Development of a method to assess cigarette smoke intake

Tar and nicotine deliveries of cigarettes measured using current standardized smoking machine protocols provide poor estimates of smoke exposure. The characteristics of human smoking behavior vary considerably and differ from the rigid parameters used with current standardized smoking machine protocols. Current alternatives, including measurement of biomarkers, are invasive, time-dependent, and can be too expensive to be used as mechanisms for carrying out large-scale investigations required to help determine the influence of cigarette design on smoking behaviors. To obtain more reasonable estimates of mainstream smoke exposure, we developed a method to quantitatively measure solanesol, a naturally occurring component in tobacco that is deposited during smoking in the cigarette filter butt. Quantification of solanesol extracted from the filters using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry is efficient, rapid, and extremely reliable. We found that the amount of solanesol deposited in a cigarette filter is related to the mainstream smoke deliveries of tar and nicotine under a variety of smoking conditions. In addition, the amount of solanesol trapped in the filter remains stable at least 4 weeks after smoking. Measuring solanesol in cigarette filters as an exposure marker provides a noninvasive means to obtain reasonable estimates of mainstream tar and nicotine smoke deliveries under a wide variety of smoking conditions.     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

Analysis of hydrogen peroxide in cigarette smoke from selected Chinese cigarette brands under conventional and intense machine smoking conditions

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the concentration ranges of H₂O₂ generated from cigarette smoke of selected Chinese brands and the effect of different smoking behaviors on the deliveries of H₂O₂. A simple, rapid and reliable fluorescence assay was developed for the measurement of H₂O₂ based on the catalytic activity of hemoglobin using 10-acetyl-3, 7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (Amplex Red) as the substrate. The proposed method was applied to determine the H₂O₂ deliveries from mainstream cigarette smoke of 30 Chinese (5 blended and 25 Virginia) and two reference cigarettes (3R4F and 1R5F) under two machine smoking regimes. Results showed that, under ISO smoking conditions, Chinese blended cigarettes had lower H₂O₂ yields than Chinese flue-cured cigarettes (mean value 2.41 vs. 4.69?μg?cig^?1, p?<?0.05). As expected, the deliveries of H₂O₂ for all cigarettes analyzed were higher under Canadian intense smoking conditions than those under ISO conditions (ISO mean 4.31?μg?cig^?1 vs. Canadian mean 5.96?μg?cig^?1, p?<?0.05). In addition, the ratios of H₂O₂ to nicotine yields were utilized to show the relative differences in yields among brands tested in this work and more than a twofold difference was found for most of selected Chinese blended and flue-cured cigarettes.     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes

Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemical compounds, including many carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To determine the concentration ranges of PAHs in tobacco smoke and to understand what factors alter their levels, we quantitatively measured 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from a transnational U.S. brand (Marlboro) and from locally popular brand cigarettes from 14 countries. We used standardized machine smoking conditions (35-mL puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration), extraction of total particulate matter from the Cambridge filters, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detection. Deliveries of total PAHs in mainstream smoke of local brands were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than Marlboros in seven countries. In four countries, Marlboro cigarettes had mainstream smoke total PAH levels that were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than local brands. In the remaining three countries, the differences in PAH levels were not statistically significant. Under standard machine smoking conditions, PAH levels were negatively correlated with cigarette filter ventilation levels. We found that several local brands containing primarily flue-cured tobacco filler had relatively high mainstream smoke PAH deliveries, in agreement with findings by previous researchers that flue-cured tobacco typically delivers more PAHs than other tobacco types. We also observed that PAHs were inversely correlated with total carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nitrate content, but these correlations were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The findings suggest that tobacco blend and nitrate levels may influence PAH deliveries, but other factors may confound this relation.     

Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes

Objective: Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.

Design: The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.

Results: The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.

Conclusion: Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.

     

低焦油、低自由基、富硒烤烟型卷烟的研制

为了提高卷烟的安全性,本文研制开发了一种低焦油、低自由基、硒含量较高的烤烟型卷烟。在研制过程中,利用一系列工艺技术,如选择能够促进有机化合物裂解、减少干馏物形成的催化剂添加到卷烟烟丝中来降低焦油释放量;选择能够提高燃烧锥温度和燃烧速率的助燃剂;添加高效能的自由基捕获剂来捕获卷烟燃烧过程中产生的自由基;在叶组配方中使用一定量的富硒烟叶等。同时,在产品的设计中采用了高透气度盘纸、烟丝膨胀技术和有添加剂的卷烟滤嘴等卷烟降焦技术。研究结果表明:研制的卷烟焦油量在12 mg/支以下,自由基总量降低了40%,微量元素硒成功地导入到主流烟气中,研制的卷烟主流烟气硒含量比普通卷烟的硒含量增加了140%。      

卷烟主流烟气和侧流烟气中半挥发性成分的分析研究

本文对5个牌号国产商品卷烟主流烟气(MS)与侧流烟气(SS)中的半挥发性成分进行了分析研究。卷烟主流烟气总粒相物采用标准方法捕集;卷烟侧流烟气总粒相物采用鱼尾罩装置来收集。采用同时蒸馏萃取前处理分离方法和气相色谱、气质联用分析技术对总粒相物中的半挥发性成分进行了分析。定性分析了主流烟气和侧流烟气中的87种成分;采用内标法对其中38种成分的含量进行了定量分析,测定了这38种成分在侧流烟气与主流烟气中的分配比,并对结果进行了讨论。研究结果表明,卷烟主流烟气和侧流烟气中半挥发性成分种类基本相同,但每种成分的含量有很大的差异;普通卷烟侧流烟气中半挥发性成分的总量明显高于主流烟气,大多数半挥发性成分的侧流烟气含量高于主流烟气。低侧流卷烟侧流烟气中半挥发性成分总量明显低于主流烟气,证实了低侧流卷烟能减少对环境的烟气释放量。      

气相色谱法分析卷烟烟气中的醛类化合物

本文研究了采用毛细管气相色谱仪分析卷烟烟气中醛类化合物的方法。在标准条件下吸烟,使卷烟烟气通过装有2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生化试剂酸性溶液的捕集装置,烟气中的醛类化合物与DNPH反应,生成稳定的2,4-二硝基苯腙衍生物,经三氯甲烷萃取,并在氮气保护下浓缩后,采用配备氮-磷检测器(NPD)的毛细管气相色谱仪进行分析。本文评价了该方法测定卷烟烟气中甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛的重复性及回收率,并采用内标法定量测定了9种牌号卷烟烟气中的甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛的输送量以及卷烟滤嘴对甲醛的截滤效率。采用气/联用仪(GC/S)和标样加入法鉴定出卷烟烟气中的12种醛类化合物。该方法操作简便,重复性好,回收率高,适用于卷烟烟气中醛类化合物的分析。      

Release of carbon granules from cigarettes with charcoal filters

OBJECTIVE: To inspect cigarettes with a triple granular filter for charcoal granules on the cut filter surface and, if present, to determine whether the charcoal granules on the filter are released during smoking. DESIGN: 400 Lark cigarettes in 20 packs were examined individually by each of three investigators for the presence of charcoal granules on the cut surface of the cellulose acetate filter. Without removing the cigarettes from the pack, the filters were examined with a stereo zoom microscope for charcoal granules. The percentage of cigarettes that had charcoal granules was defined, and charcoal granules on each filter were counted. Randomly selected cigarettes were then smoked by consenting adult smokers to assess whether the charcoal granules were released during smoking. Lark cigarettes were smoked with a conventional cigarette holder that had been configured to contain an in-line membrane. After smoking, the membrane was analysed microscopically for charcoal granules and other components of the filter that had been released during smoking. RESULTS: Charcoal granules were observed in 79.8% (319/400) of the cigarettes examined. The number of granules per cigarette was 3.3 (SD 3.7). Gaps between the tipping papers--the wrapping papers that surround the filter--were often seen (70%; 242 (71); n = 400 cigarettes). Further, the charcoal cavity was about 60% empty. For all smokers (n = 8/8), charcoal granules were released during smoking. The number of charcoal granules captured on the membranes was 22.5 (16.2) per cigarette. CONCLUSIONS: Charcoal granules are incorporated into cigarette filters to aid in removing toxins in cigarette smoke. In studies of Lark, a popular American cigarette with a charcoal filter, charcoal granules were observed on the filter surface, and were released from the filter when the cigarettes were smoked. During smoking, the toxin-containing charcoal granules are inhaled or ingested. The specific adverse health effects of inhaling or ingesting carbon granules have not been addressed; nevertheless, the smoker, as an educated consumer, should be informed of the possible health risks.


     

薄荷类爆珠卷烟中薄荷醇的分布与转移

为考察薄荷醇在薄荷类爆珠卷烟中的分布及转移,剖析了薄荷醇在3个卷烟样品的烟支滤嘴、爆珠、烟丝、卷烟纸中的含量分布、主流烟气转移、逐口抽吸转移及不同放置时间的变化规律。结果表明:①烟支中薄荷醇的含量分布为:卷烟纸 ? 烟丝 < 滤嘴 < 爆珠,说明烟支近嘴端高比例分布有利于薄荷醇在主流烟气中的迁移;②主流烟气薄荷醇转移率8.90%~10.25%,滤嘴截留率67.18%~73.07%,说明大部分薄荷醇在抽吸过程中被截留在滤嘴中,薄荷醇的有效利用率较低;③随着卷烟的抽吸,主流烟气逐口薄荷醇的转移量也随之增加,前3口薄荷醇转移量增加较快,第4口开始呈稳步增加趋势,最后1口或倒数第2口达最大值,这与烟支抽吸过程凉感由弱到强一致;④爆珠中薄荷醇在放置12个月内未呈明显变化;滤嘴、烟丝、主流烟气薄荷醇放置前6个月内未呈明显变化,但放置9个月后呈减少趋势,12个月后呈明显加速减少趋势,即薄荷类卷烟的市场货架期最好控制在1年以内。      

传统卷烟和电子烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了解传统卷烟和电子烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布特性, 按照ISO 的抽吸模式, 分别对10 个品牌的传统卷烟和电子烟进行测试。通过在线稀释, 采用模拟循环吸烟机和快速粒径谱仪对气溶胶粒径和浓度进行了测试。结果表明:(1)在相同的抽吸条件下, 传统卷烟气溶胶的颗粒、单位体积数浓度都比电子烟大;(2)在不同抽吸口数下, 传统卷烟气溶胶粒径每口之间差异很大, 而电子烟气溶胶粒径每口之间分布比较均匀。      

P20添加剂的设计及其对烟气TPM含量的影响

采用均匀设计理论安排了１４组不同配比的Ｐ２０添加剂（主要成分为苹果酸和碳酸钾）,添加到卷烟烟支中,检测其ＴＰＭ递送量。将有关数据在计算机上进行回归分析,得到苹果酸和钾量与ＴＰＭ递送量的回归方程,分析了不同配比的Ｐ２０添加剂与ＴＰＭ递送量的关系,并将该方程在约束条件下用复形调优法求极值,得出最优条件。在此条件下,ＴＰＭ递送量比对照烟支降低了３．６７ｍｇ／支。     

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke

Mainstream cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing more than 4400 chemicals. The proliferation of new brands has necessitated development of faster and more reliable methods capable of analyzing a wide range of compounds in cigarette smoke. Although the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified whole cigarette smoke as a human carcinogen, many of the individual chemicals are themselves highly biologically active as carcinogens, teratogens, or have implications for cardiovascular disease. Among these chemicals are many volatile organic compounds (VOCs), e.g., benzene, ethylbenzene, and styrene. To analyze VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke, we developed a novel headspace collection technique using polyvinylfluoride bags for sample collection followed by cannula transfer to evacuated standard 20-mL auto sampler vials. Coupling collection of the vapor-phase cigarette smoke with automated analysis by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry enabled us to routinely quantify selected VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke. This technique has similar reproducibility to previous cold trap and impinger collection methods with significantly higher sample throughput and virtually no solvent waste. In this report we demonstrate the method's analytical capabilities by quantitatively analyzing 13 selected VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke from top-selling domestic brands.     

抽吸条件对卷烟主流烟气中氨释放量的影响

为考察不同抽吸条件对主流烟气中氨释放量的影响,在吸烟机上改变抽吸参数,分别抽吸了4种卷烟,并采用离子色谱法对4种卷烟样品主流烟气中氨的释放量进行了测试。结果表明:抽吸条件的变化对主流烟气中氨的释放量影响较大。在吸烟支数相同的情况下,采用减少抽吸容量、增加抽吸持续时间及抽吸间隔时间、提高滤嘴通风孔通风率以及增加烟蒂长度等方法均能降低主流烟气中氨的释放量,减少吸烟者对氨的摄入量,提高吸烟安全性。     

VOC and particulate emissions from commercial cigarettes: analysis of 2,5-DMF as an ETS tracer

Emissions of particulate matter (PM) and a broad suite of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in total, main-stream (MS) and side-stream (SS) smoke emissions are measured for six types of commercial cigarettes. The suitability of 2,5-dimethyl furan (DMF) as a tracer for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is investigated using laboratory results and a field study of 47 residences. Over 30 VOCs were characterized in cigarette smoke, including several that have not been reported previously. "regular tar", "low tar", menthol, and nonmenthol cigarettes showed only minor differences in PM and VOC emissions. When total emissions are considered, PM emissions averaged 18 +/- 2 mg cigarette(-1) and VOC emissions averaged 3644 +/- 160 mg cigarette(-1). DMF appears to satisfy all requirements for a tracer, namely, uniqueness, detectability, similar emission factors across tobacco products (211 +/- 16 microg cigarette(-1)), consistent proportions to other ETS compounds, and behavior similar to other ETS components in relevant environments. On the basis of field study results, DMF more reliably indicated smoking status than occupant-completed questionnaires, and cigarette smoking was responsible for significant fractions of benzene (50%), styrene (49%), and other VOCs in the smoker's homes.     

抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气中氢氰酸释放量的影响

为考察不同抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气中氢氰酸(HCN)释放量的影响,采用ISO、Massachusetts和Health Canada 3种抽吸方式分别抽吸了15种市售卷烟,采用连续流动法测定了主流烟气中的HCN释放量.研究表明:与ISO方案相比,采用Massachusetts或Health Canada深度抽吸方式,HCN释放量均有显著提高;抽吸方式的改变对低焦油卷烟、高滤嘴通风率的卷烟的HCN释放量影响更为显著.     

卷烟及烟气中薄荷醇的毛细管气相色谱分析

建立了一种以无水乙醇为提取剂,茴香脑为内标,采用毛细管气相色谱定量测定卷烟烟丝和烟气中薄荷醇的方法,并采用该法测定了6种薄荷型卷烟嘴棒、烟丝、烟气粒相物和烟蒂中的薄荷醇含量。结果表明:①该法检测限为3.54~7.96ng/支,回收率在98.8%~101.8%之间,RSD<4%;②该法的测定结果与比色法没有明显差异;③剑桥滤片可以完全截留主流烟气中的薄荷醇;④用进入主流烟气中的薄荷醇量表征薄荷型卷烟的凉度大小,能更准确地反映薄荷型卷烟的感官特征。     

滤棒中三醋酸甘油酯用量对卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为明确卷烟滤棒成型过程中增塑剂三醋酸甘油酯对烟气有害成分释放量的影响,制备了4种不同三醋酸甘油酯用量的醋酸纤维滤棒及相应的试验卷烟,并对其烟气常规化学指标、有害成分释放量和感官品质进行了分析评价.结果表明:①三醋酸甘油酯的用量在5.51％～13.31％的范围时,卷烟主流烟气中总粒相物、焦油、烟碱等常规指标变化不大;②除苯酚、间-对甲酚的释放量随着三醋酸甘油酯用量的增加逐渐降低外,一氧化碳(CO)、氢氰酸(HCN)、4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、氨(NH3)、苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)、巴豆醛、对苯二酚、间苯二酚、邻苯二酚、邻甲酚等成分的释放量或基本无变化,或变化不明显;③三醋酸甘油酯对卷烟感官质量的影响不明显.     

淫羊藿滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中的有害成分研究

为研究淫羊藿滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中有害成分的作用,采用对比分析方式,先用吸烟机捕集卷烟烟气,收集主流烟气的总粒相物,再用超声波萃取方法对收集烟气粒相物的剑桥滤片进行萃取,分析烟气中的常规成分（烟碱、焦油、水分）,最后用GC/MS定量、定性分析烟气化学成分。结果表明,与空白样对比,淫羊藿滤嘴对烟碱、总粒相物、焦油量有降低作用,且分别降低了8.60%、10.86%和14.97%;对烟气中的一些有害成分,特别是促癌、致癌的酚类物质的截留效果比较明显,苯酚降低56.6%,对甲苯酚降低32.8%,4-乙基间苯二酚降低50%,2,2＇-亚甲基双-（4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚）降低29.0%。添加淫羊藿的卷烟滤棒能有效降低烟气中的有害成分,符合＂中式卷烟＂的发展方向。     

凹凸棒石吸附剂在卷烟滤嘴中的应用实验

为寻求一种能够有选择性地去除卷烟烟气中有害物质的吸附剂 ,进行了凹凸棒石在卷烟滤嘴中的添加应用实验。在滤棒成形机上将 3%的凹凸棒石悬浊液均匀施加到开松后的醋酸纤维丝束上 ,制备成合格的滤棒样品 ,控制每支滤棒中的吸附剂含量约为 1.5mg ;取普通醋酸纤维滤棒作对照 ,与添加凹凸棒石吸附剂的醋酸纤维滤棒于同一卷接机组、同一原材料、同一卷制条件下卷接成烟支 ,进行卷烟烟气分析和评吸对比。实验结果表明 ,在醋酸纤维滤棒中添加凹凸棒石吸附剂 ,能使焦油降低 1.4mg 支 ,一氧化碳降低 1.1mg 支 ,而烟碱量保持不变 ,且卷烟的内在质量不受影响 ,能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。