功能梯度压电材料壳体热残余应力

功能梯度压电材料结构成型冷却后会出现热残余现象,影响结构强度.借鉴复合材料层合结构的研究方法,将功能梯度压电材料球壳和圆柱壳沿厚度分为若干层,各层视为均匀材料,根据层间连续条件导出递推关系,得到显式的力—电—热多场耦合热残余解.统一了多层功能梯度压电材料壳体和连续功能梯度压电材料壳体热残余解.对于前者,其解为精确解;对于后者,其解为渐近解,随层数增加而收敛于精确解.其解也适用于功能梯度压电材料涂层.该方法对材料性能的变化方式(函数)没有要求,适应性强.并讨论影响热残余应力和界面强度的因素,球壳因双曲率的影响,热残余应力显著大于柱壳.     

功能梯度涂层热残余应力

涂层中的残余应力严重影响着涂层零件的机械完整性与操作可靠性。对于功能梯度涂层,由于各界面位移协调条件的限制,很难得到涂层内部残余应力的闭合解。基于传统的悬臂梁理论,获得了功能梯度涂层热残余应力的闭合解;这一分析模型的优点是残余应力的闭合解与涂层层数无关。讨论了采用传统的近似解所带来的误差, 针对含不同层数的ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度涂层内部的残余应力进行了计算。另外,对应力诱导的涂层失效模型也进行了分析。     

铝硅聚苯酯封严涂层切向载荷作用下应力分布的有限元分析

在封严涂层弹性模量试验的基础上,建立封严涂层摩擦有限元模型,对民航发动机铝硅聚苯酯封严涂层的摩擦过程进行有限元分析。分析了摩擦系数、涂层厚度和粘结层厚度等参数对涂层/粘结层/基体系统应力分布的影响。分析结果表明:在切向载荷的作用下,随着摩擦系数的增大,涂层表面、涂层与粘结层的界面以及粘结层和基体界面处的应力峰值均增大;随着涂层厚度的增大,涂层表面及两界面处的应力峰值均减小,但当涂层厚度达到一定程度后,继续增加涂层厚度对降低应力峰值的效果不明显;粘结层厚度在一定范围内的变化对涂层表面和涂层与粘结层界面处的应力变化影响不大,但随着粘结层厚度的减小,粘结层与基体界面处的应力峰值均增大。     

功能梯度材料板壳多场耦合主动控制仿真

利用力-电-热多场耦合的弱变分方程和加强假定应变法，建立了一用于温度梯度作用下功能梯度材料板壳力学性能分析的固体壳单元，该单元既可用作实体单元，又可模拟薄曲壳结构，在厚跨比非常小的情况下也能获得令人满意的精度。结合常位移-速度反馈控制算法，对基于压电传感器、驱动器的功能梯度材料板壳的热变形及振动的主动控制进行了数值仿真，探讨了组分材料体积分数幂指数分布、控制增益等对功能梯度材料力学性能和控制效果等的影响。算例表明了常位移-速度反馈控制算法的正确性和单元的高效性。     

含多粗糙峰涂层等效应力的有限元分析

研究刚性平面与含粗糙峰涂层在二维与三维模型下的弹性接触问题,采用有限元法分析涂层弹性模量比、涂层厚度、粗糙峰间距、刚性平面压下深度对涂层粗糙峰表面、涂层/基体界面分布及基体等效应力分布的影响。计算结果表明压下深度对三维涂层粗糙峰表面最大应力的影响最大,涂层厚度、涂层/基体弹性模量比、粗糙峰间距的变化对应力值影响逐渐减小;增大涂层厚度、减小压下深度和粗糙峰间距、降低弹性模量比会使得三维接触模型最大等效应力值显著降低;增加涂层粗糙峰数和涂层厚度、同时降低涂层弹性模量有助于提高涂层/基体界面结合强度。相对于二维接触模型来说三维接触模型在粗糙峰表面的等效应力增大,造成这种变化的主要原因是由于涂层表面粗糙峰之间的等效应力叠加引起的。该研究为涂层粗糙峰及涂层/基体界面强度的应力分析提供依据。     

牵引电机轴承绝缘涂层绝缘性能与力学性能试验分析

长期承受交变力与热冲击载荷作用的牵引电机轴承绝缘涂层会发生变色、氧化乃至龟裂,导致绝缘涂层的绝缘性能和结合强度等发生改变。以不同型号和涂层厚度的退役绝缘轴承为研究对象,进行温度、湿度交变循环下的轴承绝缘涂层性能试验、划痕试验和热-应力耦合仿真,结果表明：绝缘涂层厚度越大,轴承的整体绝缘性能越好;轴承边缘位置的涂层与基体结合的临界载荷值小于中心位置,边缘位置更容易发生失效,同一型号轴承随着绝缘涂层厚度增加,涂层与基体的临界载荷值减小,涂层与基体的结合强度下降;涂层边缘和中心处内外界面的等效应力差值均随涂层厚度的增加而增大,涂层厚度的增加不利于涂层与基体结合。     

功能梯度Al2O3涂层残余热应力分析

Al2O3/316L功能梯度材料是一种聚变反应堆第一壁的候选材料。为避免制备过程中因材料之间热物理性能差别产生的热应力过大造成材料的失效,须对梯度材料进行合理的热应力缓和设计。运用有限元软件,分析成分分布指数、梯度涂层厚度和梯度层数目等参数对Al2O3/316L功能梯度材料残余热应力的影响。分析结果表明：体积分布指数p=1.0时所受热应力最小,涂层承受压应力作用;梯度层数为9时热应力缓和效果最好;梯度层厚度不宜过大;将非功能梯度材料与优化后的功能梯度材料的残余热应力进行比,结果显示：功能梯度材料缓和热应力效果十分显著。最后利用等离子喷涂方法制备了梯度涂层测试涂层残余应力,并与有限元结果进行对比,以验证模拟的准确性。     

石墨/Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷梯度自润滑复合材料残余应力的有限元模拟

利用有限元方法研究了组成分布指数和梯度自润滑层厚度(层厚)对石墨/Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷梯度自润滑复合材料残余应力的影响;采用层铺-烧结法制备该梯度自润滑复合材料,利用X射线衍射法测试其表面残余应力,并与模拟结果进行了对比.结果表明:径向压应力主要分布在梯度自润滑层的表层,在金属陶瓷基体与梯度自润滑层界面边缘处存在严重的应力集中;随着组成分布指数的增大,表面径向压应力增大,界面处应力减小;增大层厚可以改善界面处的应力分布,但表面径向压应力也随之降低;最佳组成分布指数为1.0～2.0,层厚为1.0～1.5 mm;试验测得的表面残余压应力随层厚的变化与模拟结果基本一致.     

梯度结构对氧化铝陶瓷涂层结合强度及抗冲击性能影响的试验研究

理论分析表明梯度结构能有效减缓氧化铝陶瓷层与基体结合面上的应力突变,涂层内部最大Mises应力明显降低,合理的梯度结构能改善涂层内部Mises应力分布,改变应力分布特征。为验证理论分析结果的正确性,采用等离子喷涂制备具有不同幂指数分布特征的6层"三明治"式梯度结构涂层,对梯度涂层结构进行表征,并试验研究涂层的结合强度及抗冲击性能。结果表明,试验用梯度结构具备p=0.25,1.00,4.00次方幂指数梯度结构特征,不同结构梯度层结合强度均在14.0~18.0 MPa,幂指数p=1.00的涂层结合强度最好,而幂指数p=0.25涂层抗冲击性能最好,较线性结构梯度涂层提高了30%,较幂指数p=4.00结构的梯度涂层提高了45%,冲击失效后涂层截面分析证实p=0.25次方幂指数梯度结构减少了表面陶瓷层的应力,减缓了陶瓷层基体间应力突变梯度,涂层失效是从底层开始的,失效形式为梯度涂层层状结构间出现分层,而p=1.00、4.00次方幂指数梯度结构涂层冲击失效表现为表面陶瓷层脱落。     

梯度结构对氧化铝陶瓷涂层抗冲击载荷性能的影响

梯度结构陶瓷涂层以其优异的抗热震性表现出巨大的工程应用前景。为推动梯度陶瓷涂层在机械零件表面强化上的应用,采用“三明治”式梯度结构形式,建立镍基氧化铝梯度陶瓷涂层在冲击载荷作用下有限元模型,分析冲击载荷作用下涂层的力学性能,以及梯度层的结构形式、厚度及层数等参数对涂层的力学性能影响。结果表明：较无梯度结构陶瓷涂层相比,梯度结构能有效减缓涂层与基体结合面上的应力突变,涂层内部最大Mises应力明显降低,合理的梯度结构能改善涂层内部Mises应力分布,改变应力分布特征,减缓表面陶瓷涂层的冲击应力,从而防止陶瓷涂层在冲击载荷作用下脱落。最后对制备层状结构梯度陶瓷涂层时,如何进行梯度层结构设计进行了探讨,并提出了采用0.25次方幂指数梯度结构,得出10层中间层就可有效减缓冲击载何、降低Mises应力突变的结论。     

Exact solution of a compositionally graded piezoelectric layer under uniform stretch, bending and twisting

Electromechanical responses of compositionally graded piezoelectric layers are analysed. The layers consist of polycrystalline piezoelectric ceramics poled along the thickness direction, and thus exhibit material symmetry of a hexagonal crystal in class 6mm. Two cases for layers (i) covered by surface electrodes and (ii) without surface electrodes are considered. Analytical solutions are exact in Saint Venant's sense for both cases. However, solutions are obtained for layers subjected to uniform mechanical loads, including stretch, bending and twisting. Numerical results to show the effects of different compositional gradients are presented.     

The frictional sliding contact problems of rigid parabolic and cylindrical stamps on graded coatings

Graded materials, also known as functionally graded materials (FGMs), are generally two-phase composites with continuously varying volume fractions. Used as coatings and interfacial zones they can reduce thermally and mechanically induced stresses resulting from material property mismatch, increase the bonding strength and provide protection against adverse environments. In this paper, the contact problems of parabolic and cylindrical stamps on graded coatings are considered. The objective of this study is to obtain a series of analytical benchmark solutions for examining the influence of such factors as material inhomogeneity constants the coefficient of friction and various length parameters on the critical stresses that may have a bearing on the fatigue and fracture of the components with graded coatings.     

Dynamic characteristics of an eccentric crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip

The dynamic response of an eccentric Griffith crack in functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip under anti-plane shear impact loading is analysed using integral transform method. Laplace transform and Fourier transform are used to reduce the problem to two pairs of dual integral equations, which are then expressed to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. We assume that the properties of the functionally graded piezoelectric material vary continuously along the thickness. The impermeable crack boundary condition is adopted. Numerical values on the dynamic stress intensity factors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material to show the dependence of the gradient of material properties and electric loadings.     

Analytical investigation on axisymmetric free vibrations of moderately thick circular functionally graded plate integrated with piezoelectric layers

In this paper, a free vibration analysis of moderately thick circular functionally graded (FG) plate integrated with two thin piezoelectric (PZT4) layers is presented based on Mindlin plate theory. The material properties of the FG core plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction, while the distribution of electric potential field along the thickness of piezoelectric layers is simulated by sinusoidal function. The differential equations of motion are solved analytically for two boundary conditions of the plate: clamped edge and simply supported edge. The analytical solution is validated by comparing the obtained resonant frequencies with those of an isotropic host plate. The emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of varying the gradient index of FG plate on the free vibration characteristics of the structure. Good agreement between the results of this paper and those of the finite element analyses validated the presented approach.     

羟基磷灰石功能梯度材料的激光涂层及材料性能研究

针对将羟基磷灰石涂覆在钛合金基底表面的问题,将三层具有不同配比的羟基磷灰石和纯钛混合物预敷在钛合金表面,利用激光覆熔法依次对预敷层进行扫描,形成了具有梯度结构的羟基磷灰石复合材料.通过实验分析了复合材料的微观材料结构、机械性能及生物兼容性,并分析了激光工艺参数对复合涂层材料性能的影响.研究结果表明,羟基磷灰石功能梯度材...     

Anti-plane moving crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric layer between two dissimilar piezoelectric strips

The dynamic propagation of a crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) interface layer between two dissimilar piezoelectric layers under anti-plane shear is analyzed using integral transform approaches. The properties of the FGPM layers vary continuously along the thickness. The FGPM layer and two homogeneous piezoelectric layers are connected weak-discontinuously. A constant velocity Yoffe-type moving crack is considered. The Fourier transform is used to reduce the problem to two sets of dual integral equations, which are then expressed to the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical values on the dynamic energy release rate (DERR) are presented for the FGPM to show the effects on electric loading, gradient of the material properties, crack moving velocity, and thickness of the layers. The following are helpful to increase resistance to crack propagation in the FGPM interface layer: (a) certain direction and magnitude of the electric loading, (b) increasing the thickness of the FGPM interface layer, and (c) increasing the thickness of the homogeneous piezoelectric layer to have larger material properties than those of the crack plane in the FGPM interface layer. The DERR always increases with the increase of crack moving velocity and the gradient of the material properties.     

等离子喷涂制备羟基磷灰石复合梯度涂层研究进展

对国内外等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石复合梯度涂层与基体间的结合强度和涂层溶解性的研究现状进行了综述.羟基磷灰石功能梯度涂层不仅可以提高涂层和基体间的结合强度,而且还可以降低涂层在模拟体液中的溶解性.涂层表面的羟基磷灰石涂层具有良好的生物相容性,同时涂层中Ti-6Al-4V或ZrO2、TiO2等氧化物相的存在能够提高涂层的力学性能.指出喷涂后进行热处理是提高等离子喷涂涂层结合强度和涂层结晶度的有效方法.     

Dynamic propagation of a finite eccentric crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip

The dynamic propagation of an eccentric Griffith crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip under anti-plane shear is analyzed using the integral transform method. A constant velocity Yoffe-type moving crack is considered. Fourier transform is used to reduce the problem to a pair of dual integral equations, which is then expressed in a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. We assume that the properties of the functionally graded piezoelectric material vary continuously along the thickness. The impermeable crack boundary condition is adopted. Numerical values on the dynamic stress intensity factors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material to show the dependence of the gradient of material properties, crack moving velocity, and eccentricity. The dynamic stress intensity factors of a moving crack in functionally graded piezoelectric material increases when the crack moving velocity, eccentricity of crack location, material property gradient, and crack length increase. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Hyeon Gyu Beom Jeong Woo Shin received a B.S. and M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea in 1998 and 2000, respectively. A major field of Mr. Shin is fracture mechanics. He is currently working on the KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) as a senior researcher. He conducted load analysis of fixed wing aircraft and full scale airframe static test at the KARI. He is now developing landing gear in the KHP (Korea Helicopter Program) as a performance engineer.