超精密磨削加工表面形貌建模与仿真方法

超精密磨削技术是实现微/纳米加工的主要手段。系统深入研究超精密磨削过程的机理,洞悉磨削加工表面生成的内涵,成为超精密磨削加工技术的重要研究内容之一。提出一种新型的超精密磨削加工表面生成方法。基于Johnson变换和线性滤波技术,给出砂轮表面形貌数字生成方法。该砂轮表面数值生成方法克服了利用试验测量砂轮表面形貌所得数据而带来的误差,提高了磨削加工表面仿真分析的准确性。根据磨削运动学,建立磨粒运动轨迹方程、相互干涉条件和有效磨粒确定方法。据此,给出超精密磨削加工表面生成算法。通过数值计算生成不同统计学特征的砂轮形貌,并得到不同加工参数下磨削表面的表面形貌,仿真结果验证了所给算法的正确性和有效性。     

超精密磨削加工表面形貌建模与仿真方法宰

超精密磨削技术是实现微/纳米加工的主要手段.系统深入研究超精密磨削过程的机理,洞悉磨削加工表面生成的内涵,成为超精密磨削加工技术的重要研究内容之一.提出一种新型的超精密磨削加工表面生成方法.基于Jobnson变换和线性滤波技术,给出砂轮表面形貌数字生成方法.该砂轮表面数值生成方法克服了利用试验测量砂轮表面形貌所得数据而带来的误差,提高了磨削加工表面仿真分析的准确性.根据磨削运动学,建立磨粒运动轨迹方程、相互干涉条件和有效磨粒确定方法.据此,给出超精密磨削加工表面生成算法.通过数值计算生成不同统计学特征的砂轮形貌,并得到不同加工参数下磨削表面的表面形貌,仿真结果验证了所给算法的正确性和有效性.     

基于力反馈的机器人砂带磨削虚拟示教轨迹规划方法

提出了一种基于力反馈的机器人砂带磨削虚拟示教轨迹规划方法,开发了一套机器人虚拟示教系统。该系统通过给予操作者连续的磨削力觉反馈和视觉仿真,使操作者沉浸在一个虚拟现实的环境中,能够像真实的手工磨削一样动态地规划工件的磨削轨迹和参数,以避免加工干涉并获得较好的加工表面质量。为了提高示教精度和效率,建立了一个虚拟夹具模型来辅助并引导操作者快速地完成复杂零件的轨迹规划任务。实验研究表明,该方法生成的轨迹能够有效避免机器人磨削复杂零件时的各类干涉,对提升机器人砂带磨削轨迹规划效率具有重要意义。     

齿轮盘铣刀后刀面多轴联动数控磨削仿真

设计直纹面组合刀头,对盘形齿轮铣刀后刀面的数控磨削加工进行仿真.首先根据后刀面设计的理论公式,提出参数化设计方法,给出了在不同前后角参数下后刀面磨削点坐标计算公式及UV网坐标.分析、计算出磨削过程中对应的旋转轴数据,并推导出砂轮半径补偿计算公式.然后,用曲率方法分析磨削时的局部干涉现象,推导出避免局部干涉的砂轮半径可选...     

机车发动机用凸轮轴非圆磨削凹弧段轮廓重构方法研究

在分析带有凹弧段的机车发动机用凸轮轴的加工难点的基础上提出了一种凸轮轴磨削新工艺,即采用大小砂轮配合磨削凸轮轴轮廓。为了避免大砂轮磨削时对凹弧段产生干涉, 对比研究三次多项式、五次多项式曲线重构方法,仿真实验分析了两种重构曲线轮廓磨削运动规律,结果表明,五次多项式重构曲线轮廓磨削对机床头架、砂轮架的伺服跟踪性能要求较低,且磨削运动规律曲线较平滑。磨削试验验证了仿真分析的正确性,表明采用基于五次多项式凸轮轴轮廓重构的凹弧段磨削新工艺具有一定的可行性,在保证凸轮轴磨削轮廓精度的同时提高了磨削加工效率。     

五轴端铣摆线齿轮刀具轨迹规划及试验研究

提出以端面铣刀代替球面铣刀端铣摆线齿轮齿廓的加工方法。利用前倾角和侧倾角分别解决端铣刀局部干涉与刀杆碰撞干涉问题的方法,得出无干涉加工摆线齿轮刀轴前倾角的计算公式。建立端铣摆线齿轮的几何模型和五轴数控仿真模型,获得其无干涉刀具轨迹。利用五轴联动立式加工中心实现摆线齿轮的高速端铣加工,得到精加工的摆线齿轮样件,并对精加工的摆线齿轮齿廓的精度和表面粗糙度进行了测量和分析。该摆线齿轮样件的最大偏差值为0.051 mm,最小偏差值为-0.085 0 mm,所测齿廓表面粗糙度的平均值Ra为0.504 6μm。研究结果表明:高速端铣摆线齿轮的加工方法可以达到磨削摆线齿轮的加工精度,实现了摆线齿轮加工的"以铣代磨"。     

磨削等速万向节椭圆沟道的盆状砂轮研究

设计了一种用来磨削等速万向节椭圆沟道的盆状砂轮,因避免了砂轮头部的干涉,其参数优化的有效性和精确性得到了提高,能最大限度地保证加工截面的形状和精度;从模拟椭圆圆弧出发,根据待磨削的椭圆沟道方程进行设计,建立了盆状砂轮加工的数学模型,并对其加工原理进行了理论研究,对其加工误差进行了分析。仿真结果表明,用盆状砂轮磨削的椭圆沟道的理论误差可减小到0.7μm。     

旋转超声磨削加工建模与仿真研究

旋转超声磨削加工结合超声加工和磨削加工的技术优势，在难加工零件的精密制造中具有较大应用潜力。根据旋转超声磨削加工机理，建立旋转超声磨削加工中材料去除体积和加工表面粗糙度的数值计算模型。基于MATLAB软件编写旋转超声磨削加工仿真程序，对材料去除体积、加工表面形貌和表面粗糙度进行仿真模拟，并探究不同加工参数对表面粗糙度和材料去除体积的影响规律。仿真结果表明：主轴转速与超声振动频率之比(n/f)对加工表面形貌和去除体积有决定性影响，n/f比值增大能够有效降低表面粗糙度和提升材料去除体积；详细探讨了磨粒直径、振幅等参数对旋转超声磨削加工表面形貌和去除体积的影响规律，并仿真模拟了参数优化前后的加工表面形貌。     

超声振动螺线磨削表面微观形貌建模与仿真研究

为了实现高效率、高质量、低损伤的硬脆材料加工,对工件或砂轮同时施加砂轮轴向和径向的超声振动,该方法的显著特点是磨粒切削轨迹呈三维空间螺旋线型,将其定义为超声振动螺线磨削方法。在磨削工艺和二维超声振动的多参数共同作用下,材料去除机理产生复杂变化,表面微观形貌创出过程变得极其复杂。为此,提出一种超声振动螺线磨削加工表面数值仿真方法。基于超声振动螺线磨削几何映射关系,建立磨粒相对工件的空间螺旋线切削运动模型,进而给出超声振动螺线磨削加工表面生成模型,模拟出普通磨削和超声振动磨削的三维表面微观形貌,对比分析了超声振动对表面形成过程的影响规律。最后将仿真表面与磨削试验表面对比,发现两者微观形貌特征规律基本一致,验证了仿真方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于进化神经网络外圆纵向磨削表面粗糙度的在线预测

将人工神经网络引入磨削加工领域。针对BP算法存在收敛速度慢，容易陷入局部极小值以及全局搜索能力弱等缺陷，采用遗传算法训练BP神经网络，设计了基于进化神经网络的学习算法，建立了外圆纵向磨削表面粗糙度的进化神经网络预测模型。实验和仿真结果表明。基于进化计算的BP神经网络可以克服单纯使用BP神经网络易陷入局部极小值等问题，预测精度较高，对提高外圆纵向磨削加工的自动化程度具有重要的意义。通过在线监测磨削拳数。所提供的预测方法可以实现对工件表面粗糙度的在线预测。     

基于凸多面体碰撞检测的虚拟砂轮建模研究

虚拟砂轮建模时大多采用包围球对磨粒进行碰撞检测,而包围球相互接触时凸多面体磨粒之间仍存在间隙,导致虚拟砂轮表面与实际砂轮表面差异较大,影响后续磨削过程仿真的准确性.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于凸多面体碰撞检测的虚拟砂轮建模方法.推导了砂轮表面磨粒随机位置的数学模型,基于凸多面体碰撞检测判断磨粒干涉状况,最终生成虚拟砂轮...     

齿轮成形磨削砂轮廓形优化研究

砂轮廓形优化对齿轮成形磨削精度和效率的影响至关重要。从齿轮端面建立了完整齿廓数学模型,其中非渐开线过渡部分采用圆弧曲线,利用无瞬心包络法求解了磨削一个齿槽的完整砂轮廓形,推导了左右固定弦齿间点解析式。调整了砂轮安装角以改变砂轮与工件的左右齿面的接触线形状和位置,使左右更对称;调整了固定弦齿间点在齿面上的位置,使之靠近分度圆,接触线分布集中,发散小。基于线性加权和法建立了多目标优化模型,以磨削效率高、左右接触线对称、单齿接触线长度最短为优化目标,利用MATLAB开发优化程序对砂轮廓形进行了优化。通过实例计算验证了调整砂轮安装角和固定点位置对砂轮廓形优化的有效性。     

Experimental investigation of contact behaviour in grinding

The nature of the wheel and workpiece contact in grinding has a strong effect on the temperature, force and surface integrity as well as wheel wear in grinding. An applied power source method was used to measure the real contact length. The interpretation of contact length measurements is discussed. Experimental measurements of contact length in grinding show that the contact length is much larger than the geometrical contact length. This difference is most significant in fine grinding and in the sparkout stage of plunge grinding. The difference also increases when the table speed is increased. The contact length in wet grinding is longer than the contact length in dry grinding. The contact length when grinding cast iron is shorter than the contact length when grinding mild steel. It is found that grinding geometry, grinding force and the roughness of the grinding wheel have independent effects on the contact length. The newly developed contact length model by the authors describes these effects quantitatively. These results also show the importance of the roughness factor, R_r, for analysis of the contact behaviour in grinding processes.     

Thermal influence on surface layer of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in grinding

In this study, we investigated thermal influence on surface layer of CFRP in grinding with heat conduction analysis using grinding temperature at wheel contact area on dry and wet condition. Moreover, the thermal affected layer was analyzed through an experiment to examine the temperature of glass transition and thermal decomposition of the matrix resin that composes the CFRP used in this study. The influence of thermal effect on grinding of CFRP was verified based on observation of ground surface finish after grinding using SEM and the measurement of surface roughness. From the measurement result of DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry),TG-DTA (Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis), It was found that the thermal affected layer of CFRP includes a layer in which the matrix resin is changed in quality by exceeding the glass transition temperature and a layer in which the matrix resin is thermally decomposed by exceeding the thermal decomposition temperature. In addition, it was found that the surface roughness was significantly reduced if the thermal affected layer with thermal decomposition was generated. In each grinding atmosphere, it tended to increase of grinding temperature at wheel contact area with increasing in the setting depth of cut. In the case of dry grinding, grinding temperature at wheel contact area increased up to t thermal decomposition temperature of the matrix resin. However, in the case of the wet grinding, grinding temperature at wheel contact area did not increase until thermally decomposition temperature. From the result of simulation about thermal affected layer, influence of grinding heat increased with increasing in the setting depth of cut. Ultimately, the thermal affected layer with thermal decomposition was generated in dry grinding. Moreover, from the results of SEM observation, it was confirmed that the surface finish properties deteriorated significantly due to thermal decomposition of the matrix resin in the case of Δ = 400 μm in the setting depth of cut at fiber angle θ = 0°. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the micro damage of carbon fiber was occurred in wet grinding at each setting depth of cut.     

Study on micro-interacting mechanism modeling in grinding process and ground surface roughness prediction

In the research on grinding process modeling, the stochastic nature of grain sizes and locations need to be considered. A new numerical model was developed which will describe the micro-interacting situations between grains and workpiece material in grinding contact zone. The model was established based on a series of reasonable assumptions, the critical conditions of starting points of plowing and cutting stages, and the redefined grinding contact zone. It indicated that there are four types of grain existing in grinding contact zone: uncontact, sliding, plowing, and cutting grains. The number of grains per unit wheel volume (N _v ) and the undeformed chip thickness (h _cu,max), which are key parameters in grinding process modeling, were firstly obtained. The numbers and distributions of different grain types along grinding contact zone were then obtained and analyzed. Calculation results showed that only a small fraction of grains participate in cutting interactions and the changing laws of each grain types along grinding contact length are very different from each other, which gives a deeper insight into grinding process and can be a good foundation for more precise grinding force prediction and thermal analysis. Another important application of this model is for ground surface roughness prediction and a new method on this purpose was developed. At last, two comparisons were made between calculation results and existing experimental data for validating the work on paper. Comparison results showed that the roughness of ground surface can be well predicted and gave the method theoretically to reduce ground surface roughness.     

面向降噪的蜗杆砂轮磨削齿面纹理改善方法

蜗杆砂轮磨是广泛应用于中小模数齿轮的批量精加工方法,但在实际加工过程中,蜗杆砂轮磨齿易在齿向形成规则的平行齿面纹理,从而增大了齿轮的啮合噪声。分析磨削过程中蜗杆砂轮与齿轮的接触特性,建立了啮合方程和接触点方程,阐述了接触迹构成整个齿面的机理;分析蜗杆砂轮磨齿的磨削特性,建立瞬时接触点的磨削速度和形状模型,计算磨粒在齿面上的磨削路径,分析磨削特性对齿面微观几何结构的影响,得到齿面的整体纹理模型;结合齿面纹理与噪声激励的关系,分析出齿面规则纹理对齿轮噪声的影响机理,提出按照正弦函数变化的冲程变速蜗杆砂轮磨齿加工方法;进行了蜗杆砂轮磨削常规加工与变冲程速度加工的对比试验,结果表明,该方法加工的齿面接触点位置具有一定的随机性,形成不规则的齿面纹理,不同转速下齿轮啮合噪声声压级总值减小约3.5 dB,已经达到改善齿面纹理的效果。     

Study on the non-uniform contact during ELID groove grinding

This paper introduces the potential feasibility that ELID (electrolytic in-process dressing) grinding replaces superfinishing in bearing manufacturing, but ELID grinding will bring new challenges. Different regions present distinguish surface profile due to the non-uniform contact in ELID groove grinding. However, few reports explaining the non-uniform contact are available. This article explores the mechanisms of the non-uniform contact during ELID groove grinding. Experiments on the non-uniform contact between bearing raceway and grinding wheel have been carried out under different conditions. The results show that non-uniform contact exists in ELID groove grinding process and it exerts influence on the profile of the raceway surface. Non-uniform contact influences the Rsk and Rku value all the time, but it influences the Ra value occasionally. Improvement strategies of eliminating the non-uniform contact are also discussed based on the experimental study.     

弹性浮动研磨接触面接触刚度接触阻尼的算法

在机械结合面中存在的接触刚度和接触阻尼影响加工过程中机械表面的质量。提出了弹性浮动研磨过程中的接触刚度和基础阻尼的计算方法,采用实验的方法测出振幅与时间的数据,再利用曲线拟合的方法拟合出接触刚度和接触阻尼值。     

加压内冷却砂轮的研制及磨削性能研究

针对高温合金材料在磨削加工过程中存在磨削烧伤问题,为避免气障效应并强化冷却液在磨削弧区的换热效果,提出采用加压式内冷却断续磨削方法。利用数值模拟方法和3D打印技术对砂轮基体、加压内冷却系统和密封结构等进行设计和验证,制备了用于平面磨削的加压内冷却开槽CBN砂轮。在相同的磨削加工参数条件下,使用加压内冷却方法与外部喷射冷却方法进行镍基高温合金磨削对比试验,分析了砂轮速度、磨削深度和工件进给速度等加工参数对磨削温度、加工表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响规律,验证了加压内冷却断续磨削方法对磨削弧区的强化换热效果。结果表明：在相同试验参数条件下磨削镍基高温合金,加压内冷却法比外部喷射冷却法的换热效率更高,得到的磨削温度更低,表面粗糙度更小,加工表面更为光滑细腻。     

采用碟形砂轮的斜齿面齿轮磨齿技术研究

为了制造出高精度硬齿面斜齿面齿轮和获得抛物线传动误差并改善啮合性能,对采用碟形砂轮加工双向修形的斜齿面齿轮的磨齿方法进行了研究。设计了渐开线失配的碟形砂轮齿面,分析了碟形砂轮磨削斜齿面齿轮的展成原理,根据展成原理和用渐开线失配的碟形砂轮并改变砂轮的运动,推导出双向修形斜齿面齿轮的齿面方程。给出了双向修形斜齿面齿轮的齿面计算和接触分析实例,结果表明:理论齿面的最大齿面误差为5.98×10-4μm,采用碟形砂轮加工双向修形斜齿面齿轮的磨齿方法是可行的,获得了斜齿面齿轮抛物线传动误差,避免了边缘接触并改善了斜齿面齿轮的啮合性能。