剪切稀化对空间液体润滑剂弹流油膜厚度影响的研究

基于Carreau剪切稀化流变模型,对空间用液体润滑剂的弹流润滑油膜厚度进行理论分析,将计算结果与牛顿模型、Ree-Eyring流变模型和实测数据进行对比,结果表明:在相同工况下不同种类的空间液体润滑剂剪切稀化流变特性不同,给出判断润滑剂发生剪切稀化条件;Carreau剪切稀化流变模V比Ree-Eyring剪切稀化流变模型更能反映实际工况;基于Carreau剪切稀化流变模型,得到空间用剪切稀化润滑剂的弹流油膜厚度修正系数公式.     

流变模型对弹流润滑数值解的影响

采用Carreau流变模型和Ree-Eyring流变模型,研究不同流变模型对黏度较低的Squalane润滑油弹流润滑数值解的影响。分别计算不同卷吸速度、不同滑滚比下Eyring流变模型、Carreau流变模型的摩擦因数,并与试验值进行比较,同时比较Eyring流变模型与Carreau流变模型的摩擦因数、油膜最高温度、中心膜厚及最小膜厚随滑滚比、卷吸速度和最大赫兹压力变化的数值解。结果表明:在滑滚比较小时Eyring流变模型的摩擦因数更加接近试验值,在滑滚比较大时Carreau流变模型的摩擦因数更接近试验值;滑滚比对不同流变模型之间数值解的差别没有影响;随着卷吸速度的增大,Eyring流变模型所对应的膜厚值逐渐高于Carreau流变模型,而油膜最高温度逐渐小于Carreau流变模型;随着最大赫兹压力的增大,Carreau流变模型的油膜最高温度及摩擦因数逐渐大于Eyring流变模型。研究表明,在温和工况下Eyring流变模型更适合Squalane润滑油的弹流分析。     

基于不同流变模型的等温线接触弹流润滑分析

选取Ree-Eyring流体、Bair-Winer流体和Carreau流体建立非牛顿流体等温弹流润滑模型,研究不同流变模型对最小膜厚和中心膜厚影响,并与Newton流体进行比较,同时讨论环境黏度对油膜压力和膜厚的影响。结果表明:基于Carreau流变模型得到的最小膜厚与实测结果最吻合;与Newton流体模型相比,Carreau流变模型和Ree-Eyring流变模型得到的油膜中心厚度较高,其中Carreau流变模型的油膜中心厚度最高,Bair-Winer流变模型得到的中心膜厚最小;与Roelands黏压模型相比,采用Doolittle自由体积黏压模型在中心区域产生较低的黏度;环境黏度高的润滑油油膜厚度增加,第二压力峰值也增大。     

线接触热弹流润滑的数值分析

基于Ree—Eyring流变模型，建立线接触热弹流润滑方程，通过数值计算得出了载荷参数、速度参数、材料参数和滑滚比对于二次压力峰、最小油膜厚度和最大油膜温度的重要影响。     

基于两种流变模型粘塑性流体弹流润滑数值分析结果的比较

基于Evans-Johnson流变模型和理想粘塑性流变模型对粘塑性流体弹流润滑进行了数值求解。结果表明:基于两种模型所得到的油膜压力分布没有本质的区别,但油膜厚度有很大的不同,其中由前者所得的中心膜厚比由后者所得的中心膜厚低。     

基于Evans-Johnson流变模型弹流润滑膜厚公式

回归出重载工况下基于牛顿流变模型等温线接触弹流润滑膜厚计算公式,在此基础上回归出基于Evans-Johnson流变模型润滑膜厚公式。结果表明:高速、重载和大滑滚比的工况下,弹流润滑膜厚的降低不仅与材料参数、速度参数和载荷参数有关,还与润滑剂剪切强度有关,在其它工况参数不变的条件下,润滑剂的剪切强度越低,弹流油膜厚度越小。     

基于Carreau流变模型的渐开线齿轮摩擦因数研究

结合载荷分担概念和弹流润滑理论,研究润滑剂的流变性对渐开线齿轮油膜厚度、摩擦因数等润滑特性的影响;分别采用Carreau流变模型和Doolittle-Tait自由体积黏度模型描述润滑剂的剪切稀化特性及黏压关系,研究齿轮载荷、转速、表面粗糙度和润滑剂压黏系数对摩擦因数的影响。研究结果表明:不同的润滑剂剪切稀化特性不同,因此油膜厚度、油膜承载比例和摩擦因数均不同;摩擦因数随着转矩的增大先显著增大,当超过某一转矩值时,摩擦因数开始缓慢变化;摩擦因数随着转速的增加先显著减小,当转速增加至某一值时摩擦因数又随之增大;随着表面粗糙度和润滑剂压黏系数的增大,摩擦因数均明显增大。     

基于Evans-Johnson流变模型粘塑性流体弹流润滑的数值计算

推导了基于Evans-Johnson流变模型的雷诺方程,并进行了数值求解,将数值计算结果与基于理想粘塑性流变模型的数值结果进行了比较.结果表明,基于Evans-Johnson流变模型和基于理想粘塑性流变模型所得到的油膜压力分布没有本质的区别,但基于二者的油膜厚度却有很大的不同;在大滑滚比的工况下,由前者所得的中心膜厚度比由后者所得的中心膜厚度低,表明在考虑润滑剂粘塑性的弹流润滑研究中,选用合适的润滑剂流变模型很重要。     

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮等温时变非牛顿弹流润滑分析

用多重网格法 ,求得了Ree Eyring流体润滑的渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮瞬时等温弹流润滑完全数值解 ,给出了油膜压力、厚度沿啮合线随时间变化的关系 ,并与相同工况下的牛顿流体润滑的结果进行了比较。     

润滑油剪切流变机理探讨

润滑油在工程上有着广泛的应用,深入探索润滑油剪切流变机理是目前润滑工作发展的要求。为搞清剪切流变机理,本世纪中后期,许多学者开展了有关润滑油剪切流变机理的研究,推出了一系列颇有研究或应用价值的理论思想和实测数据。其中较典型的是小分子流体的孔穴模型、高分子流体的缠结模型、Eyring流动模型等理论思想和润滑油的粘温压数据、剪切弹性模量、极限剪应力等粘弹塑性实测数据。虽然至今对润滑油剪切流变机理达到一定程度的共识,但目前还未能彻底揭示润滑油剪切流变机理,以致在润滑计算中只能采用一些非常粗略的假想流变模型。基于这种状况本文对润滑油剪切流变机理作了进一步探讨。     

A Quantitative Solution for the Full Shear-Thinning EHL Point Contact Problem Including Traction

We present a realistic elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) simulation in point contact using a Carreau-like model for the shear-thinning response and the Doolittle-Tait free-volume viscosity model for the piezoviscous response. The liquid lubricant modeled is a high-viscosity polyalphaolefin which has been shown by high-pressure viscometry to possess a relatively low threshold for shear-thinning as a single-component liquid lubricant. As a result, the measured EHL film thickness is about one-half of the Newtonian prediction. We derived and numerically solved the two-dimensional generalized Reynolds equation for the modified Carreau model based on Greenwood. In this simulation, viscosity was not treated as an adjustable parameter; the models used for the pressure and shear dependence of viscosity were obtained entirely from viscometer measurements. Truly remarkable agreement is found in the comparisons of simulation and experiment for traction coefficient and for film thickness in both pure rolling and sliding cases.     

Effect of lubricant selection on EHL performance of involute spur gears

As the gear oils usually undergo shear-thinning even in the inlet zone, an accurate EHL analysis requires realistic rheological models. This is necessary for gear oil selection so as to prevent scuffing failure. This paper demonstrates the effect of rheology on the EHL characteristics of spur gears using full transient thermal EHL simulations with Carreau shear-thinning model and Doolittle's free volume based pressure-viscosity relationship. The PDMS oil considered here is found to exhibit severe film thinning with 74% thinner EHL film as compared to a moderately shear-thinning PAO oil which, on the other hand, undergoes a larger thermal reduction.     

Effect of Starvation on Traction and Film Thickness in Thermo-EHL Line Contacts with Shear-Thinning Lubricants

The effect of starvation on traction and film thickness behavior in thermo-EHL rolling/sliding line contacts has been studied using full EHL simulations. The simulations employed the free volume equation for viscosity–pressure–temperature relationship and Carreau viscosity model to describe the shear-thinning behavior of the EHL lubricant. The simulation results were used to develop equations for estimating the factors by which the traction coefficient increases and film thickness decreases as a function of the degree of starvation. For the situations involving inadequate lubricant supply at the inlet, these factors can be used to correct the traction coefficient and central film thickness predicted with the assumption of fully flooded condition.     

基于不同黏压模型的空间液体润滑剂弹流油膜厚度的研究

基于牛顿流变模型针对空间液体润滑剂进行等温线接触弹流润滑数值分析。在相同工况下,采用Barus模型、Roelands模型和Yasutomi自由体积黏度模型分别计算空间液体润滑剂的弹流油膜厚度,并与实验结果进行比较。结果表明:Yasutomi自由体积黏度模型更能真实地反应空间液体润滑剂的黏压关系;与其他黏压方程相比,由于Yasutomi自由体积黏度模型在低压区域产生较高的黏度,因而得到较高的油膜厚度。     

A unified shear-thinning treatment of both film thickness and traction in EHD

A conclusive demonstration has been provided that the nature of the shear-thinning, that affects both film thickness and traction in EHL contacts, follows the ordinary power-law rule that has been described by many empirical models of which Carreau is but one example. This was accomplished by accurate measurements in viscometers of the shear response of a PAO that possesses a very low critical stress for shear-thinning and accurate measurements in-contact of film thickness and traction under conditions which accentuate the shear-thinning effect. The in-contact central film thickness and traction were entirely predictable from the rheological properties obtained from viscometers using simple calculations. These data should be invaluable to researchers endeavoring to accurately simulate Hertz zone behavior since the shear-thinning rheology is extensively characterized and accurate in-contact data are available to test. In addition, a new model has been introduced that may be useful for the rheological characterization of mixtures.     

EHL simulation using the free-volume viscosity model

The free-volume viscosity model can accurately predict the temperature–pressure–viscosity relationship of lubricants. However, it is seldom used in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) simulation. This paper presents the application of the free-volume viscosity model in a Newtonian EHL simulation of a squalane-lubricated circular contact. Good agreement is observed between available experimental data and simulation results. The pressure–viscosity coefficients fit from viscometer data are also discussed. A recently developed definition of the coefficient is used to compare the coefficient value extracted from EHL film thickness interference measurements. Results indicate that the coefficient values from the curve fitting and EHL film thickness extraction agree well which has not been previously observed. Two factors help achieve this agreement: the new coefficient definition and smaller prediction error when using the Hamrock–Dowson formula in the cases studied. The effects of different pressure–viscosity relationships, including the exponential model, the Roelands model and the free-volume model, are investigated through an example with bright stock mineral oil. It is found that the real pressure–viscosity behavior predicted by the free-volume model yields a higher viscosity at the low-pressure area which results in a larger central film thickness. Therefore, due to use of the free-volume model, the present results are more consistent with experimental observations than previously reported numerical results.     

极限剪切状态下的线接触Reynolds方程

本文导出了考虑极限剪切状态的线接触流变热弹流Reynolds方程,该方程以Evans—Johnson流变模型为基础,可用于求解线接触流变热弹流润滑问题的油膜厚度、压力分布、剪应力分布和牵曳系数曲线。计算实例表明,润滑油的流变特性对弹流润滑的油膜形状和压力分布影响不大,但对Hertz接触区的剪应力分布有显著影响。     

Central film thickness formula for shear thinning lubricants in EHL point contacts under pure rolling

Based upon an extensive set of full EHL point contact simulations, this paper offers a central film thickness formula pertaining to shear-thinning lubricants with Carreau-type behavior. In order to develop a more generic and accurate version of film thickness formula, a recent work is extended by carrying out the simulations for widely varying operating loads and piezo-viscous coefficients along with the more realistic Doolittle's free volume based pressure–viscosity model. This equation is found to conform very well with the published experimental data for EHL lubricants with widely varying rheological and piezo-viscous behaviors, i.e., polyalpha olefins and polydimethyl siloxane.     

A Film Thickness Correction Formula for Double-Newtonian Shear-Thinning in Rolling EHL Circular Contacts

Lubricants which contain a polymeric thickener will often display a second Newtonian plateau in measured flow curves. Like other manifestations of shear-dependent viscosity, this shear response will lead to an inaccurate prediction when the classical film-thickness formulas are employed. A correction formula has been developed from numerical experiments for a range of parameters of the double-Newtonian modified Carreau equation. The parameters of this shear-thinning model were selected from measurements for real lubricants obtained in Couette viscometers and a capillary viscometer. In addition, a full EHL film thickness formula has been derived from the same numerical experiments. The correction formula and the full formula were successfully validated using published film thickness data and published viscosity data for an EHL reference liquid, a polymer solution. Clearly, viscometer measurements of shear-dependent viscosity which contain the inflection leading to the second Newtonian are essential for a film-thickness calculation when a high-molecular-weight component of the lubricant is present.