knowledge of certain formulas in agroup of individuals with certain regular, downward closed, sets of strings. We show that in suitable circumstances, all such sets can occur as levels of knowledge but that the lack of synchrony, or the lack of asynchrony when there are only two processors in the group, can create more or less severe restrictions.     

The ‘meaning’ behind household rainwater use: An Australian case study

Suburban rainwater tanks have the potential to reduce household mains water consumption, but simply installing the technology does not mean rainwater is automatically incorporated into everyday practices. Exploring how rainwater is conceptualised in contrast to mains water, and the way it is used in household practices, provides insights into why rainwater tank households may not be using less mains water than households without tanks. Water saving strategies that promote rainwater tanks tend to focus on installation rather than how, why and where rainwater is substituted for mains water. While there is the assumption that rainwater tank households use less mains water, an investigation of rainwater practices have revealed influential social and cultural factors that extend far beyond installing a new technology. Drawing on a household water study involving 21 interviews and 1425 surveys in the Illawarra region, Australia, practice theory principles provided insight into how rainwater was conceptualised, revealing the ‘meaning’ of rainwater as an influential factor informing its everyday use. The historical, cultural and emotional meanings of rainwater contribute to shaping its use in everyday practices. Rainwater means different things to different people and it is this spectrum of meanings that inform the range of practices, and volumes of use. This study highlights opportunities for increased integration of rainwater into household practices, which may broaden the perceived uses and usefulness, reshaping it's meaning over time.