过热蒸汽下煤系黄铁矿磁性强化研究

对西山煤电集团煤样进行热处理实验研究,在高温水蒸气气氛下、热解温度在400～700℃之间,利用自制热解装置热解预处理煤样,预处理后的煤样用自制PM—C30型圆筒磁滤器磁选脱硫研究,主要研究热解温度对煤粉磁选脱硫效果的影响。发现提高热解温度对磁选脱硫效果有利,在500℃时脱硫效果最好,此时的脱硫率为56．86％,与原煤脱硫率相比提高了40．49％;对于西山煤来说,热解一磁选脱硫技术能够有效脱除无机硫,但是对有机硫脱除效果不佳。     

兖州煤热解预脱硫行为(Ⅰ)热解过程中硫的迁移

煤在一定条件下通过热解或部分气化产生可直接用于燃烧的低硫半焦,这一煤燃前预脱硫技术是实现煤炭高效、低污染利用的理想途径之一.在固定床反应器上对兖州煤进行了热解脱硫的研究,在TPD-FPD在线分析装置上分析了兖州煤中硫在热解过程中向气相转移的主要动态特征.结果表明：700℃前,兖州煤中硫向气相的转移出现在两个显著的温度范围,分别在470℃和560℃左右.通过SEM-EDX和XPS光谱分析技术对兖州原煤及其热解半焦中硫的形态及形貌进行了剖析,发现兖州原煤中黄铁矿主要与其他矿物伴生存在,而有机硫的分布极不均匀且以大量噻吩类硫形态存在,并且热解过程中其他形态的硫还向噻吩类硫转移,这就给实现兖州煤的低温高效率脱硫造成了困难.     

高硫煤与生物质共热解脱有机硫研究

选取渭北石炭纪高有机硫煤与小麦秸秆进行共热解实验,采用正交实验考察了热解温度、升温速率、停留时间和煤与生物秸秆的混合比以及煤与生物秸秆成型压力等对热解脱有机硫及有机硫脱除规律的影响.结合FTIR和SEM分析了共热解半焦的结构特征、孔隙结构与发育情况,并讨论了低温溶剂萃取精制对煤与生物质共热解脱硫效果的影响.结果表明,热解温度对脱硫率的影响最显著.共热解制备较高脱硫率半焦所适宜的最佳水平为850℃,15℃/min,5min,1∶4和2MPa.共热解半焦孔结构发育整齐规则,孔壁薄,孔径较大,有利于热解过程中硫的析出与扩散.低温溶剂萃取提高了共热解脱硫率,尤其是热水精制煤与生物秸秆共热解脱硫率约为39%.     

霍州煤氧化性气氛下热解预脱硫及硫的变迁

利用流化床反应系统对霍州原煤在氧气浓度(体积分数)分别为2.5%,5.5%和8.5%O2-N2混合气,热解温度分别为400℃,500℃,600℃,700℃和800℃,热解停留时间为20min的条件下进行了热解预脱硫的研究.结果表明,在氧气浓度为5.5%,热解温度为700℃时的脱硫效果最佳,脱硫率可达70%以上.而且,与惰性气氛下热解相比,半焦产率没有明显降低.当继续加大氧气浓度或升高热解温度时,虽然脱硫率有所增加,但是半焦产率却大大降低,且半焦产率的降幅要大于脱硫率的升幅.通过热解质谱(PY-MS)实验表明,在1%O2-He气氛下,SO2和CO2在500℃以前的逸出趋势基本相同,这说明氧气在低温时对不稳定有机硫中的C-S键能够选择性断裂,此时煤中的C-C键不受影响;随后CO也开始逸出,使得它们的逸出趋势稍微发生了变化,最后这三个峰基本在同时达到了最大,这是由于随着温度的升高,C-S键被氧气选择性断裂的同时,C-C键也大量参与到了反应中来,使氧气由原来的过量变得相对不足,从而使得部分碳转化为CO.     

细粒煤磁选-浮选脱硫脱灰试验研究

为提高细粒煤的脱硫率和脱灰率,以甘肃中硫煤经跳汰机处理后的细粒煤为试验煤样,进行磨矿-磁选试验、高精度磁选试验和磁选精煤再浮选试验。结果表明,磁通密度1.57 T,脉冲强度25次/min,采用细网不加铜套聚磁介质时,煤泥磁选效果最好,精煤硫分为1.25%,精煤产率达到95%,煤样损失量最小。在最佳磁选条件下进行磁选精煤再浮选试验,Ca O用量1 kg/t,煤油用量1360 g/t时,煤泥浮选效果最好,得到硫分1.09%,灰分7.54%的精煤,精煤脱硫率为32.05%,脱灰率为45.63%,黄铁矿硫脱除率为50.55%。细粒煤磁选-浮选试验数质量流程表明,原煤经跳汰—破碎—筛析—磁选—浮选后,可获得产率86.03%,硫分1.09%,灰分7.54%的精煤产品,基本达到矿山要求。     

高硫煤中形态硫的热解迁移特性

对西北地区石炭纪高硫煤进行热解实验,考察了热解温度(200℃～1 000℃)和热解停留时间(20min～100min)对煤中形态硫的迁移特性的影响,并通过FTIR分析了热解过程中半焦的结构变化情况.研究表明,高硫煤中全硫随热解温度的升高先减小后增大,在600℃时达到最低;硫酸盐硫的含量较低,维持在0%～0.5%之间;硫化铁硫随着热解温度的升高逐渐减小;有机硫随热解温度的升高先减小后增大,在500℃时达到最低.无机硫脱除率高于有机硫脱除率.煤热解过程中氧和硫等杂原子官能团在半焦中不断减弱.     

氢气预处理对煤加氢热解脱硫的影响

在固定床反应器中,研究了氢气预处理对兖州煤和大同煤加氢热解脱硫的影响.煤样首先在200～400 ℃,2 MPa,氢气体积流量1 L/min下预处理30 min,再在650℃,2MPa,氢气体积流量1 L/min下进行加氢热解20 min.研究结果表明:同直接加氢热解相比,氢气预处理会降低半焦和水的收率,同时会使焦油收率和脱硫率增加.在直接加氢热解中,大同煤和兖州煤半焦中硫的质量分数分别是2.07%和1.07%;而经适宜的氢气预处理后,其硫的质量分数分别降至1.93%和0.55%,对兖州煤和大同煤而言,其适宜的预处理温度分别为250℃和350℃.     

煤炭高梯度磁选-浮选脱硫降灰试验

通过分析煤样性质,说明原煤中无机硫主要以硫化铁硫为主,有机硫较高,仅依靠物理方法很难达到理想脱除效果。通过煤粉高梯度磁选试验研究了磁介质、磁通密度、脉冲对煤炭磁选效果的影响。结果表明:聚磁介质选用不加铜套细网介质,当磁通密度为1.295 T,脉冲为25次/min时,煤粉湿法高梯度磁选脱硫效果最好,此时硫分为1.59%,精煤产率为85.44%,脱硫率为31.87%,脱灰率为38.17%,黄铁矿硫脱除率为45.02%。通过正交试验确定了最佳高梯度磁选条件为:煤粉粒度0.075 mm,磁通密度1.295 T,脉冲25次/min,可得到硫分1.35%,灰分10.37%的磁选精煤产品。最后对磁选精煤进行再浮选试验,得到最佳浮选条件为:石灰500 g/t,捕收剂1360 g/t,起泡剂90 g/t,可获得产率76.29%,硫分1.28%,灰分8.14%的精煤,产品脱硫率为57.73%,脱灰率为58.52%,黄铁矿硫脱除率为84.56%。采用磁选-浮选综合流程,煤粉基本达到理想的脱硫降灰效果,可作为煤种脱硫降灰技术方案的参考。     

煤与杨木粉在氩气环境中共热解脱硫研究

在氩气气氛中采用固定床反应系统对合山原煤与杨木粉共热解脱硫效果进行了考察.主要考察了热解温度、热解时间对合山原煤与杨木粉共热解中挥发分和硫变化的影响.结果发现:随热解温度的升高,挥发分的损失量增加,而半焦的含硫量呈现先是下降而后升高、又下降的变化趋势;随热解时间的延长,挥发分的损失量增加,而半焦的含硫量呈现先是下降而后趋于稳定的趋势.     

煤慢速升温热解过程中冠醚对硫脱除率的影响

在固定床反应器中研究了团柏煤中硫在氮气气氛下随温度、停留时间的变迁规律,并考察了煤慢速升温热解过程中添加18-冠-6或二苯并-18-冠-6对硫脱除率的影响。结果表明:在煤热解过程中添加18-冠-6或二苯并-18-冠-6都有利于总硫的脱除;当热解温度大于550℃时,相同条件下添加二苯并-18-冠-6时总硫的脱除效果明显优于添加18-冠-6;在煤热解过程中,添加二苯并-18-冠-6也可提高有机硫的脱除率;当热解温度小于650℃时,添加18-冠-6或二苯并-18-冠-6,同时可明显提高黄铁矿硫的脱除率。通过对热解半焦进步的脱附实验和孔结构分析,发现在原煤热解过程中,添加18-冠-6或二苯并-18-冠-6,可以使半焦平均孔径变大。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。