欠发达地区导入城市CIS的策略研究

探讨了城市定位、城市理念、城市视觉识别设计的内涵及其在城市CIS设计中的地位作用,剖析了导入城市CIS过程中传播渠道和城市品牌价值管理的重要性,并对欠发达地区导入城市CIS过程中如何进行城市定位、城市理念确立、城市形象传播及城市品牌价值管理提供了策略性的建议。     

Hyperconnected,receptive and do-it-yourself city. An investigation into the European “imaginary” of crowdsourcing for urban governance

This paper critically explores the construction and diffusion of the socio-technical imaginary of crowdsourcing for public governance in Europe via a quali-quantitative analysis of academic publications, research and innovation projects funded by the European Commission (EC) and local initiatives. Building upon the increasing narrative of digital social participation that describes crowdsourcing processes as short ways towards democratisation of public decision-making processes, our research describes the trends and threats associated with the “hyperconnected city” imaginary advanced by (part of) scholarly research and EC policy documents and projects. We show how, while these last describe digital-supported participation processes as (at least potentially) able to bootstrap an open governance agenda, local urban initiatives suggest the need to question this technology-optimistic imaginary. A critical analysis of crowdsourcing for public governance prototyped and piloted in some European cities makes it evident that at local level, alternative imaginaries are emerging. We describe them in this paper as the “receptive city” (often adopted by public institutions and administration), and the “do-it-yourself city” (referring to the critical perspective of (digital) social activists) imaginaries, both emerging from local-based experiences and debates; and clarify their convergence and divergence how these differs from the above-mentioned “hyperconnected city” imaginary prefigured by EC guidelines. The conclusive section further expands the analysis prefiguring future research possibilities promises in terms of local experiences influencing the future internet for society and digital agenda for Europe.     

Human-centric,sustainability-driven approach to ranking smart cities worldwide

As cities worldwide adopt various high-tech solutions to solve emerging urban problems, transition toward greater smartness becomes a global trend. The question, however, remains how the cities’ progress towards greater smartness can be monitored and measured. Although different smart city (SC) classifications exist, these classifications are not always balanced, with some of them placing an emphasis on ICTs and infrastructure, while others prioritize social performance of cities and their physical environment. In this study, we suggest a relatively simple SC ranking system, based on two basic principles – direct relevance to human welfare and equal representation of key dimensions of sustainability. The proposed assessment system, composed of nine quantitative metrics, is applied to 100+ major cities worldwide, helping us to identify the best and the worst SC performers. As the study also reveals, there are clear regional differences in the interpretation components and underlying dimensions of SCs with an emphasis on “economy and technology” in North America, “the environment” in Europe, and “society” in Asia.     

Technological progress and political systems: Non-institutional digital platforms and political transformation

Digital platforms have emerged as a new technical and organizational element capable of changing the dynamics of consolidated socioeconomic models. We seek to understand how non-institutional initiatives on digital platforms affect the perspectives of democracy. To reach our goal we employed an empirical exploratory case study of Brazil. We present two non-institutional initiatives developed indigenously – “Nosso Mandato” and “Poder do Voto”. We handled in-depth interviews, conducted participant observation, and subsequently supplemented the analysis with secondary materials. Our investigation demonstrates those two non-institutional platforms target Brazilian democratic deficit and in some way they both aim at transforming the country's politics by creating new mechanisms for political participation and by fostering a change in the political culture. More specifically, they reinforce trends of direct digital democracy, truth-based advocacy and constituent mobilization. On the other hand, both platforms are still struggling to leverage network externalities to their advantage – and the barriers are both economic (financial and organizational) and political. They represent a movement that believes it can change politics by creating new spaces for social mobilization via technology, even if built on the digital services of a global oligopoly. We found initial evidence that points to two important points in the relationship between digital platforms and democracy: (i) specific digital platforms for political participation face greater difficulty in scaling up the number of users than general purpose social networks; (ii) the most successful initiatives in terms of non-institutional digital platforms for political participation are based on, and thus strengthen, the Big Five global oligopoly.     

Urban development and traffic accidents in Brazil.

Brazil started to experience high traffic accident rates since the 1960s, when road transportation began to be dominant and the number of motorized vehicles increased sharply. The severity of the problem was also related to the fast and uncontrolled urban growth, which allowed for the organization of an inherently dangerous circulation space, characterized by a complex pattern of traffic conflicts. With respect to traffic accidents, the results have been highly negative: national statistics report about 28,000 fatalities a year, with more than 340,000 injured people. The paper analyses current patterns of traffic accidents in urban areas, using the data from two of the three largest cities in the country. Hospital data is analyzed to understand the true social impacts of such accidents. Several causal factors are identified, at the political, cultural and technical sides. Challenges to change current conditions are also identified. Practical measures are suggested, especially the change of the dangerous environment and the need to improve the technical approach to the problem, education programs and enforcement logistics.     

“智慧公园”中的景观设施创新设计

在调查、分析与概括智慧技术在城市建设、公园建设以及公共设施的创新应用现状的基础上,对百度AI公园设计进行个案研究,进而归纳与概括出智慧景观设施系统,并在此基础上总结景观创新设计的基本方法。运用文献研究法分析“智慧公园”中的景观设施发展现状;运用案例分析法分析百度AI公园中的智慧技术创新应用的方法;运用理论归纳和演绎法分析景观设施系统以及景观设施创新方法。智慧技术是“智慧公园”发展的驱动力,是当前景观设施的创新途径和发展趋势。智慧技术在景观设施创新中具备如下系统:景观设施创新技术应用系统、智慧景观设施系统构成、智慧景观设施运行管理系统、智慧公园环境的智慧修复系统,最终呈现出“智慧技术应用-智慧景观设施创新-城市公园智慧管理的创新设计”的应用模式。     

社会交往需求下的户外公共设施设计

目的探究在社会交往需求背景下的户外公共设施设计方向及策略。方法以城市公共设施作为研究对象,结合户外公共设施设计原则,从老年社区、商业步行街、城市广场3个方面探讨现代城市发展中公共设施的创新设计方法。结论强化户外公共设施的社会交往功能有利于丰富城市的社会属性,促进城市功能的完善,推动现代城市的发展。     

Marketing in the material construction of artifacts: A case study of a Portuguese navigation systems company

This article examines the social construction of technological innovations, focusing on how marketers of an information and communication technology (ICT) product interact with engineers in the creation of that product. The main purpose is to develop in empirical terms the concept of “material semiotics' rhetoric”. To this end it takes an in-depth look at a medium-sized Portuguese firm, in which we have over a period of five years observed how a GPS navigation device is generated and developed. We use the notions of “rhetoric” and “frames of reference” in adopting “material semiotics” as the theoretical background for observing the behaviors and interactions of the different actors involved in the construction of this technological artifact. The results show how the rhetorical framework shapes the technology, and also reveals the roles of different professionals when negotiating technical possibilities within the communicational strategies of a firm. The paper highlights the specific role of symbolic aspects in the material development of technology, stressing a relation between rhetoric and material semiotics.     

亨利·列斐伏尔的设计批评视角

亨利·列斐伏尔(Henri Lefebvre)是法国20世纪最有影响力的社会理论家、批评家之一,其理论影响了20世纪下半叶社会思想的走向。然而,他在我国设计学界却长期被忽视。日常生活批判、城市社会学和空间生产理论是构成列斐伏尔理论体系的三大支柱。其“日常生活批判”从哲学批判转向微观的社会学批判,对于现代设计文化的研究具有认识论和方法论意义;他对资本主义消费社会的社会学批判为设计批评的理论研究打开了一个全新的消费主义批判视角;而列斐伏尔的“空间生产”理论将现代城市空间作为研究对象,可视为不可多见的设计批评理论,对设计批评的理论构建具有范式性意义。     

从标准演变看城市炼厂如何转型发展

本文针对城市炼厂的产生背景和转变发展过程中所面临的现实问题,深入分析了《石油加工业卫生防护距离》国家标准的历次版本要求,根据不同时代背景下标准化政策异同,从政府和市场的关系入手,分析了标准化参与社会治理的不同特点,给出了新时代如何运用标准化手段破解城市炼厂发展困局的具体举措。     

Association Analysis on Pro-Environmental Behaviors and Environmental Consciousness in Main Cities of East Asia

An association analysis of people’s environmental consciousness and their proenvironmental behaviors was performed using a statistical survey data set collected in Beijing, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo, the four largest cities in East Asia, based on random sampling in 2005 and 2006. Although there were remarkable differences in people’s attitudes toward environmental issues under the different environmental qualities, economic situations and social institutions in each city, statistical analysis demonstrated that six pro-environmental actions, including “buying eco-good”, “recycling”, “water saving”, “energy saving”, “riding a public transportation” and “buying organic vegetable”, were closely related to people’s recognition of environmental changes, their intrinsic values and demographic attributes. The author also found that cultivation of environmental consciousness is an important factor in evoking people’s pro-environmental behaviors. Especially, it is necessary to construct an international framework of harmony with regard to environmental issues in which the diversity of environmental consciousness in different social backgrounds in East Asia is taken into account.

     

建设“美丽中国”的根本途径是走可持续发展之路

十八大提出建设“美丽中国”的目标,并提出了一系列大政方针和政策措施。在新型城镇化背景下,建设“美丽中国”必须以人为核心,坚持走具有中国特色的可持续发展之路,而标准化是推动城市可持续发展的重要举措。目前,ISO/TC 268围绕城市可持续发展标准化研制国际标准,其中“城市指标”国际标准将于2014年发布实施。城市可持续发展标准涉及范围广,ISO/TC268所研制的标准与经济发展、社会进步、环境保护等方面的具体行业、领域的技术标准形成稳定的宏观与微观、指导与被指导的关系,共同推进城市可持续发展。因此,标准化是建设“美丽中国”,实现“中国梦”的有力支撑。     

Local information services in Medellin: Technology,institutions, communities and power

This article examines the politics of technology and information by exploring a case study of local information service provision in Medellin, Colombia. Local Information Service (LIS) is defined as a community centre where information deemed relevant to local communities is generated, stored, organized and disseminated through print and digital means. Using a social construction of technology approach, the article attempts to deconstruct the implementation and delivery of LIS in Medellin, Colombia and analyse how empowering and disempowering discourses form through relationships between institutions and citizens laden with social and economic inequality. The article analyses the development and deployment of this artefact and positions LIS as a socio-technical system, embedded with political, social, cultural, and economic values. We describe the unintended consequences of this deployment through a multilevel perspective of the head organisation and the smaller 195 local institutions that support it. The article challenges and operationalises the social construction of ‘local’ in local information by highlighting practices of social exclusion and resistance embedded within the design of the service. This case provides a vantage point from which to examine how relevant social groups interpret and engage with technological devices and the implications of this for the communities the device is intended to serve.     

NEW MIXTURES

Some have talked about a crisis in documentary photography since its inter- and post-war heydays. But more recently a new kind of art-documentary has developed with a self-reflexive approach towards the limits and the possibilities of photography. The spectrum between documentary and art provides photography with a specific opportunity to address difficult subject matter between the personal and the political. Leaving the discussion of “the politics of representation” — so dominant in the 1980s — aside and instead departing from a handful of newer theoretical framings which try to formulate an ethically responsive, activist and transitive form of photographic agency (such as Roberts, Thrift, Butler and Azoulay), this article identifies and discusses a current in contemporary photography of new conceptual strategies of socially and politically engaged documentary. This strategy is called “new mixtures” because it mixes hitherto separated photographic forms such as family and cell phone photos, reportage and conceptual and archival forms. It is identified as a global tendency, but more closely exemplified by the work of Scandinavian photographers Kent Klich and Tina Enghoff. As such the article identifies what is called both a “social” as well as a more “positive” take on both theory and photography, which has taken place in the decade that photographies has existed.     

地域文化符号对天津滨海新区城市公共设施的塑造研究

目的从地域文化的视角,对天津滨海新区公共设施进行塑造,突出文化理念的传达,彰显天津滨海新区城市定位及文化内涵,提升城市品牌形象。方法对滨海新区的城市要素和文化内涵进行符号化解析,紧扣滨海特色,从城市公共设施的视觉表层、功能中层、内涵深层3个方面进行塑造,进而通过城市公共设施的设计实践,阐明地域文化符号在特色城市公共设施塑造时的技术路径。结论将城市公共设施设计根植于城市的文化内涵和地域特色,形成更具滨海特色的,体现环保、智能城市发展理念的城市公共设施设计。     

城市公共空间的导视系统设计

目的探究城市公共空间导视系统的社会价值及其设计策略。方法立足于城市导视系统的基本内涵,分析城市公共空间导视系统的主要社会价值,总结其中存在的指示不标准、缺乏统一的知识信息和形式以及更新不及时、无法跟上城市的建设步伐等现实问题,再基于导视系统的图形、色彩、文字3要素,从地铁导视系统、博物馆导视系统的设计实例探究,明确图形的创新优化、色彩的多样尝试、文字的内涵挖掘等具体方向与方法,并对城市公共空间导视系统的未来发展进行展望。结论城市公共空间的导视系统是城市的重要风景,科学设计导视系统能够提升城市形象,突出文化与地域特色,在给人们的出行指引方向、提供便利的同时,也塑造了一种独特的人文情怀,强化了城市的时尚性、地域性和宜居性。     

Designing and transforming yield-stress fluids

We review progress in designing and transforming multi-functional yield-stress fluids and give a perspective on the current state of knowledge that supports each step in the design process. We focus mainly on the rheological properties that make yield-stress fluids so useful and the trade-offs which need to be considered when working with these materials. Thinking in terms of “design with” and “design of” yield-stress fluids motivates how we can organize our scientific understanding of this field. “Design with” involves identification of rheological property requirements independent of the chemical formulation, e.g. for 3D direct-write printing which needs to accommodate a wide range of chemistry and material structures. “Design of” includes microstructural considerations: conceptual models relating formulation to properties, quantitative models of formulation-structure-property relations, and chemical transformation strategies for converting effective yield-stress fluids to be more useful solid engineering materials. Future research directions are suggested at the intersection of chemistry, soft-matter physics, and material science in the context of our desire to design useful rheologically-complex functional materials.     

基于集成创新理论的城市主战消防车设计

目的 在城市消防救援任务日渐复杂的背景下,消防应急救援车辆使用功能需求更加细分,呈现出不同的功能形态和使用需求。为了应对复杂的城市抢险救援工作,通过设计一款城市主战消防车,满足消防车适用当前城市救援任务的需求。方法 以集成创新理论为指导,调研和分析国内外城市主战消防车的造型、乘员室以及器材的布置,总结国内此类车型存在的不足,提出消防车设计原则,并设计一款消防车进行论证分析。结论 采用集成创新设计,把现有的各种资源要素优化组合,进行创造性设计,能够显著提高消防车综合性能,更好地执行消防救灾灭火任务,减少社会财产损失,促进经济的平稳发展以及人们安定的生活。     

Do socially disruptive technologies really change our concepts or just our conceptions?

New technologies have the potential to severely “challenge” or “disrupt” not only our established social practices but our most fundamental concepts and distinctions like person versus object, nature versus artificial or being dead versus being alive. But does this disruption also change these concepts? Or does it merely change our operationalizations and applications of the same concepts? In this paper, I argue that instead of focusing on individual conceptual change, philosophers of socially disruptive technologies (SDTs) should think about conceptual change as a change in a network of interrelated concepts. What really generates a potential social disruption are changes of inferential relations between concepts – whether or not this entails a change of the respective individual concepts. Philosophers of socially disruptive technologies are therefore in the privileged position of being able to avoid commitments regarding the individuation of individual concepts.     

城市公共设施设计的地域文化重构

目的探究地域文化在城市公共设施设计中的作用及应用。方法由城市的发展轨迹切入,提出城市与地域文化之间的紧密联系,接着从客观角度深入剖析当前城市公共设施设计中地域文化元素的缺失,得出将城市公共设施设计中融入地域文化元素的迫切性,并分别选取了城市公园、城市广场、城市商业步行街和城市公交车站等公共空间的设施设计理念及实例,对地域文化在城市公共设施设计中的应用进行全新解读,总结未来进行文化重构的有效策略。结论公共设施与城市建筑共同构筑了城市的外在形象,在公共设施中融入地域文化元素,能够更好地反映城市气质、风格及市民的精神风貌,强化城市的文化内涵,不仅可以塑造城市独特的精神风貌,还可以为城市的长远发展提供有效的支撑。