Thermal inactivation of the frozen thawed traditional meat starter culture, Pediococcus pentosaceus, in a meat model system

The equation, y_(t) = y₍₀₎e^kt, was fitted (R = 0.9281, 0.9220 and 0.9117, respectively) to thermal inactivation data (55, 60 and 65 °C) of the traditional meat starter culture Pediococcus pentosaceus (10⁷ cfu/ml) in a meat model system. The population reduction constant (‘k’) increased (about 2.5- and 3-fold) with an increase in the treatment temperature (from 55 to 60 °C and from 60 to 65 °C, respectively). The Q₁₀ (55–65 °C) for ‘k’ was 7.63. Thermal treatments of 19.1, 9.0 and 3.1 min (55, 60 and 65 °C, respectively) reduced the population of P. pentosaceus by 2.0 logs. The value of ‘k’ and the duration of the thermal treatment played an important role in the extent of the inactivation of the culture. The “zero inactivation” temperature (T₀) for P. pentosaceus was 49.9 °C. About 5 logs of the culture would be destroyed at 63 and 68 °C within about 15.5 and 6.5 min, respectively.     

产细菌素的戊糖片球菌的筛选及其细菌素的理化性质研究

从牛肉丸中分离筛选到1株具有抑菌活性的乳酸菌菌株N463,对单核细胞增生李斯特菌ATCC54003的生长具有良好的抑制作用.16S rDNA序列同源性分析鉴定乳酸菌N463为戊糖片球菌.在排除有机酸、过氧化氢的干扰后,确定该抑菌物质为蛋白类物质,即细菌素,命名为细菌素N463.理化性质研究表明细菌素N463具有较好的热...     

干酪乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌在发酵香肠中的作用研究

本研究对以干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)和戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)为发酵剂的发酵香肠在成熟过程中微生物和理化生化指标变化进行测定,通过与自然发酵和添加抑菌剂的香肠进行比较,确定两种乳酸菌均对发酵香肠成熟中活菌总数、乳酸菌总数有显著的增加作用,均能有效抑制发酵香肠中有害菌的生长,迅速降低香肠的pH、AW值,显著降低香肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量,更好的保障发酵香肠的安全性;干酪乳杆菌在抑制有害菌、降低香肠的pH值、AW值等方面的作用明显强于戊糖片球菌,更适合发酵香肠安全性的要求;发酵香肠的内源酶对其蛋白质和脂肪的变化起决定性作用。     

A kinetic study on extraction and transformation phenomena of phenolic compounds during red wine fermentation

The aim of this work was both to model the kinetics of the extraction and transformation of phenolic compounds during fermentation and to propose an index to compare fermentation procedures. Six lots of Sangiovese grapes from five vineyards were used for red wine fermentation tests on lab and industrial scale during 2005 and 2006 vintages. Total phenol index, colour parameters, anthocyanin and pigmented polymer contents were measured during fermentations as variables related to phenolics. Microvinifications performed during vintage 2005 were used to model the evolution of total phenol index at 280 nm, malvidine content, colour parameter a* and pigmented polymer content during fermentation. Vinifications performed during vintage 2006 were used to validate the models. A specific adimensional number, called equivalent index, was set up to specify the operating conditions of red wine fermentation being a function of the extraction and transformation phenomena of phenolic compounds.     

避雨栽培对赤霞珠葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响

研究避雨栽培对葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响,为酿酒葡萄避雨栽培技术的实施提供理论依据。采取简单避雨方式,以赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L cv.Cabernet Sauvignon)葡萄为材料,在转色后进行避雨处理,以露地栽培为对照;葡萄收获后采用传统工艺酿制干红葡萄酒,测定其基本理化指标及非花色苷酚的种类和含量,获得如下结果:(1)避雨栽培降低了赤霞珠葡萄酒总酸、总酚和单宁含量,但差异不显著。(2)避雨栽培对一些单体非花色苷酚类含量存在显著影响,显著降低了黄烷醇类总量,但对黄酮醇和类黄酮酚总量无显著影响;极显著降低了苯甲酸、芪类和非类黄酮酚,增加了肉桂酸类含量。(3)对葡萄酒非花色苷酚类物质种类无影响,降低了非花色苷酚类总量但差异不显著。因此,在赤霞珠葡萄转色期采取避雨措施,对干红葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响不显著。     

Probiotic Potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus LJR1, a Bacteriocinogenic Strain Isolated from Rumen Liquor of Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)

In present study, we evaluated the probiotic potential of three potent antibacterial Pediococcus pentosaceus isolates, viz., LJR1, LJR5, and LJR9 from the rumen liquor of a healthy goat and compared to a commercial probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG NCDC 347. All the three isolates exhibited broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity against food borne pathogens. Among the isolates P. pentosaceus LJR1 strain was found to tolerate acid, bile, simulated gastric, and intestinal juice comparable to a standard strain and also showed strong adhesion to the human colon cancer (HCT-15) cells and prevented adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, the P. pentosaceus LJR1 showed strong anti-inflammatory properties in the LPS-inflamed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The P. pentosaceus LJR1 showing potent antibacterial activity and all the desirable attributes of probiotic bacteria can be utilized as a candidate for the development of probiotic foods and deserves to be exploited for human and animal use.     

戊糖片球菌表面蛋白性质及抑菌作用研究

以戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus) F28-8为研究对象,菌株的生长情况与产酸能力分析表明,F28-8具有良好的酸适应能力,透射电镜(TEM)观察表明其存在蛋白层结构。应用5 mol/L LiCl提取菌株表面蛋白并进行SDS-PAGE和MALDI-TOF-MS分析,发现该菌株表面含有主要组分为分子量83.5 kDa的N-乙酰基胞壁酿-L-丙氨酸酰胺酶和分子量51. 1 kDa的LysM肽聚糖结合域蛋白。进一步的菌株表面性质测试、胶原蛋白黏附实验以及抑菌实验结果显示,表面蛋白的剥离显著降低了菌株F28-8的表面性质(自动聚集能力、表面疏水性和表面电荷),降幅达到19.0%～56. 1%;LiCl提取的F28-8表面蛋白能显著降低沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica subsp. CICC 21513)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus CICC 21600)对胶原蛋白的黏附力,降幅分别为74. 59%和81. 16%;LiCl提取的F28-8表面蛋白对沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别达到31. 5%和15. 6%。研究结果表明,戊糖片球菌F28-8表面蛋白能改变菌体表面性质,增强其抑制致病菌黏附的能力并表现出一定的抑菌能力,在抗菌剂开发领域具有一定的应用潜力。     

枸杞酒酿造过程中的酚酸降解规律

枸杞酒发酵过程中酵母代谢产生一些有机酸、醇、醛、酮等复杂的物质,使发酵环境发生了变化,迫使酚酸物质在此环境下发生氧化、还原或与环境中的物质发生化学反应从而产生各种降解产物.实验测定了酚酸物质在发酵过程中含量的变化及降解产物,并通过模拟实验,验证枸杞发酵时可能产生的降解产物.结果表明,从实验所用枸杞中共检测出7种酚酸单体...     

Prediction of red wine colour and phenolic parameters from the analysis of its grape extract

Herein, the phenolic composition and colour attributes of red grapes extracts (obtained with a fast methodology) were correlated with those of their corresponding wines to predict the final quality properties of wines. The phenolic parameters were evaluated as total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanins (TA) and total condensed tannins (TCT), whereas the chromatic parameters were evaluated as colour intensity (CI), tonality (To), and the percentages of yellow, red and blue tones. All of them were determined by usual UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods. To get robust models, grapes of five red varieties were collected at three different ripening stages throughout the 2009 vintage. Good correlations between the results from grapes and wines were obtained, showing high regression coefficients and low prediction errors for TPC (R² = 0.929, RMSE = 5.99%), TA (R² = 0.953, RMSE = 7.23%) and CI (R² = 0.954, RMSE = 7.58), concluding that these wine phenolic properties can be predicted reliably from the extracts obtained with an optimised fast extraction method from grapes on the ripening controls along the maturity process.     

不同接种方式下小片球菌C30对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒品质的影响

以甘肃河西走廊葡萄酒产区小片球菌C30为苹果酸乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)启动菌,比较以不同接种方式进行MLF后对葡萄酒品质的影响,探讨小片球菌C30用于MLF的可行性及其优势。将小片球菌C30在酒精发酵(alcohol fermentation,AF)的早、中、后期进行接种,以商品乳酸菌为对照进行酿造实验。在研究小片球菌C30的MLF动力学与酿造葡萄酒安全性的基础上,分析其对葡萄酒基本理化指标、香气成分和感官品质等的影响。结果表明,MLF后期接种小片球菌C30,完成发酵时间最短(27 d),酒样中多糖、生物胺等物质的含量和残糖、酒精度等理化指标符合国家标准,酒样的香气物质总含量显著高于商品菌株。小片球菌C30可完成MLF,且具有安全性,在AF后期接种进行MLF,性能优良,对提升赤霞珠葡萄酒品质有积极影响。     

Updated knowledge about the presence of phenolic compounds in wine

Phenolic compounds are partly responsible for the color, astringency, and bitterness of wine, as well as for numerous physiological properties associated with wine consumption. Mass spectrometry has allowed for great progress in the identification and characterization of wine polyphenols. The aim of the present article is to summarize the numerous advances recently achieved in this field. The main type of phenolic compounds found in wine, including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols, flavanonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins, are firstly described. Chemical reactions and mechanisms involving phenolic compounds during winemaking are also extensively discussed, including enzymatic and chemical oxidation reactions, direct and acetaldehyde-mediated anthocyanin-tannin condensation reactions, acetaldehydemediated and glyoxylic acid-mediated tannin-tannin condensation reactions and, C-4/C-5 anthocyanin cycloaddition reactions with 4-vinylphenols, vinylflavanols and pyruvic acid, among others, leading to the formation of pyranoanthocyanins. Useful mass spectral data of well-known and novel phenolic compounds recently identified in wine, and details related to their fragmentation pathway according to different ionization techniques, are given.     

Transport of glycerol by Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from wine

Pediococcus pentosaceus N(5)p is a strain isolated from wine that uses glycerol as its sole carbon source, mainly via the glycerol kinase pathway. The transport of glycerol was investigated in resting cells of this strain. Glycerol uptake followed a Michaelis-Menten relationship with an observed apparent K(m) of 33 microM and a V(max) of 2.5 nmol/min/mg of cell protein. The transport system was specific for glycerol, which was present in the cells grown either on glycerol or glucose suggesting its constitutive nature. The presence of uptake when resting cells were treated with HgCl(2) and the absence of counterflow indicate that facilitated diffusion is not involved in glycerol transport. On the other hand, glycerol uptake was inhibited by the metabolic poisons that affect ATP availability by acting on either electron transport or ATPase activity, and by the proton-conducting uncouplers without any effect on glycerol kinase activity. The restoration of glycerol uptake in de-energized cells by the addition of glucose and low concentration of cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone was achieved. These results, the first in the genus Pediococcus, provide evidence for an energy-dependent uptake of glycerol that involves the proton motive force directly or coupled with ATP synthesis.     

Bioavailability of phenolic compounds

Phenolic compounds in foods originate from one of the main classes of secondary metabolites in plants. They are essential for the growth and reproduction of plants, and are produced as a response for defending injured plants against pathogens. In recent years, there is a growing interest in phenolic compounds and their presumed role in the prevention of various degenerative diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The importance of antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds and their possible usage in processed foods as a natural antioxidant have reached a new high in recent years. The absorption and bioavailability of phenolics in humans are also controversial. Data on these aspects of phenolics are scarce and merely highlight the need for extensive investigations of the handling of phenolics by the gastrointestinal tract and their subsequent absorption and metabolism. In this article, absorption, metabolism, and the bioavailability of pheniolic compounds are reviewed.     

Influence of the heterogeneity of grape phenolic maturity on wine composition and quality

Nowadays, consumers demand red wines with deep colour, soft tannins and fruit scents, but these wines can only be obtained from grapes with complete phenolic maturity. Diverse methods have been proposed for measuring phenolic maturity. However, all these methods only provide the average value and do not consider any possible heterogeneity. Throughout ripening, grapes were separated according to their density, which revealed the existence of a large heterogeneity. Grapes at harvest were also separated by density in three groups. The higher the density of the grapes the higher ethanol content, pH, colour intensity, total phenolic index and anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin concentrations, and the lower the titratable acidity and bitterness of the wines. When the grapes were denser the wines were also better balanced in flavour and mouthfeel sensation. These results suggest that grape heterogeneity may influence the final wine composition and quality and therefore it should be considered at harvest.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定黑米酒中11种酚类物质

建立了高效液相色谱测定黑米酒中11种酚类化合物的方法。采用Venusil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,流动相为50%乙腈和超纯水,分别加1%乙酸,采用梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,进样量20μL,柱温30℃,检测波长260nm、320nm。各组分的质量浓度与其峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.996,且11种酚类物质在45min内得到了较好分离。方法回收率为83.5%~105.1%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~3.3%。该方法可用于米酒中黄酮、酚酸类化合物的定量分析。     

Functional milk beverage fortified with phenolic compounds extracted from olive vegetation water, and fermented with functional lactic acid bacteria

Functional milk beverages (FMB100 and FMB200) fortified with phenolic compounds (100 and 200 mg/l) extracted from olive vegetable water, and fermented with γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-producing (Lactobacillus plantarum C48) and autochthonous human gastro-intestinal (Lactobacillus paracasei 15N) lactic acid bacteria were manufactured. A milk beverage (MB), without addition of phenolic compounds, was used as the control. Except for a longer latency phase of FMB200, the three beverages showed an almost similar kinetic of acidification, consumption of lactose and synthesis of lactic acid. Apart from the beverage, Lb. plantarum C48 showed a decrease of ca. Log 2.52-2.24 cfu/ml during storage. The cell density of functional Lb. paracasei 15N remained always above the value of Log 8.0 cfu/ml. During fermentation, the total concentration of free amino acids markedly increased without significant (P > 0.05) differences between beverages. The concentration of GABA increased during fermentation and further storage (63.0 ± 0.6-67.0 ± 2.1 mg/l) without significant (P > 0.05) differences between beverages. After fermentation, FMB100 and FMB200 showed the same phenolic composition of the phenol extract from olive vegetable water but a different ratio between 3,4-DHPEA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. During storage, the concentrations of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, p-HPEA and verbascoside of both FMB100 and FMB200 decreased. Only the concentration of 3,4-DHPEA increased. As shown by SPME-GC-MS analysis, diactetyl, acetoin and, especially, acetaldehyde were the main volatile compounds found. The concentration of phenolic compounds does not interfere with the volatile composition. Sensory analyses based on triangle and paired comparison tests showed that phenolic compounds at the concentrations of 100 or 200 mg/l were suitable for addition to functional milk beverages.     

Effect of apple cultivar and enzyme treatment on phenolic compounds content during clear apple juice production

The aim of the investigation was evaluation of phenolic compounds content, measured by HPLC method at selected stages of clear apple juice production with pectolytic mash enzymation from ‘Shampion’ and ‘Idared’ apples. Sum of phenolic compounds in ‘Shampion’ mash was significantly higher than in ‘Idared’ mash, 520 and 352 mg kg^?1, respectively. Enzymation of ‘Idared’ mash resulted in a higher phenolic compounds decrease compared to ‘Shampion’, 23% and 14% respectively. Sum of phenolics in juices from ‘Shampion’ for Panzym at 50 °C (366 mg kg^?1) was significantly higher than in juices from ‘Shampion’ for Rohapect at 20 °C and ‘Idared’ for Panzym at 50 °C (256 and 234 mg kg^?1, respectively). The lowest phenolics (95 mg kg^?1) was in juices from ‘Idared’ for Rohapect at 20 °C. There was a positive correlation (R² = 0.933) between phenolics content and antioxidant activity of juices (ABTS^?+). In general, enzymation at 50 °C with Panzym lead to a higher content of the phenolic compounds in juices compared to Rohapect at 20 °C.     

Optimisation,characterisation and quantification of phenolic compounds in olive cake

The phenolic compounds in extracts from pressed olive cake were investigated. Free phenolic compounds were extracted from olive cake using methanol. To liberate bound phenolic compounds, the olive cake was subjected to basic and acidic hydrolysis followed by methanol extraction. The individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were obtained using methanol extraction for 12 h at 70 °C. The RP-HPLC profiles for full-fat and defatted olive cake showed that protocatechuic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin and hesperidin were the predominant free phenolic compounds. Meanwhile, syringic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid were the predominant bound phenolic acids. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that most of the phenolic compounds in olive products were present in their free forms (75–90% of total phenolic content), while bound phenolic compounds were only a small proportion (10–25%) of total phenolic content.     

Ferulic acid and its position among the phenolic compounds of wheat

Ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is the main phenolic acid occurring in cell walls of monocotyledones. Due to its blue-and-white fluorescence it is easily identified and is located in the cereal grain morphological parts. Its 40-fold greater concentration was found in the cells walls of the seed coat and aleuronic layer than in the cells walls of endosperm. Most often, it is linked by ester bonds with hemicellulose chains, mainly with arabinose residues and it also polymerizes with lignin through ether bonds. However, ferulic acid in the pentosane molecules forms specific complexes with proteins through chemical bonds with amino acids. It is interesting to mention the theory of the pentosane gel formation in which a great role is assigned to ferulic acid. An oxidized form of ferulic acid-diferulic acid-produces gel formation by linking two pentosane or protein molecules. The blue-and-white fluorescence of ferulic acid can be applied to determine flour contamination with grain coat particles and its ability to form complexes with pentosanes and proteins is important in the formation of dough texture with its semi-elastic properties.     

酒类香气物质研究进展

分析了酒类香气物质的研究状况,介绍了目前国内外酒类香气成分的分析方法,包括样品的前处理、定性分析、定量的方法以及研究进展,以期为酒类香气物质研究者提供参考。前处理的方法主要有直接进样、液液萃取、蒸气蒸馏、静态顶空、动态顶空、固相萃取、固相微萃取和搅拌棒萃取法等;定性分析采用气相色谱(GC)、质谱(MS)及多种仪器联用;定量分析法包括了归一法、内标法和外标法等。