挤压破碎带极高地应力隧道建造技术研究

兰渝铁路控制工程木寨岭隧道是极高地应力软岩大变形隧道,隧道主要穿越断层挤压破碎带,破碎带及其附近影响区域围岩极破碎、自稳性极差,且围岩呈极发育,受高地应力的影响,围岩极不稳定,挤压大变形明显,变形大、变形快、地质流变性强、极易发生坍塌。为解决木寨岭隧道挤压破碎带极高地应力软岩大变形施工难题,开展了应力释放、支护措施攻关等工作,主动控制高地应力软岩大变形问题,加强支护措施、优化结构轮廓、尽量保护围岩,最终采用"小导洞应力释放+3层初期支护+长锚索+单层二次衬砌、圆形断面结构"达到隧道贯通,有效控制了隧道大变形问题。     

高地应力断层带软岩隧道变形特征与控制措施研究

隧道在穿越断层地带时由高地应力引起的软岩大变形问题是隧道建设施工中难点,给隧道建设的施工与进度带来很大影响。本文结合区域地应力,围岩强度实验等分析柿子园隧道穿越断层地区产生支护结构破坏现象的原因,并对围岩压力,钢架应力,围岩变形进行了现场监测,得到了高地应力软岩大变形引起的支护应力特征与变形特征,提出了控制大变形的技术措施。研究表明,高地应力区软岩隧道穿越断层地带时,由于复杂的构造应力造成隧道结构受力不均,隧道左右两侧围岩压力,支护内力与围岩变形呈现出很大的不对称性。采用优化断面形式、加强初支刚度、非对称预留变形量和锚杆布置等措施可以有效减小隧道结构受力,控制隧道变形。     

高地应力软岩隧道中型钢与格栅支护适应性现场对比试验研究

结合正在修建的兰新铁路第二双线LXS-7标存在极高地应力的大梁隧道,系统开展型钢钢架与格栅钢架在高地应力软岩隧道支护中适应性的现场对比试验研究。现场设置型钢钢架支护段与格栅钢架支护段各20 m,通过现场试验及三维数值仿真模拟,对施工过程中的围岩位移、初支钢架应力、围岩-初期支护接触压力进行对比分析,结果表明：(1)在高地应力软岩隧道支护中,型钢钢架对沉降及水平位移的约束作用较强,但支护后期变形呈现台阶式增长趋势,支护设立2个月后仍无明显收敛趋势。相应地,支护结构承受了较大的围岩压力,试验断面围岩-初期支护接触压力最大值为336 kPa,钢架应力较大;二衬施作后围岩变形仍在增加,对二衬结构会有一定影响。(2)格栅钢架属于柔性支护,初期支护设立一周后拱顶累计变形达350 mm,可较好地释放高地应力区围岩应力与变形,但支护内力及变形急剧增加无法收敛。(3)为更好地控制围岩变形,在格栅支护设立一周后增设工字钢套拱作为后期刚性支护,围岩变形曲线呈现明显收敛趋势,洞室变形稳定至446 mm。断面围岩-初期支护接触压力实测最大值为190 kPa,有效地控制支护的变形与格栅应力。(4)试验表明,现场采用“先柔后刚”的支护原则,即先架立格栅后加设套拱对高地应力软岩隧道进行支护,可有效控制软岩大变形及支护内力,结构合理。经济性分析也表明,此支护形式具有较好的经济性,是一种可适用于高地应力软岩隧道的支护结构。     

峡口隧道高地应力软岩段变形施工技术研究

结合工程实例,分析了在高应力作用下的隧道围岩和支护结构的变形特征,并采用超前预报技术、超前预加固等多种施工技术组合,探索出一套应对复杂地质高应力软岩隧道施工技术措施,同时根据现场围岩监控量测结果,验证了峡口隧道高地应力软岩段变形施工技术的科学合理性,对类似工程隧道建设具有一定的参考价值。     

考虑蠕变特性的高应力软岩隧道变形预测方法与实践

为研究高应力软岩蠕变特性对隧道围岩变形预测的影响，以木寨岭公路隧道为依托，首先采用三维计算模型与多元线性回归相结合的方法分析初始地应力场，并结合围岩段落划分，选择典型计算断面；其次，提出基于[BQ]值的围岩参数取值方法，确定典型计算断面的围岩参数；而后，开展基于M-C模型和Cvsic模型的断面变形计算，剖析岩体蠕变特性对围岩变形的影响；最终，对比了预测结果与实际围岩变形。结果表明：(1)岩体蠕变特性对围岩变形具有明显增大效应，围岩位移增长量与横断面平均主应力呈正相关；(2)围岩条件越差，蠕变增大效应越显著；横断面平均主应力越大，蠕变增大效应中位移增长量越大，而位移增长率变化不明显；(3)蠕变特性对围岩变形等级预测有明显影响，M-C模型预测结果弱于Cvisc模型，与实际围岩变形情况存在较大差异。研究结果为在高应力软岩隧道变形预测中引入岩体蠕变效应奠定了实践基础。     

高地应力软岩隧道有限元仿真与工程应用

高地应力软岩隧道开挖过程中围岩自稳能力差,极易出现坍塌、冒顶等大变形灾害,选择合适的施工工法至关重要。以某高地应力软岩隧道为对象,基于有限元仿真模型,结合现场监测结果,分析了采用上下台阶分步法施工时高地应力软岩隧道围岩及支护结构的力学行为。分析表明:(1)上下台阶分步法施工适合于高地应力软岩隧道开挖,具有围岩变形小、安全可靠的优点;(2)开挖时,围岩塑性区由边墙两侧拱腰向拱部和仰拱位置逐渐扩展;(3)由于洞顶、拱底均向洞内收敛,致使两侧腰处承受较大压力而向外扩张。两侧腰处围岩竖向应力较大,而洞顶和拱底附近则水平向应力集中。同样的,支护结构在两侧腰处承受较大拉应力,而在洞顶、拱底位置承受较大压应力。     

高地应力软岩隧道围岩压力研究和围岩与支护结构相互作用机制分析

岩体开挖后受扰动而产生应力重分布过程极其复杂,尤其是在不良地质环境下更甚。对于地质条件差、地应力为高~极高的软弱围岩,其结构受力大小与受力特征对隧道结构安全尤为重要。针对目前研究中存在的问题,结合工程中出现的问题和实际需求,以高地应力软弱围岩条件下的关角隧道、木寨岭隧道等工程为背景,通过地应力现场实测、理论研究与数值分析,对高地应力软岩隧道围岩压力和围岩与支护结构相互作用机制进行研究。主要进行以下几方面的研究工作:(1)在中国地应力场分布规律统计分析基础上,统计得到我国青藏地区平均水平地应力与垂直地应力的比值随深度变化的分布曲线。(2)采用水压致裂法进行兰渝线天池坪隧道和两水隧道地应力现场实测。在此基础上,分析隧道所处的原始高地应力水平及隧道开挖后的地应力分布规律;采用改进的BP神经网络进行了木寨岭、天池坪等隧道的宏观地应力场拓展分析,获得地应力的宏观分布形态与特点。(3)针对现有本构关系,对高地应力软岩尚不具有广泛代表性和卡斯特耐尔公式无法直接计算出在塑性区范围不同发展过程对应的塑性形变压力的问题,以原岩应力和隧道容许位移(或支护后实际量测位移)为出发点,采用岩体软化"直–曲–直"模型,推导了隧道形变压力计算公式。(4)利用台阶法开挖中存在的空间效应和改进的BP人工神经网络模型预测位移以及多项式拟合预测方法,提出两类在高地应力软弱围岩条件下使用开挖应力释放率模型的方法。通过在关角隧道和木寨岭隧道大战沟斜井高地应力软岩地段的应用,探讨其结构荷载与应力释放规律,其结果得到三维数值分析的验证。(5)为验证卡斯特耐尔扩展公式合理性,基于参数全过程变化的应变软化FLAC3D三维数值模型,模拟木寨岭隧道正洞高地应力软岩地段隧道开挖支护过程。三维数值结果与卡斯特耐尔扩展公式计算结果吻合,进一步证明该公式在高地应力软弱围岩条件下应用的可靠性、适用性。在统计青藏地区地应力分布规律基础上,结合现场实测和拓展分析,准确获得高地应力软岩隧道位置原始地应力,为研究围岩压力和围岩与支护结构相互作用机制提供依据。在原始地应力基础上,结合理论分析和数值仿真,获得高地应力软岩隧道的围岩压力计算方法和围岩与支护结构相互作用机制。主要创新点体现以下4个方面:(1)统计分析得到我国青藏地区平均水平地应力与垂直地应力的比值随深度变化的分布曲线。总结出青藏地区地应力分布规律与特点,为判别该区域地应力测试结果的合理性提供依据。(2)针对高地应力条件下软岩隧道大变形问题,引入岩体软化"直–曲–直"模型,推导出适用于高地应力软岩隧道基于原岩应力和隧道位移的隧道形变压力计算公式。(3)提出2种在高地应力软弱围岩条件下使用开挖应力释放率模型的方法。(4)为在三维数值分析中反映软弱围岩参数随坑道变形而不断变化的特性,引入参数全过程变化的应变软化模型,利用FLAC3D软件验证卡斯特耐尔扩展公式应用于高地应力软岩隧道的可靠性和适用性。     

考虑围压效应和中主应力的深埋软岩隧道弹塑性解

高地应力深埋软岩隧道开挖卸荷后,断面周边围岩的径向应力急剧降低,围压从围岩深部至隧道洞壁急剧衰减,不同位置岩石的应变软化和剪胀扩容受围压效应的控制。基于三维H-B强度准则建立考虑围压效应和中主应力的深埋软岩隧道弹塑性解计算方法,并依托中老铁路新华隧道计算深埋滇中红层软岩隧道的挤压变形,讨论围压效应和中主应力对围岩应力–应变特征、强度软化特征和剪胀扩容特征的影响,探讨围压效应在不同峰值强度、原岩应力和支护反力下的敏感性。研究结果表明：围压效应通过降低岩石的临界塑性偏应变η^*和增大岩石的峰值剪胀扩容系数K_ψ^p,从而加剧围岩的软化和剪胀程度,进而加剧隧道的挤压变形;中主应力会降低围岩的软化程度,加剧围岩的剪胀扩容,但整体上能有效抑制深埋软岩隧道的挤压变形;岩石峰值强度越低、埋深地应力越大时,隧道的挤压变形受围压效应的影响程度越高。因此分析高地应力深埋软岩隧道开挖卸荷的力学响应时,不能忽视围压效应的影响;支护反力能有效抑制效围压效应对隧道挤压变形的影响,在深埋软岩隧道的施工建设时应及时施作支护结构约束围岩的变形。     

强震后软岩隧道变形与破坏机制分析

强震后软岩隧道的变形和破坏特征与一般隧道不同。根据“5.12”强震区唐家山隧道围岩变形与应力监测数据,对震后软岩隧道变形与破坏机制进行了分析。研究表明:(1)震区软岩隧道变形空间分布不对称,水平收敛是拱顶沉降的2~4倍,这是震后软岩的扩容性质和隧道所处的垂直方向高地应力环境所共同决定的;(2)隧道变形的空间效应约束范围为2~3D,在开挖面约束范围内,变形是空间效应和时效应的耦合;(3)隧道不同部位的围岩变形与破坏方式与围压性质密切相关,边墙处围岩在“形变压力”作用下易发生松弛大变形;拱部一定范围内的岩体存在整体下沉现象,拱部围岩易被架空而形成“松散压力”并诱发位移突变和破坏。研究对同类工程具有一定参考价值。     

隧道各向异性软岩力学参数反演及蠕变研究

在高地应力条件下具有层理构造的横观各向同性软岩中开挖隧道后,软弱围岩会发生显著的流变变形,直接影响隧道围岩的稳定性及支护结构的长期服役性能。采用数值模型模拟木寨岭隧道大战沟斜井试验洞的开挖蠕变过程,建立并验证了隧道宏观变形特征值与围岩力学计算参数之间的BP神经网络。在此基础上根据6+90试验洞现场变形监测数据,反演得到了该处炭质板岩的塑性及蠕变力学参数。应用另两处监测断面的现场监测曲线验证了基于BP神经网络的反演方法及所得炭质板岩力学参数的可靠性。另外分析了横观各向同性炭质板岩的开挖蠕变力学变形性质,对高地应力条件下横观各向同性软弱围岩中隧洞开挖及支护结构的设计、施工具有重要的指导意义。     

Reinforcement of rock mass with cross-flaws using rock bolt

Rock bolting is one of the most effective and economical means of rock mass reinforcement. Existing studies of rock bolt reinforcement are mostly focused on rock masses without flaw, with a single flaw, or with parallel flaws. However in rock masses, cracks or flaws usually exist in the form of cross-flaws. In order to understand the impact of cross-flaws on rock bolt reinforcement and to further explore the differences of bolt reinforcement between rock mass with cross-flaws and rock mass with a single flaw, reinforced analog specimens with cross-flaws and with a single flaw were tested under uniaxial compressive condition. The experimental results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the reinforced rock mass with cross-flaws in this research is higher than that of reinforced rock mass with a single flaw. This observation can be explained by the difference in the failure modes of reinforced specimens: the reinforced rock masses with a single flaw fail due to the formation of a shear crack while reinforced rock masses with cross-flaws fail as a result of a tensile fracture or interaction between tensile fracture and shear fracture.     

Revisiting rock classification to estimate rock mass properties

This paper presents the results of ongoing research carried out by the author exploring methods to provide a more robust estimate of rock mass properties specifically for use in tunnel design. Data from various large-scale rock mass failures are introduced, including coal pillars. The damage-initiation,spalling-limit approach is compared to the coal pillar database. New comparisons of estimating the geological strength index(GSI) and relationships to estimate the Hoeke Brown failure criterion parameters, mb, s and a, are presented.     

Technical auditing of rock mechanics modelling and rock engineering design

We present a procedure for technically auditing rock mechanics modelling and rock engineering design. As rock mechanics modelling becomes more sophisticated, with the ability to include more parameters and to be coupled with other disciplines such as hydrogeology, and as the requirements on rock engineering projects become ever more challenging, it is prudent, if not essential, to have some form of procedure for checking that the modelling and design are suitable within the limits of current knowledge. Accordingly, we present here an appropriate auditing procedure, and demonstrate its use with the examples of measurement of rock stress (as a soft audit) and modelling for the design of hydropower caverns in China (as a semi-hard audit), the auditing questions being tailored to the nature of the work being audited. The types of procedures demonstrated can be used from the initial project concept, through site investigation and modelling, to construction, monitoring and back analysis, allowing the whole process to be concurrently checked providing a transparent and traceable audit trail of results and associated decisions made.     

Brittleness of rock and stability assessment in hard rock tunneling

Brittleness is a characteristic of many geomaterials in which the pre-existing heterogeneities among the mechanical and geometrical properties of the constituent materials, (e.g. grains cementing materials and voids) and loading conditions promote non-homogeneous distribution of the stresses inside the failing mass and eventually along the potential failure plane. This study relates the brittleness of failing hard rocks and tunnels to a strain-dependent brittleness index (I_B) which characterizes the entire failure process of rock (pre- to post-peak), and accounts for the involved mechanisms in inducing inelastic strains (damage) inside the failing rock. The strain-dependent brittleness of rock dictates the mobilized strength around underground excavations, affects their short- and long-term stability, and determines the shape of breakout (failed or inelastic) zone. The ground-support pressure interaction mechanism is also affected by rock brittleness. Brittleness of rock is a time- (loading rate) and size- (geometry) dependent property.     

Recent advances of digitization in rock mechanics and rock engineering

In recent years,there are growing demands of representing rock mechanics and rock engineering in a digital format that can be easily managed,manipulated,analyzed and shared.The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive review of the status quo and future trends of digitization in rock mechanics and rock engineering.Research topics essential to the process of digitization are firstly discussed,including data acquisition,data standardization,geological modeling,visualization and digital-numerical int...     

An alternative rock mass classification system for rock slopes

A system for the quantification of the failure hazard of rock cuttings structured in the form of rating tables is proposed. Rock cuttings are classified according to their failure hazard taking into account both their drained condition and the influence that climatic conditions have on stability; the latter being the most common landslide-triggering factor. The system deals with seven types of failure including slides, topples and falls. Where possible and convenient, parameters are amalgamated using well-established expressions of safety factor increasing the objectivity of the system. In addition to triggering mechanisms, site-specific parameters related to the mean and critical precipitation height, as well as the potential for the development of adverse, water-related conditions are taken into account to arrive at a Hazard Index value.