强风作用下低矮民居受力分析

受台风影响的中国东南沿海地区,低矮房屋的损坏最为普遍也最为严重。基于此,本文对低矮民居的表面风压进行了模拟并对其抗风性能进行了研究,并指出了后续的低矮民居结构抗风研究侧重点。     

Using passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in U.A.E. buildings

Passive design responds to local climate and site conditions in order to maximise the comfort and health of building users while minimising energy use. The key to designing a passive building is to take best advantage of the local climate. Passive cooling refers to any technologies or design features adopted to reduce the temperature of buildings without the need for power consumption. Consequently, the aim of this study is to test the usefulness of applying selected passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and to reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in hot arid climate settings, namely Dubai, United Arab Emirates. One case building was selected and eight passive cooling strategies were applied. Energy simulation software – namely IES – was used to assess the performance of the building. Solar shading performance was also assessed using Sun Cast Analysis, as a part of the IES software. Energy reduction was achieved due to both the harnessing of natural ventilation and the minimising of heat gain in line with applying good shading devices alongside the use of double glazing. Additionally, green roofing proved its potential by acting as an effective roof insulation. The study revealed several significant findings including that the total annual energy consumption of a residential building in Dubai may be reduced by up to 23.6% when a building uses passive cooling strategies.     

我国城镇住宅夏季空调能耗状况分析

根据调查和计算,利用模拟归纳法对我国城镇住宅夏季空调能耗状况进行了定量分析.结果表明,目前我国城镇住宅夏季空调的总体能耗水平较低,但增速较快,且不同气候区之间差异较大.2005年全国城镇住宅夏季空调总耗电量约为285亿kwh,平均耗电指标约为2.65 kWh/m2.我国城镇住宅空调能耗前4位的地区是:广东、浙江、江苏和湖北,它们的空调总能耗约占全国城镇住宅空调总能耗的51.8%,广东、福建、重庆、浙江、上海、湖北、江苏和广西的空调能耗指标较高,它们是我国城镇住宅空调节能的重点地区.     

Introduction to integration of renewable energy in demand controlled hybrid ventilation systems for residential buildings

In the scope of the EU supported project RESidential buildings HYbrid VENTilation (RESHYVENT), the possible integration of renewable energy solutions (RES) into hybrid ventilation systems has been analysed. The focus has been on solar and wind applications to substitute the use of fossil fuel. The feasibility of the investigated options depends on the ventilation concept the RES is integrated into, the location of the building geographically, placement of the RES in the building and on the urban environment. This paper describes the different renewable technologies, options and constrains in connection with integration into hybrid ventilation systems.     

住宅用地板辐射供冷系统的实验分析

针对夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,分别从室内温度场、湿度场、风速场以及地板换热等出发,比较了住宅用冷却地板单独供冷、风机盘管单独供冷及两者联合运行三种供冷方式。结果显示,冷却地板与风机盘管联合运行可以满足夏季供冷要求,而且克服了冷却地板易结露的缺陷,具有良好的舒适性和节能性。     

Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings

The space heating demand of residential buildings can be decreased by improved insulation, reduced air leakage and by heat recovery from ventilation air. However, these measures result in an increased use of materials. As the energy for building operation decreases, the relative importance of the energy used in the production phase increases and influences optimization aimed at minimizing the life cycle energy use. The life cycle primary energy use of buildings also depends on the energy supply systems. In this work we analyse primary energy use and CO₂ emission for the production and operation of conventional and low-energy residential buildings. Different types of energy supply systems are included in the analysis. We show that for a conventional and a low-energy building the primary energy use for production can be up to 45% and 60%, respectively, of the total, depending on the energy supply system, and with larger variations for conventional buildings. The primary energy used and the CO₂ emission resulting from production are lower for wood-framed constructions than for concrete-framed constructions. The primary energy use and the CO₂ emission depend strongly on the energy supply, for both conventional and low-energy buildings. For example, a single-family house from the 1970s heated with biomass-based district heating with cogeneration has 70% lower operational primary energy use than if heated with fuel-based electricity. The specific primary energy use with district heating was 40% lower than that of an electrically heated passive row house.     

Heating energy use management in residential buildings by temperature control

This paper presents the results of analytical investigations to determine the potential heating energy savings that can be achieved in residential buildings by controlling the house temperature through either night setback or night setback plus day zone setback. A typical U.S. single family house is analyzed for different levels of thermal integrity of the building envelope (i.e., levels of insulation, window glazing, and infiltration). Reduced infiltration, insulated interior walls, and various window orientations are also considered. Results are given for four major U.S. climate zones—cool, temperate, hot-humid, and hot-arid. The analysis shows that both types of setbacks are most effective in loose houses, with the greatest absolute savings for the cool climates, and the greatest percent savings for the hot climates. However, the benefits from thermostat setbacks are smaller for tighter houses, and may actually be counterproductive owing to corollary effects such as increased peak loads and degradation of system efficiency.     

减少建筑能耗的途径

随着经济改革的顺利进行和工农业的飞速发展、全国总能耗的增长十分迅速,节约能源和开发利用新能源显得更加迫切。建筑的总能耗（这里的总能耗是指为维持室内热湿环境所需要的能耗,包括热负荷和冷负荷）包括下面三个主要方面：一是建筑本身的能耗（主要包括外围护结构的传热及冷风渗透耗热）;二是为维持室内热环境、冷（热）源设备及系统的能耗;三是各种余热、废热及自然能的得热。 本文介绍在节能建筑的基础上,利用建筑的手法合理的设计以减少所需的冷（热）负荷;并通过利用太阳能以及采用新型节能的采暖方式,如低温地板辐射采暖等…     

降低住宅建筑耗热量指标的途径

简述影响住宅建筑耗热量指标的几个主要因素，以及降低住宅建筑耗热量指标的途径。     

北京市住宅空调负荷和能耗特性研究

采用调查和模拟相结合的方法,对北京市城镇住宅间歇空调的冷负荷和能耗特性进行了分析研究。结果表明,住宅间歇空调的冷负荷和能耗特性与连续空调大不相同,现有的逐时空调冷负荷设计算法的误差较大;提高建筑围护结构保温性能对减少空调负荷和能耗的效果不明显,并可能起到相反作用;提高空调室温可以使空调能耗显著减少,空调室温提高1℃,一个空调季空调耗电量(按建筑面积计算)约减少1.4 kWh/m2;按照目前北京市的电价和空调器价格,节能型分体壁挂式空调器寿命周期的综合费用要比普通空调器多1 000多元。     

Thermally acceptable temperature drifts can reduce the energy consumption for cooling in office buildings

The energy consumption and cost in large office buildings can be reduced by allowing the indoor environment to deviate from the optimum comfort conditions to situations which are still acceptable by most occupants. One such strategy is to allow the indoor temperature to increase in the afternoon in summer. A computer program was developed to predict the thermal sensation and discomfort under transient conditions, and the detailed computer program BLAST was used to evaluate the indoor temperature, space cooling load, chilled water consumption and seasonal energy use. This paper presents a comparison performed for a reference office building in Montréal between a conventional design, with constant set-point temperature during the operating hours, and a new design, where the indoor temperature is allowed to increase after 3:00 p.m. The results show a reduction of seasonal consumption for chilled water between 34 and 40%, and a reduction of energy budget for HVAC systems of 11%.     

On the energy consumption in residential buildings

A neural network approach is used in the present study for modelling and estimating the energy consumption time series for a residential building in Athens, using as inputs several climatic parameters.The hourly values of the energy consumption, for heating and cooling the building, are estimated for several years using feed forward backpropagation neural networks. Various neural network architectures are designed and trained for the output estimation, which is the building’s energy consumption. The results are tested with extensive sets of non-training measurements and it is found that they correspond well with the actual values.Furthermore, “multi-lag” output predictions of ambient air temperature and total solar radiation are used as inputs to the neural network models for modelling and predicting the future values of energy consumption with sufficient accuracy.     

Probabilistic analysis of air infiltration in low-rise buildings

The probabilistic model (PROMO) applied to the problem of air infiltration in low-rise buildings is presented. The model allows estimation of the effect of variations of climatic conditions on air exchange in a building. Probabilistic output in the form of probability density function of air change rate forms a ground for reliability analysis of adequate ventilation. PROMO model is applied to analyse the air exchange caused by air infiltration in a house situated near Gothenburg. The model is validated on the basis of the results of measurements obtained for that house.     

节能住宅工程造价实例分析

本文通过对济南市住宅建筑围护结构采取节能措施前后土建造价的对比,测算了节能住宅加强建筑保温和提高门窗气密性的投资在土建工程造价中所占的比例,对住宅建筑围护结构节能措施投资对工程造价的影响进行了统计分析。     

Analysis of energy demand in residential buildings for different climates by means of dynamic simulation

The aim of the present paper is to propose an analysis of energy consumption of a standard building in different climates. The analysis is developed by simulating the dynamic behaviour of the building subjected to different climatic conditions according to the considered location. Simulations are performed by means of an in-house developed code, validated by comparison with the outcomes from leading software, particularly TRNSYS and EnergyPlus. The use of a self-developed code guarantees a high flexibility and allows the implementation of new capabilities if necessary. The impact on the energy consumption of various parameters, namely internal and external wall insulation, window surface areas, thermal capacity and orientation, is investigated. Results show that the insulation of external walls has a fundamental role in reducing energy consumption, because it allows to exploit the thermal capacity of the walls. This is particularly useful for buildings which necessitate to keep the internal temperature constant.     

长沙市住宅建筑夏季能源使用结构的调查与分析

对长沙市100户居民住宅的能源使用情况进行了现场测试和问卷调查。分析了能源使用结构的形成与住宅建筑基本状况、人的热舒适性要求、生活习惯、家庭收入水平、当地气候特点、地区能源政策等因素的关系，为有关部门进行能源的政策调整和规划提供参考依据。     

窗墙比对居住建筑的冷热耗量指标及节能率的影响

以高层公寓式居住建筑为对象,利用特征温度法研究了对建筑采取相同改进措施时窗墙面积比对建筑冷热耗量和能耗相对变化率的影响,并分析了当建筑体形系数不同时,窗墙面积比对全年空调与供暖冷热耗量指标以及采取相同节能措施建筑的全年空调与供暖节能量及节能率的影响。     

住宅能耗现状及节能措施

简述了我国住宅建设的能耗现状及其节能潜力,提出四条可行的有效的节能措施。     

DOE-2在住宅建筑能耗分析中存在的问题探讨

为了定性检验DOE-2软件对居住建筑能耗分析及节能评价的合理性,利用DOE-2软件模拟计算了两种体形系数差别较大的模型建筑在广州、重庆、杭州等8个城市围护结构改进前后单位建筑面积的全年空调和供暖能耗量。研究了围护结构性能改进、体形系数变化及换气次数增加等因素对建筑全年空调、供暖能耗相对变化率的影响规律。     

Performance calculations of residential cooling systems for simplified energy analysis

The seasonal performance of space cooling systems generally depends on indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidities and on the ratio between actual cooling loads and cooling equipment size. In principle, any given weather condition and desired indoor dry-bulb temperature calls for an interactive application of psychrometrics and equipment performance curves until satisfactory indoor conditions are derived for which both sensible and latent cooling loads equal sensible and latent heat removal rates. This paper presents a simplified approach that derives the indoor wet-bulb temperature in close form for both cases when the cooling system condenses water from the space and when it does not. This approach relies on a local linearization of the psychrometric chart in the region of interest for indoor comfort conditions. Performance curves for total and sensible capacity and for the electric power input were derived for several different residential air-to-air reciprocating compressive cooling systems. The performance curves are empirical fits to manufacturer's data or to laboratory results. The predictions of the simplified method were compared with DOE-2 when calculating space cooling consumption for a residence in both a hot arid and in a hot humid climate. The comparison showed excellent agreement both for hour-by-hour calculations and for monthly calculation of this method are sufficiently simple to be applicable to micro-computers and pocket calculators.