氟碳介质热致气液两相流的工频击穿特性及其在GIL中的应用展望

目前已有一些环保型氟碳介质可替代SF_6气体应用于变压器、GIS甚至GIL中,其在工作中以液态或气液两相态的形式存在。但是,液态绝缘介质在受热状态下的气液两相流的绝缘特性和放电机理尚未明晰。文中采用自发热电极进行了氟碳介质热致气液两相流随热流密度、工作压力等热力学参数的工频击穿电压测量实验,结果表明:其击穿电压随热流密度呈"Z"字型的曲线规律变化;击穿电压突变点与表面过热度的极值点高度相符,以此提出了表征击穿电压突变的特征值和特征向量。最后,通过仿真分析和计算初步证明,环保型氟碳介质在绝缘和冷却两个方面完全具有替代SF_6气体应用于环保介质绝缘管道电缆的可行性。     

110kV氟碳化合物作为冷却介质的蒸发冷却变压器

氟碳气体由于其温室效应小,同时具有很高的耐电强度,使用氟碳化合物作为变压器冷却介质,将使得输变电设备更加环境友好。结合110 kV SZ9-40000/110非均相式蒸发冷却变压器的研制和运行,叙述了氟碳化合物作为冷却介质的蒸发冷却变压器的特点。     

一种新型节能变压器——蒸发冷却变压器

蒸发冷却变压器在八十年代初方才问世,其工作原理有如一只冰箱,采用压缩致冷循环,冷却介质为液态氟碳化合物。在运行中,变压器自身的温度可使氟碳化合物蒸发,由于冷却剂的蒸发潜热很大,所以,其冷却能力极高,因而线圈和铁芯的尺寸可以缩小,使变压器变得更加紧凑,重量更轻,能耗更少。作为冷却剂的氟碳化合物,其化学性质十分稳定,并不可燃,因此,在防火、防爆方面也具有独特的优点。另外,由于这种变压器的铁芯和线圈尺寸比其它种类的变压器都小得多,因此,电能损耗也很小。而且,由于变压器密封在容器内不受大气环境影     

操作冲击电压及其叠加工频电应力下油纸绝缘尖端放电及燃弧特性研究

具有油纸绝缘绕组结构的关键电力设备在投运时容易出现乙炔超标问题，进而产生局部放电和燃弧现象。为此，本文研究操作冲击电压及其叠加工频电应力下油纸绝缘的尖端放电及燃弧特性，对比分析不同尖端缺陷的放电与燃弧特性，讨论冲击电压与工频电压叠加相位的影响。结果表明：含有纸板的缺陷模型击穿后的燃弧过程可分为高频重燃弧阶段、稳定燃弧阶段、电压恢复前的重燃阶段，其中高频重燃弧阶段具有较高的燃弧频次与较低的恢复电压；操作冲击电压下，纯油隙缺陷模型出现多次击穿，油纸复合绝缘缺陷模型出现纸板直接击穿和油纸先后击穿，且缺陷模型的类型会影响放电特性及燃弧规律；叠加相位则是通过影响电应力幅值来影响放电特性与燃弧规律。     

球板电极下的低压CO_2绝缘性能研究

在球板电极下对CO2在不同气压、不同气隙距离下的工频击穿电压和雷电冲击电压进行测试和分析,并与同实验条件下的N2工频击穿电压进行了比较。结果表明:对于工频耐压实验,CO2的击穿电压值随气体压力和气隙距离的增加而增大;对于雷电冲击实验,气隙距离是影响CO2耐压水平的主要因素,气压对CO2绝缘性能的提升作用并不明显;在稍不均匀电场中,CO2的耐压水平约为N2的83%。     

复合电场下油纸（板）绝缘击穿特性及其数学模型

为研究油纸复合绝缘在复合电场下的击穿特性,以典型油-纸绝缘结构为主要研究对象,首先通过试验方法得到了典型油-纸绝缘在复合电场下的击穿特性;又根据等效电路模型得到仿真边界条件,对变压器油和绝缘纸板中的电场分布进行了仿真分析;然后,分别对变压器油和浸油纸板的击穿特性进行了测试。根据两种介质中电场的数学表达式,得到了电场E和交流百分含量η之间的关系,并将其电场分布图像与油、纸板的击穿场强进行了比对和分析,总结出油纸复合绝缘击穿电压随交流含量变化的数学表达式。据此,提出随交流含量变化两种介质中的电场强度改变和各自介电强度的差别是导致整体击穿电压呈现先升后降趋势的主要原因。     

c-C_4F_8在球板电极下的绝缘性能和绝缘子沿面闪络特性研究

文中从c-C_4F_8的绝缘性能和绝缘子沿面闪络特性角度出发,进行了球板电极下对c-C_4F_8的工频击穿实验和雷电冲击实验,以及常压下绝缘子的沿面闪络击穿实验。同时进行了SF_6、N_2和CO_2的对比实验。实验结果表明,对于气隙击穿的工频耐压实验和雷电冲击实验,c-C_4F_8的击穿电压值都随着间隙距离的升高而增加,并呈线性趋势;在稍不均匀电场中,c-C_4F_8的绝缘性能约为SF_6的1.4倍;c-C_4F_8中绝缘子的闪络电压明显大于SF_6。从绝缘性能的角度来看,c-C_4F_8在某些条件下可以作为SF_6的一种替代气体,用在电力设备中。     

隔板尺寸对棒-板空气绝缘间隙工频耐压特性的影响

为了进一步揭示隔板尺寸对气体绝缘间隙耐压水平的影响,对棒-板空气绝缘间隙引入不同尺寸隔板前后的工频耐压特性进行了实验研究。通过改变隔板位置和电极开距,研究了不同尺寸隔板对间隙工频击穿电压和起晕电压的作用,并分析了隔板表面的剩余电荷对击穿电压的影响。结果表明:隔板的引入大大提高了整个间隙的击穿电压,隔板尺寸较大时击穿电压最大可提高到原来的2.32倍;隔板的引入会略微降低整个间隙的起晕电压,最大下降幅值约为2 k V;隔板表面的剩余电荷对工频击穿电压通常不存在累积效应。为使整体工频耐压特性最佳,需要综合考虑隔板的尺寸和位置对击穿电压和起晕电压的作用。     

球板电极下N_2的绝缘特性以及水分的影响

采用氮气(N_2)或干燥空气替代SF_6作为中压开关设备的绝缘介质是目前环保型开关设备的发展热点。要保证气箱结构紧凑小巧,需要完全掌握环保气体的绝缘特性,并对固体—气体复合绝缘的配合进行深入研究。文中从研究N_2的基础绝缘特性入手,研究了球板电极间隙下的N_2工频和雷冲耐压特性数据,以及水分对击穿电压的影响。结果表明,N_2击穿电压随着极间距的增大而上升,但会呈现出饱和的趋势。而且,在湿度为1 000μL/L以下时,N_2击穿电压基本不受水分的影响。     

手动旁路运行中高压变频器绝缘测试危险点分析

手动旁路6k V等级高压变频器在火电厂有广泛应用,《电力变压器运行规程》DL/T 572-2010和《配电变压器运行规程》DL/T 1102-2009等规程对高压变频器的移相变压器绝缘处于停运状态时有定期检查的要求。手动旁路的高压变频器在旁路工频运行时,其移相变压器高压侧绝缘测试工作中存在安全距离不够,测试人员有触电风险,通过对旁路工频运行时高压变频器隔离刀闸断口距离、绝缘测试电压、刀闸断口间电压和高湿度下短间隙交流放电特性进行分析,提出手动旁路高压变频器旁路工频运行时,应禁止测试移相变压器高压侧绝缘的建议。     

Optical emission due to space charge effects in electricallystressed polymers

Electrical wear-out and dielectric breakdown of insulating polymers involve dissipation to the lattice of the energy of mobile or trapped space charges. Optical emissions are proof of such energy releases and can be used to define the onset of electrical aging and to investigate the dissipation mechanisms. They also could provide a basis for monitoring the degradation rate. The situation considered is that of a material subjected to a voltage stress in the absence of any gas discharge, i.e., the light does not originate from a gaseous plasma. Depending on the type of material and experimental configuration, light emission can be due to excited states of the solid itself and/or of dissolved or adsorbed gas molecules. The polymers of concern are practical materials used as electrical insulation in cables, capacitors, motors, transformers, etc. This review attempts to bring together the published data on electroluminescence of insulating polymers and to discuss the relationship between light emission, space charge, and polymer degradation     

Fundamental insulation characteristic of high-pressure CO/sub 2/ gas under actual equipment conditions

SF₆ gas has been widely used in electrical power equipment such as circuit breakers and transformers due to its superior insulation and interruption characteristics. However since 1997, SF₆ gas has been designated a greenhouse gas subject to emission restrictions at COP3 (The 3rd session of the Conference Of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) so a new insulating gas is needed as a substitute for SF₆ gas. This research considers the use of high-pressure CO₂ gas as an insulator while stressing the environment aspects. Fundamental insulation data for the insulating gas acquired supposing gas insulated switchgears (GIS) consists of; (1) insulation breakdown characteristics under clean conditions and, (2) insulation breakdown characteristics with metallic particle contamination. The parameters in this case were assumed from an actual apparatus viewpoint, to be a high gas pressure up to 2.0 MPa, an electrode size capable of determining the surface area effect, the electrode surface roughness, and metallic particle length, etc. at the base electrode of the 72 kV GIS. As a result, experiments using these parameters revealed insulation characteristics for high-pressure CO₂ gas and that negative lightning impulse decided the insulation design, as well as the present SF₆ GIS. The need for taking measures to suppress PD under AC voltage and also the need for restricting metallic foreign particles around the central conductor and insulating spacer were recognized     

Surface flashover of oil-immersed dielectric materials in uniform and non-uniform fields

The applied electrical fields required to initiate surface flashover of different types of dielectric material immersed in insulating oil have been investigated, by applying impulses of increasing peak voltage until surface flashover occurred. The behavior of the materials in repeatedly over-volted gaps was also analyzed in terms of breakdown mode (some bulk sample breakdown behaviour was witnessed in this regime), time to breakdown, and breakdown voltage. Cylindrical samples of polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, and Rexolite, were held between two electrodes immersed in insulating oil, and subjected to average applied electrical fields up to 870 kV/cm. Tests were performed in both uniform- and nonuniform- fields, and with different sample topologies. In applied field measurements, polypropylene required the highest levels of average applied field to initiate flashover in all electrode configurations tested, settling at ~600 kV/cm in uniform fields, and ~325 kV/cm in non-uniform fields. In over-volted point-plane gaps, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene exhibited the longest pre-breakdown delay times. The results will provide comparative data for system designers for the appropriate choice of dielectric materials to act as insulators for high-voltage, pulsed-power machines.     

硅橡胶复合绝缘户外互感器的结构设计

为保证户外电流、电压互感器在各种户外恶劣环境下能有效安全运行,通过硅橡胶与环氧树脂复合材料对户外电流、电压互感器结构进行优化设计,生产研制出机械强度高、绝缘性能稳定的复合绝缘户外电流、电压互感器。     

Modification of electrical properties and performance of EVA and PP insulation through nanostructure by organophilic silicates

Nanostructured materials are attracting increased interest and applications. Exciting perspectives may be offered by electrical insulation. Polymeric nanofilled materials may find new and/or upgraded applications in the electrical and electronic industry, replacing conventional insulation to provide improved performances in electrical apparatus, as regards, e.g., reliability, environmental compatibility and power rating. This paper shows that electrical properties of nanocomposite insulating materials for DC applications, specifically space charge, conductivity and breakdown voltage, can improve significantly with respect to the basis, unfilled materials. Reference is made to two polymeric materials, i.e. poly(ethylene-covinylacetate) (EVA) and polypropylene (PP), that are widely used as electrical insulation, e.g. for cables and capacitors. The nanofiller consists of an organophilic layered silicate, specifically an extra-pure synthetic fluorohectorite modified by means of interlayer exchange of sodium cations for protonated octadecylamine NH/sub 3//sup +/ (ODA), in a weight concentration of maximum 6%. In both materials the space charge accumulation rate as a function of applied electric field is significantly reduced, while the electrical conductivity is raised. The breakdown voltage can increase for the nanofilled materials.     

Performance characteristics of dielectrics in the presence of spacecharge

The short and long-term dielectric behavior of a number of representative electrical insulating systems is compared in the presence of space charge. Dielectric materials, used both in the communications and power application areas, are considered. In this overview, particular attention is given to thin inorganic films, organic solid-liquid and solid polymer systems as regards to the manner in which space charge affects their dielectric loss, voltage breakdown, treeing and electrical aging characteristics     

冲击电压作用下SF_6绝缘特性计算方法

设计了一种计算SF_6绝缘特性的方法。可用它计算在不均匀间隙中,各种波头的冲击电压下、不同的SF_6气压时,SF_6的最小击穿电压。     

500kV变压器段间雷电冲击试验模型的实现与电场的数值分析

应用二维四节点有限元电场数值分析的方法，通过对500kV电力变压器段间绝缘雷电冲击试验模型的关心区域内的电场与电场分布的比较，提出一种500kV变压器段间绝缘雷电冲击试验模型的简化方案，经对绝缘试验模型的电场数值分析，得出由段间固体绝缘材料与变压器油形成的油楔中会出现段间最大电场强度的结论。     

Dielectric response studies on insulating system of high voltage rotating machines

A significant method to characterize the electrical properties of materials and to evaluate the condition of the insulating systems is the dielectric response study which can be done in the time or frequency domain. The dielectric response measuring results can be affected by different parameters like measuring voltage, temperature, water content and aging condition of insulating system. In this work numerous measurements are presented, thus to understand, how the dielectric response measurement results at the insulating system of high voltage rotating machines can be affected by these parameters in the time and frequency domain. Because of the importance of the dielectric response application as a non-destructive diagnostic method the possibilities and limitations of this method to reflect the deterioration processes due to thermal and electrical stress were also investigated. In addition the possibility to transfer the measuring data from the time to frequency domain was investigated and the calculated and measured data were compared. For the test object actual stator bars were used that were manufactured with epoxy VPI technology.     

Luminescence and space charge in polymeric dielectrics - [whitehead memorial lecture (2008)]

Polymers are extensively used as insulating material in high voltage devices, such as underground power cables, power capacitors and transformers. During normal operation the polymeric insulation of a power device is not only subjected to electrical stresses, but could also be subjected to other stresses that can cause the degradation and ultimately lead to insulation failure. It has been well established that electroluminescence and charge injection, which gives rise to space charge in the polymeric insulation, occur at ac, dc and impulse field above a certain threshold value. Space charge can cause dissipative energetic processes such as photon and phonon emission, increase the local electric field and reduce the withstand voltage of the insulation. This paper describes the characteristics of electroluminescence in polymeric insulation subjected to ac voltage and shows its relevance to space charge injection in the material. It is shown that insulation subjected to high voltage could emit various types of light but electroluminescence emission which is related to space charge injection can be clearly distinguished from these other types of light emission. The electroluminescence technique is a valuable tool to evaluate the dielectric properties of novel insulating materials, such as nanodielectrics.