热处理对含铬低碳钢组织与性能的影响

研究了低碳含铬钢950℃淬火后650℃回火,不同的保温时间下,Cr对低碳合金钢调质后性能的影响,并和不加Cr相同成分的钢作了对比。研究发现,当保温时间以2.5 min/mm计算时,加Cr钢的力学性能低于不加Cr同成分的钢,金相组织观察发现Cr能够有效提高低碳合金钢的淬透性,淬火后即使钢板的心部也能获得贝氏体组织,为后续的回火做好组织准备。然而在回火后容易形成M23C6及M7C3碳化物,其稳定性较差,容易聚集长大,且形态为条状,拉伸时容易弯曲破裂,严重破坏钢板的连续性,降低钢板的强度及塑性。对不同回火保温时间的含Cr钢的二次相粒子析出行为研究发现,以1 min/mm计算保温时间时,没有发现含Cr碳化物的析出,但随着保温时间的增加,Cr钢中的含Cr碳化物快速析出,并迅速长大,尤其是以3 min/mm计算保温时间下,含Cr碳化物尺寸已经达到了300 nm。因此对含Cr低碳合金钢,必须采用合适的调质工艺,适当缩短回火保温时间,以降低碳化物的聚集长大,避免回火后强度和塑性的同时降低。     

Influence of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Toughness of 9%Ni Steel

The 9%Ni low-carbon steel is applied to utilities and processes at temperatures as low as ??196 °C. However, the microstructural features play an important role on the mechanical properties. Notably, the cryogenic toughness and mechanical strength are strongly dependent on the final heat treatment. In this paper, the microstructure of a 9%Ni low-carbon steel was modified by different heat treatments. The hardness and cryogenic toughness were measured and correlated to microstructural features. The material shows a temper embrittlement with intergranular cracking and minimum cryogenic toughness after tempering around 400 °C. Austempering at 480 °C also produced very low toughness results. On the other hand, excellent cryogenic toughness was obtained with single tempering at 600 °C after quenching or normalizing. Even higher toughness was obtained with the double tempering at 670 °C/2 h plus 600 °C/2 h. The amount of reversed austenite and its morphology in the specimen quenched and tempered at 600 °C were shown in the paper.     

Structure and creep of Russian reactor steels with a BCC structure

The structural phase transformations have been revealed and the characteristics of the creep and long-term strength at 650, 670, and 700°C and 60–140 MPa have been determined in six Russian reactor steels with a bcc structure after quenching and high-temperature tempering. Creep tests were carried out using specially designed longitudinal and transverse microsamples, which were fabricated from the shells of the fuel elements used in the BN-600 fast neutron reactor. It has been found that the creep rate of the reactor bcc steels is determined by the stability of the lath martensitic and ferritic structures in relation to the diffusion processes of recovery and recrystallization. The highest-temperature oxide-free steel contains the maximum amount of the refractory elements and carbides. The steel strengthened by the thermally stable Y–Ti nanooxides has a record high-temperature strength. The creep rate at 700°C and 100 MPa in the samples of this steel is lower by an order of magnitude and the time to fracture is 100 times greater than that in the oxide-free reactor steels.     

Effect of boron and carbon on the fracture toughness of IN 718 superalloy at room temperature and 650 °C

The effect of B and C microadditions on the fracture toughness of IN 718 superalloy was investigated at room temperature (RT) and at 650 °C. At RT, the fracture toughness was observed to increase with increasing B and C concentrations. C had a relatively weak effect on the fracture toughness at 650 °C, but the influence of B was significant. At RT the highest fracture toughness value was obtained for the alloy with 29 ppm B and 225 ppm C at RT, and at 650 °C the alloy with 60 ppm B and 40 ppm C had the highest fracture toughness. An increase in the concentration of B to 100 ppm, however, resulted in a reduction in the fracture toughness at 650 °C. Fractographic observations showed that the formation and coalescence of microvoids was the predominant fracture mechanism at RT. In contrast, at 650 °C, the fracture surface exhibited intergranular cracking in the alloy with lower B concentrations and transgranular cracking coupled with fine dimples in the alloy with higher B concentrations. It is suggested that B impedes intergranular cracking by increasing the cohesion of grain boundaries and improving the grain boundary stabilization. The RT increase in the fracture toughness of the material caused by the addition of C is attributed to the formation of intergranular and intragranular carbides that increased the resistance to the plastic deformation.     

热处理工艺对G115钢铸件组织与性能的影响

以均匀化退火后的G115钢铸件为对象,研究了不同正火+回火工艺处理对其显微组织及力学性能的影响,其中正火工艺分别为1070 ℃×1 h,AC和1100 ℃×1 h,AC,回火工艺分为一次回火(780 ℃×3 h,AC)和两次回火(780 ℃×3 h,AC+750 ℃×3 h,AC)。结果表明:随着正火温度的上升,G115钢铸件的室温强度和650 ℃高温强度均有所上升,而韧性有所下降,塑性无明显变化;随着回火次数的增加,G115钢的室温强度和650 ℃高温强度均有所降低,韧性和塑性无明显影响。正火+回火处理后G115钢铸件中的析出相主要有Laves相、M₂₃C₆以及MX(NbC、VN)相,冲击断口形貌呈解理或准解理断裂特征。随着正火温度升高,马氏体板条块(Block)宽度有所增加,排列相对整齐。原奥氏体晶粒尺寸是G115钢室温强度贡献值中晶界强化量的有效晶粒尺寸。推荐的热处理制度为1100 ℃×1 h(AC)正火+780 ℃×3 h(AC) 回火。     

回火温度对高性能耐火钢组织和性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜、力学性能测试等方法,研究了回火温度对某高性能耐火钢组织和性能的影响。研究表明,回火后试验钢均表现出良好的高温性能和强韧性匹配,650 ℃回火时试验钢的耐火性能和低温冲击性能达到最优。回火前后试验钢的组织以多边形F+板条/粒状B为主,含有少量M/A岛,且有较多近似球形或椭圆形碳化物或复合碳氮化物析出。随着回火温度的升高,组织稍有粗化,部分板条B合并变成胞状结构,M/A岛数量及形态变化不大,但有效尺寸略有减小,600 ℃回火后析出相增加,650 ℃和680 ℃回火后有大量尺寸在50 nm以下的第二相质点析出,进一步确保了试验钢的耐火性能和低温冲击性能。     

提高和改善高压气瓶钢综合性能的热处理工艺研究

高压气瓶钢在医疗、航空等领域已获得广泛应用。在寒冷地区、海洋及其他特殊环境,对其低温冲击韧性、抗循环疲劳的性能要求更高。适宜的热处理工艺能明显提高高压气瓶钢的综合性能。通过对比试验发现,采用860℃淬火+600℃回火或860℃淬火+650℃回火这两种热处理工艺,钢的屈服强度比正火处理的明显提高,低温冲击韧性可提高两倍以上。     

Complete model for effects of silicon in 5%Cr hot work tool steels

Abstract

Recent modifications in chemical composition have been applied commercially to high alloy tool steels to improve toughness and tempering resistance. A common point in all compositions is the reduction of silicon content from the 1·0% used in AISI H11 and H13 down to 0·3% or lower levels. The present work investigates in detail the effect of silicon on tempering sequence and alloy carbide formation, proposing an explanation for the mechanical properties. Laboratory heats with silicon contents between 0·05 and 2·0% were cast and forged under industrial conditions. Mechanical tests were based on impact toughness and hardness measurements, after hardening from 1020°C and tempering at temperatures between 400 and 650°C. Secondary carbides were evaluated through transmission electron microscopy, mainly on extraction replicas, and matrix features were observed in thin foils. High resolution scanning electron microscopy was also applied, especially on fracture surface samples, to correlate toughness results with secondary carbide distributions. The effect of Si on cementite formation was found to be the major factor for the differences observed for the mechanical properties. During the initial tempering stages, cementite formation is delayed or inhibited in high Si steels, anticipating alloy carbide formation with preferred M₇C₃ precipitation on high energy interfaces. After longer tempering, M₇C₃ particles coarsen and may act as preferential cracking routes, explaining the lower toughness of high Si steels. In low Si steels, cementite is stabilised by Cr, Mo and V in solid solution, delaying alloy carbide precipitation and thus increasing tempering resistance.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Bearing Steels Modified for Preparing Nanostructured Bainite

Mo containing high-C-Cr bearing steel was modified with Si (0.8–1.5 wt.%) and 0.8Si–1.0Al to prepare nanostructured bainite by low-temperature isothermal heat treatment. The modified steels were isothermal held at 220 to 240 °C after partial austenitization in an intercritical gamma+carbide region, and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Carbide-free nanostructured bainite with plate thickness below 100 nm and film retained austenite, as well as a small amount of undissolved carbide particles, was obtained in the modified steels except in 0.8Si steel, in which carbides precipitated in bainitic ferrite. As Si content increased, the mean thickness of bainitic ferrite plates modestly decreased, whereas the fraction of retained austenite markedly increased. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plate and the fraction of retained austenite in Si-Al-modified steel were smaller than those in Si-modified steels. The hardness and elongation of the Si-Al-modified steel were lower than those of Si-modified steels. The yield strength of Si-Al-modified steel was superior to that of Si-modified steels. Mid-level ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness were achieved in Si-Al-modified steel. For bearing applications, Si-modified steels could provide higher hardness and toughness but lower dimensional stability. Meanwhile, Si-Al-modified steel could offer higher dimensional stability but lower hardness and toughness.     

The Kinetics of Phase Transformations During Tempering in Laser Melted High Chromium Cast Steel

The precipitation of secondary carbides in the laser melted high chromium cast steels during tempering at 300-650?°C for 2?h in air furnace was characterized and the present phases was identified, by using transmission electron microscopy. Laser melted high chromium cast steel consists of austenitic dendrites and interdendritic M₂₃C₆ carbides. The austenite has such a strong tempering stability that it remains unchanged at temperature below 400?°C and the secondary hardening phenomenon starts from 450?°C to the maximum value of 672 HV at 560?°C. After tempering at 450?°C fine M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitate from the supersaturated austenite preferentially. In addition, the dislocation lines and slip bands still exist inside the austenite. While tempering at temperature below 560?°C, the secondary hardening simultaneously results from the martensite phase transformation and the precipitation of carbides as well as dislocation strengthening within a refined microstructure. Moreover, the formation of the ferrite matrix and large quality of coarse lamellar M₃C carbides when the samples were tempered at 650?°C contributes to the decrease of hardness.     

Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C Pressure Vessel Steel

To obtain the high-temperature strength and toughness of the medium–high-temperature–pressure steel, the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C steel subjected to three different tempering temperatures after being normalized were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the sample, tempered in the range 675-725 °C for 50 min, did not change dramatically, yet the martensite/austenite constituents decomposed, and the bainite lath merged together and transformed into polygonal ferrite. At the same time, the precipitate size increased with an increase in tempering temperature. With the increase in the tempering temperature from 675 to 725 °C, the impact absorbed energy of the Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C steel at ?40 °C increased from 257 to 325 J, and the high-temperature yield strength decreased; however, the high-temperature ultimate tensile strength tempered at 700 °C was outstanding (422-571 MPa) at different tested temperatures. The variations of the properties were attributed to the decomposition of M/A constituents and the coarsening of the precipitates. Fe-2Cr-Mo-0.12C steel normalized at 930 °C and tempered at 700 °C was found to have the best combination of ductility and strength.     

热处理工艺对0Cr13Ni5Mo钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

对马氏体不锈钢0Cr13Ni5Mo焊接接头经过1000℃油淬后,分别进行了600℃,620℃+600℃,400℃回火。通过显微组织分析、拉伸试验、冲击试验和硬度检测对3种焊接接头的组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,3种焊接接头中焊缝组织粗大,硬度最高;焊接接头的韧性低于相应热处理状态下母材的韧性;随着回火温度的降低,韧性下降,强度提高。二次回火比一次回火组织更加细小,强度和韧性更好;620℃+600℃二次回火后焊接接头具有比较理想的综合力学性能。     

Processing and properties of Nb- Ti- base alloys

The processing characteristics, tensile properties, and oxidation response of two Nb-Ti-Al-Cr alloys were investigated. One creep test at 650 °C and 172 MPa was conducted on the base alloy, which contained 40Nb-40Ti-10Al-10Cr. A second alloy was modified with 0.11 at.% C and 0.07 at.% Y. Alloys were arc melted in a chamber backfilled with argon, drop cast into a water-cooled copper mold, and cold rolled to obtain a 0.8-mm sheet. The sheet was annealed at 1100 °C for 0.5 h. Longitudinal tensile specimens and oxidation specimens were obtained for both the base alloy and the modified alloy. Tensile properties were obtained for the base alloy at room temperature, 400,600,700,800,900, and 1000 °C and for the modified alloy at room temperature, 400,600,700, and 800 °C. Oxidation tests on the base alloy and modified alloy, as measured by weight change, were carried out at 600,700,800, and 900 °C. Both the base alloy and the modified alloy were extremely ductile and were cold rolled to the final sheet thickness of 0.8 mm without an intermediate anneal. The modified alloy exhibited some edge cracking during cold rolling. Both alloys recrystallized at the end of a 0.5-h annealing treatment. The alloys exhibited moderate strength and oxi-dation resistance below 600 °C, similar to the results of alloys reported in the literature. The addition of carbon produced almost no change in either the yield strength or ductility as measured by total elonga-tion. A small increase in the ultimate tensile strength and a corresponding decrease in the reduction of area below 600 °C were observed. Carbon addition also served to marginally refine the grain size after annealing. The results of this study and those of similar alloys reported in the literature suggest that 40Nb-40Ti-10Al-10Cr forms a good base alloy suitable for alloying for improvement in its oxidation and high-temperature strength properties.     

回火温度对42CrMo钢棒感应调质组织及力学性能的影响

以42CrMo钢棒为对象,使用中频感应加热进行调质处理,研究了不同回火温度(500、550、600、650及700 ℃)对42CrMo钢棒组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,42CrMo钢的显微组织均为回火索氏体,碳化物由不均匀分布细针状逐渐转变为短棒状,长宽比减小。随着回火温度升高至600 ℃,碳化物转变为弥散分布的颗粒状,650 ℃时颗粒状碳化物出现偏聚,700 ℃时回火索氏体快速粗化,硬度、抗拉强度与屈服强度呈现连续下降趋势,断后伸长率与断面收缩率呈连续小幅度上升趋势。     

Precipitation of Secondary Carbides in M2 High-Speed Steel Modified with Titanium diboride

The precipitation of the secondary carbides in high-speed steel of AISI M2 type modified with titanium diboride has been investigated for both the cast and the heat-treated states. The primary focus was on the effect of austenitizing temperatures on the secondary carbide precipitation during tempering. Some differences in origin of the secondary carbides, as well as in their shape and size distribution, were found in the tempered microstructure for the different austenitizing temperatures. After austenitization at 1180 °C and triple tempering at 560 °C, the secondary carbide particles of a spherical shape up to 200 nm in size were identified by selected area electron diffraction as M₂₃C₆. After austenitization at 1220 °C, two types of the secondary carbides were found in the tempered microstructure, M₂₃C₆ with a size up to 200 nm and M₆C with a size up to 400 nm. In both the cases, the carbide particles were slightly angular. After austenitization at 1260 °C, only M₆C secondary carbides were revealed in the tempered microstructure, which occurred as the angular particles up to 350 nm in size. In addition, considerably finer M₂₃C₆ carbide particles with a size of 10-40 nm were found to precipitate in the tempered microstructure.     

Carbide and hardness development in the heat-affected zone of tempered and postweld heat-treated 2.25Cr-1Mo steel weldments

The temper-bead and the conventional weaving, multipass welding procedures have been developed to eliminate postweld heat treatment (PWHT) of creep resistant 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Both procedures aim to refine and temper the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The temper-bead procedure resulted in a martensitic HAZ and a homogeneous fine-grain size. Hardness was not decreased by high heat input weaving fillout passes. Upper bainite developed in the conventional weaving HAZ, although grain refinement was inhomogeneous and some martensite was present. However, the conventional weaving procedure appears to produce a lower as-welded hardness than the temper-bead procedure. The carbides within the temper-bead HAZ aged more rapidly than those in the conventional weaving HAZ as a result of the initial martensitic temper-bead HAZ microstructure. Previous work indicated that the temper-bead HAZ toughness decreased after 1000 h of tempering at 538°C. This correlated with the coarsening and the agglomeration of the carbides. The maximum hardness occurred within the as-welded coarse-grained HAZ. The PWHT resulted in the greatest decrease in hardness and also reduced hardness variability throughout the HAZ. The hardness decreased to postweld heat-treated values after approximately 1000 h at 538°C and softening was associated with the precipitation and coarsening of acicular carbides and the development of coarse grain-boundary carbides.     

低合金耐磨钢板NM600组织及其磨损性能研究

对一种新型高级别低合金高强度耐磨钢NM600进行热处理实验,研究了淬火温度和回火温度对实验钢组织和力学性能的影响,并分析了最优工艺条件下实验钢的磨损性能。结果表明：当淬火温度为880 ℃,回火温度为180 ℃时,实验钢力学性能最优,其中维氏硬度、抗拉强度、伸长率和-40 ℃冲击功分别为628 HV、2 000 MPa、7.3%、27.8 J,实验钢组织为典型的板条马氏体结构,马氏体板条内部及其板条界面上分布着细小均匀的碳化物。三体冲击磨损实验结果表明：工艺优化后的实验钢的耐磨性能与瑞典SSAB公司生产的HARDOX600相近,是NM400钢的1.376倍,抗磨损性能良好。     

Tempered martensite embrittlement in a 32NiCrMoV125 steel

This study focused on tempered martensite embrittlement in a 32NiCrMoV125 steel through examination of the effects of austenite grain size and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of this material. Two different austenite grain sizes were obtained by austenitizing at 870 and 950 °C. After quenching, the specimens were tempered in the temperature range of 200–650 °C. The results obtained in this research indicate that by increasing the tempering temperature, the strength and hardness decrease, but ductility increases. However, impact testing indicated that tempered martensite embrittlement occurred when samples were tempered in the range of 250–400 °C. Fractography revealed intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture. In summary, increasing the austenite grain size decreased strength, but increased impact toughness, except for samples tempered between 200 and 350 °C.     

Influence of heat treatments on microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance of 15%Cr supermartensitic stainless steel

Supermartensitic is a new class of stainless steels in development and consolidation as commercial products. Significant changes on chemical composition of conventional martensitic stainless steels, such as the reduction of the carbon content to <0·03 wt-%, and the addition of Ni and Mo, marked the development of this new group of alloys. New grades containing higher amounts of Cr and small additions of Ti and/or Nb were developed recently. As a result, supermartensitic steels offer an interesting combination of high strength, toughness, weldability and corrosion resistance. In this work, the pitting corrosion resistance of a 15Cr supermartensitic steel with Ni, Mo and Cu additions was studied. It is well known that the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of martensitic steels are adjusted by the final tempering treatment. Several single tempering treatments in the 300–650°C range and double tempering treatments were performed in order to obtain different microstructures. The pitting corrosion resistance was investigated by electrochemical test in 3·5%NaCl solution. It was found that the pitting potential slightly decreased with the increase in temperature and time of tempering. The analysis of pits formed during the corrosion tests showed that ferrite islands are more corrosion resistant than the martensitic matrix due to the higher Cr and Mo contents.     

Influence of Nb Additions on Microstructural Evolution of a V-Microalloyed High-Carbon Wire Steel During Patenting

This study investigated the feasibility of microalloying strategies for improving the strength of high-carbon wire products subjected to industrial patenting heat treatments for two eutectoid steels: a 0.8C-0.5Mn-0.2Cr-0.08 V alloy (wt.%) and the same composition with an additional 100 ppm Nb. A Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator (Dynamic Systems Inc., Poestenkill, NY, USA) was used to perform heat treatments consisting of a 30 s austenitization at 1093 °C, 950 °C, or 880 °C followed by a 15 s isothermal transformation step at 650 °C, 625 °C, 600 °C, or 575 °C. Vickers hardness, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and pearlite interlamellar spacing measurements were conducted to assess the effects of the heat treatments. Niobium microalloying additions were found to provide no hardness increase, but they extended the pearlitic regime to lower isothermal transformation temperatures.