镁合金“固溶强化增塑”理论的发展和应用

镁是密排六方结构金属,滑移系较少,其基面滑移阻力比柱面和锥面滑移阻力低很多,基面滑移启动后其他滑移系很难启动,导致镁合金室温和低温的塑性变形能力较差。重庆大学等单位研究发现某些特定原子固溶在镁中既能阻碍基面位错滑移提高强度,又能通过缩小基面与非基面滑移阻力差距促进非基面滑移开启而改善塑性,达到同时提高镁合金强度和塑性的目的。重庆大学镁合金科研团队把这一结果发展为"镁合金固溶强化增塑"合金设计理论(Solid solution strengthening and ductilizing, SSSD)。这一合金设计理论在过去十几年中已成为解决镁合金强度和塑性平衡优化的一条新途径。重庆大学应用该理论开发了多种新型高性能镁合金,其中10多个新合金已批准为国家标准牌号合金和国际标准牌号合金。     

挤压态ZK60镁合金室温拉-压不对称性研究

基于室温轴向拉伸和压缩实验研究了挤压态ZK60镁合金的拉-压不对称性.通过修正黏塑性自洽模型,建立了耦合滑移和孪生的晶体塑性力学模型,模拟了挤压态ZK60镁合金轴向拉、压力学行为,分析了基面、柱面、锥面滑移及{1012}1011拉伸孪生和{1011}1012压缩孪生在塑性变形过程中的激活及演变情况.结合实验与模拟,从微观塑性变形机制角度分析了具有初始挤压态丝织构的镁合金产生拉-压不对称性的机理.结果表明:轴向拉伸过程中拉伸孪生和压缩孪生都较难激活,变形初期以基面滑移为主,由于基面滑移取向因子较低,导致屈服应力较高;随着晶粒转动,基面滑移分切应力降低,应力逐步升高,变形机制转为以柱面滑移为主,辅以锥面c+a滑移,应变硬化率较低,应力-应变曲线较平稳.轴向压缩前期,临界剪切应力较低的拉伸孪生大量激活,导致屈服应力较低;应变达到6.0%后拉伸孪生逐渐饱和,相对活动量快速降低,硬化率迅速提高,由于大量孪晶界对位错滑移形成阻碍,滑移机制未出现大量激活;轴向压缩后期,随着应力的持续升高,压缩孪生启动,相对活动量迅速上升,塑性变形积累的应力得以释放,硬化率降低.因此,挤压丝织构状态决定了镁合金在室温轴向拉、压变形过程中的变形机制存在明显区别,从而导致挤压镁合金产生显著的轴向拉-压不对称性.     

WCu假合金熔渗过程数值分析

利用层错能的热力学模型对AZ31,AZ61,AZ91等六方系合金的层错能进行了计算,推导出溶质元素含量及偏聚对层错能影响的理论表达式.计算结果表明:该热力学模型适用于六方系合金层错能的计算,计算的结果与实验相符.其中AZ31,AZ61,AZ91合金的基面层错能在373 K时都为45 mJ/m2.镁合金层错能随着温度的升高逐渐降低,化学自由能对层错能的影响占主导地位.Al元素有降低镁合金层错能的作用,随着固溶于镁基体中Al含量的增加,合金的层错能降低.合金元素在层错区域内的偏聚对层错能造成的影响也不容忽视,溶质元素Al的偏聚增加了镁合金的层错能.     

Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.6Zr合金的低温塑性分析

对Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.6Zr合金挤压T5态在-196℃条件下进行低温拉伸,低温伸长率比25℃时提高了1倍。用X射线衍射仪测定Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.6Zr合金晶格常数(c/a),结果表明,Gd、Y元素的加入使合金挤压T5态的c/a值降低到1.6148,c/a值的变小能降低柱面滑移系的临界剪切应力,使合金在低温拉伸时进入多系滑移。用透射电镜能观察到棱柱面与基面滑移系同时启动,结果显示该合金的低温塑性好于室温塑性。     

曾小勤教授团队采用原位EBSD技术在镁合金变形研究方面取得重要进展

<正>近日,上海交通大学轻合金精密成型国家工程研究中心材料智能设计与加工研究室在镁合金变形领域取得重要研究进展。该研究采用原位EBSD方法分析Mg-0.47Ca合金在拉伸过程中的变形行为。对不同应变量下的滑移系进行统计,发现Mg-Ca合金中产生了大量的非基面位错,而这在纯镁中是较难产生的。通过迹线分析与TEM结合以及随后的和施密特因子计算对一阶锥面滑移的位错类型进     

温度和应变速率对双辊铸轧、轧制和热处理态AZ31镁合金流动应力行为的影响(英文)

在单轴拉伸条件下研究温度和应变速率对双辊铸轧、轧制和热处理AZ31镁合金流动应力行为的影响。结果表明,在高温下,动态回复、连续动态再结晶、晶界滑移和附加滑移系的活化使合金的延展得到改善。在473~523 K和10-2~10-1 s-1条件下,合金的断裂伸长率几乎与应变速率无关,而与应变速率依赖于临界剪切应的非基面滑移有关。由于经上述工艺加工的AZ31镁合金具有较低的临界剪切应力,因此在573 K和10-3 s-1条件下出现了孪晶。     

镁及镁合金阻尼特性的研究进展

综述了镁及镁合金阻尼特性的研究进展及阻尼镁合金材料的研究现状,介绍了其阻尼性能的评价方法,阐明了其阻尼机制符合G-L位错钉扎模型、基面(0001)上的位错脱钉运动是造成镁合金在室温具有高应变振幅阻尼性能的主要原因,概述了应变振幅、温度、变形工艺、热处理、晶粒尺寸和取向以及合金元素对镁合金阻尼性能的影响.     

镁合金轧制板材低温变形行为与微观机制

研究AZ31镁合金轧制板材在低温(室温至423 K)拉伸条件下的力学性能,并通过高温金相显微镜的拉伸附件观察动态微观组织的变化过程.结果发现:镁合金的塑性随温度的升高和应变速率及负载的降低而增加,表现出一定的应变速率敏感性.常温下的主要变形机制为{10-11}压缩孪生,其形核和长大速度很快,但同时也存在少量的基面滑移,不同类型的孪晶在晶粒中彼此相交;而随着温度的升高,a c非基面滑移的临界剪切应力迅速下降,大量非基面滑移系被激发,板材塑性性能明显改善;当应变速率较高时(423 K,应变速率10-2/s),断裂方式为有一定塑性特征的解理形貌;随着应变速率的降低(423 K,应变速率10-3/s),断裂方式逐渐变为塑性断裂.     

ZM6合金室温蠕变机理研究

采用单轴拉伸法对Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr(ZM6)合金在308 K的蠕变行为进行了测试.在低于屈服强度的应力下,随应力的增加,蠕变量增加.通过蠕变量、应力与时间的关系,获得了蠕变速率及蠕变应力指数.通过比较各种蠕变机制的蠕变速率,确定合金室温蠕变机制为位错滑移.TEM分析表明,镁合金蠕变过程中发生了基面滑移,也存在极少量的孪生.     

AZ31镁合金蠕变初期的变形特征

通过蠕变曲线的测定和TEM的形貌观察,研究了AZ31镁合金在蠕变初期的变形特征及组织演化规律．结果表明,蠕变初期的变形特征是：大量形变产生的(α)位错在合金的基面和非基面滑移,(α c)位错在锥面滑移．其中(α)位错通过位错分解反应可由一非基面交滑移至另一非基面．随蠕变进行,高密度的形变位错发生动态回复,可进一步束集形成位错胞和位错墙．蠕变初始阶段,在应力的作用下,适当取向的晶体发生孪生,并作为一种附加的变形机制而改善合金的韧性．     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。