Analysis of distortion in A/D converters by time-domain andcode-density techniques

Two new methods for measuring the total harmonic distortion of an A/D converter are described. One is based on time-domain analysis, the other on modified code density analysis. Experiments show that these methods give results comparable to the ones provided by FFT analysis. It is then shown, by both experiments on a flash converter and computer simulations, that the conventional code density analysis does not provide accurate signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) estimates at the highest frequencies, while the proposed methods do     

The efficiency of methods for measuring A/D converter linearity

In this paper, the efficiency of three methods commonly used to measure the linearity characteristics of precision Nyquist-rate analog-to-digital (A/D) converters is evaluated. The efficiency of each method, which is determined by the time required to obtain linearity estimates at a specified level of accuracy, is compared to the maximum efficiency that is theoretically achievable, as given by the Cramer-Rao bound. Simulation results are presented for two open-loop measurement methods, the tally and weight method and the code density method, demonstrating that the code density method obtains an efficiency close to the theoretical optimum over a wide range of measurement times and converter noise levels, whereas the tally and weight method falls short of the optimum for converters with noise levels exceeding ¼ LSB. The efficiency of the servo loop method, a common closed-loop method for measuring linearity, is similarly evaluated, and is found to fall short of the maximum efficiency that is theoretically achievable in the closed-loop configuration. A modified closed-loop measurement method is described that obtains an efficiency close to the theoretical optimum through the use of maximum-likelihood estimation     

Optimal code rates for concatenated codes on a PR4-equalizedmagnetic recording channel

At some nominal recording density, the read signal in digital magnetic recording resembles a Class IV partial response (PR4) signal and, hence, may be equalized to the PR4 shape with relatively little noise enhancement. When coding is added, for a fixed user density, the recording density must increase as a result of coding overhead, and the read signal will resemble PR4 to a lesser extent. Equalization to PR4 in this case will produce excessive noise enhancement. Thus, coding overhead (or rate) must be selected for optimum tradeoff between code strength and noise enhancement. Toward this end, we provide results for high-rate concatenated codes, assuming a Lorentzian recording channel model. In addition to examining optimal code rates, we compare parallel and serial concatenated code performance on the PR4 channel     

Quasi-optimal nonlinear filtration in the presence of non-gaussian noise with correlated components

The case of non-Gaussian noise as a sequence with correlated components (chromatic noise) is analyzed and a block diagram of quasi-optimal (by the criterion of maximum a posteriori signal probability density distribution) nonlinear filter is constructed;a posteriori estimates of filter error variance are derived and compared with similar estimates for filtration in white noise. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika No. 3, pp. 23–26, March, 1994.     

Balancing interpixel cross talk and detector noise to optimize areal density in holographic storage systems

We investigate the effects of interpixel cross talk and detector noise on the areal storage density of holographic data storage. A numerical simulation is used to obtain the bit-error rate (BER) as a function of hologram aperture, pixel fill factors, and additive Gaussian intensity noise. We consider the effect of interpixel cross talk at an output pixel from all possible configurations of its 12 closest-neighbor pixels. Experimental verification of this simulation procedure is shown for several fill-factor combinations. The simulation results show that areal density is maximized when the aperture coincides with the zero order of the spatial light modulator (SLM) (Nyquist sampling condition) and the CCD fill factor is large. Additional numerical analysis including finite SLM contrast and fixed-pattern noise show that, if the fixed-pattern noise reaches 6% of the mean signal level, the SLM contrast has to be larger than 6:1 to maintain high areal density. We also investigate the improvement of areal density when error-prone pixel combinations are forbidden by using coding schemes. A trade-off between an increase in areal density and the redundancy of a coding scheme that avoids isolated-on pixels occurs at a code rate of approximately 83%.     

Code performance and head/Media interface

The limitations of selected run length limited codes relative to their practical recording density at given error rates are examined with a known head/disc system interface. A method is presented for the evaluation of run length limited codes on the basis of error rate as a function of linear density. Experimental measurements of the intrinsic error rate as a function of the linear density were utilized with theoretical characteristics of the code to determine the practical data density limitations. Depending upon the system configuration, the effectiveness of the code can be limited either by the noise characteristics and/or pattern induced peak shift. A 33 percent increase in linear density at an error rate of 10^-10can be obtained by the proper choice of code relative to MFM without changing the head/media/system interface.     

Useful laser source criteria for optical storage employing extended eye-diagram jitter theory

In view of the recent progress in visible lasers for next-generation optical disks, we describe the influence of source wavelength, aberration, and noise on eye-diagram jitter, which determines the ultimate disk density. The analysis indicates that the sources used in a readout of a 6× areal density, (4,22) run-length-limited code with a minimum mark length of 0.4 μm must have a wavelength that satisfies the Nyquist condition of relationship between the spot size and the minimum mark length, a wave-front aberration of less than 0.035 rms λ, and relative intensity noise of less than -125 dB/Hz.     

Speckle noise in bar-code scanning systems--power spectral density and SNR

Laser-based flying-spot scanners are strongly affected by speckle that is intrinsic to coherent illumination of diffusing targets. In such systems information is usually extracted by processing the derivative of a photodetector signal that results from collecting over the detector's aperture the scattered light of a laser beam scanning a bar code. Because the scattered light exhibits a time-varying speckle pattern, the signal is corrupted by speckle noise. In this paper we investigate the power spectral density and total noise power of such signals. We also analyze the influence of speckle noise on edge detection and derive estimates for a signal-to-noise ratio when a laser beam scans different sequences of edges. The theory is illustrated by applying the results to Gaussian scanning beams for which we derive closed form expressions.     

Robust fringe density and direction estimation in noisy phase maps.

A method for automated fringe analysis is presented. It robustly estimates local fringe density and direction in noisy wrapped phase maps. Such information can be used to improve the performance of two-dimensional phase unwrapping methods, to construct phase-jump-preserving filtering strategies, and also to perform robust segmentation of phase data. The method, which is highly insensitive to noise, is model based and performs the estimation in the Fourier domain.     

System performances of optical space code-division multiple-access-based fiber-optic two-dimensional parallel data link

Optical space code-division multiple access is a scheme to multiplex and link data between two-dimensional processors such as smart pixels and spatial light modulators or arrays of optical sources like vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. We examine the multiplexing characteristics of optical space code-division multiple access by using optical orthogonal signature patterns. The probability density function of interference noise in interfering optical orthogonal signature patterns is calculated. The bit-error rate is derived from the result and plotted as a function of receiver threshold, code length, code weight, and number of users. Furthermore, we propose a prethresholding method to suppress the interference noise, and we experimentally verify that the method works effectively in improving system performance.     

海面噪声垂直相干特性反演地声参数

声学反演是快速、低成本获取浅海局部地声参数的有效方法之一,其中,利用海面噪声的垂直相干函数反演海底参数,只需要两个垂直排列的水听器,不需要专门的发射声源,隐蔽性好,有较高的军事应用价值.通过已有的海面噪声场模型,分析了海底声速、密度及衰减系数对噪声垂直相干函数的敏感度,并利用中国某海区的海洋环境噪声试验数据,结合差异进...     

Non-parametric system identification from non-linear stochastic response

An estimation method is proposed for identification of non-linear stiffness and damping of single-degree-of-freedom systems under stationary white noise excitation. Non-parametric estimates of the stiffness and damping along with an estimate of the white noise intensity are obtained by suitable processing of records of the stochastic response. The stiffness estimation is based on a local iterative procedure, which compares the elastic energy at mean-level crossings with the kinetic energy at the extremes. The damping estimation is based on a generic expression for the probability density of the energy at mean-level crossings, which yields the damping relative to white noise intensity. Finally, an estimate of the noise intensity is extracted by estimating the absolute damping from the autocovariance functions of a set of modified phase plane variables at different energy levels. The method is demonstrated using records obtained by numerical simulation.     

基于相干分析的高铁简支箱梁结构噪声源识别方法研究

列车荷载作用下桥梁结构振动产生的低频结构噪声会给轨道交通沿线环境带来噪声污染问题,该文给出了基于相干分析的桥梁结构噪声源识别方法。首先确定了频谱分析与相干分析相结合的噪声源识别方法,介绍了频谱分析法、常相干分析、偏相干分析的方法和流程,给出了偏相干分析中最优线性条件输入模型的迭代求解,编制了相应的Matlab程序;其次针对成灌铁路一座高架桥的振动与噪声综合试验的实测数据,结合频谱分析和常相干分析方法讨论了桥梁结构振动的噪声辐射机理,通过偏相干分析对桥梁结构噪声进行了噪声源分离与识别,由重相干函数的分析可以定性得到结构噪声的影响区域。综合分析表明,相干分析结合频谱分析的噪声源识别方法可以得到结构局部振动与所辐射的结构噪声之间的相互关系,能较好地分离识别存在相干关系的各结构噪声源的独立贡献和频谱特性,可以为桥梁结构的减振降噪措施提供理论指导。     

Evaluation of partial-response maximum-likelihood detection for phase-change optical data storage

We describe the application of partial-response (PR) maximum-likelihood (ML) detection in rewritable phase-change optical data storage. The input to this detector, which is simulated in software, is the actual signal (without any equalization), reproduced from reading of the recorded sequence on an optical disk. The detection algorithm involves the extraction of the impulse response from the readout signal, PR equalization, the adjustment of gain and recovery of clock, ML sequence estimation with the Viterbi algorithm, and analysis of PRML performance. With a laser wavelength of 0.69 mum and an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.6, three linear densities are examined: 0.35 and 0.31 mum/bit without modulation code and 0.2 mum/bit with the (1, 7) modulation code. The equalized signal exhibits good eye patterns, especially at the densities of 0.35 and 0.31 mum/bit. Analyses of noise and bit-error rate indicate that jitter, rather than noise, is the main obstacle to realizing ultrahigh density in phase-change media with PRML detection. We also briefly discuss the problem of the inherent nonlinear effect in phase-change readout.     

Estimates of the information content and dimensionality of natural scenes from proximity distributions

Natural scenes, like most all natural data sets, show considerable redundancy. Although many forms of redundancy have been investigated (e.g., pixel distributions, power spectra, contour relationships, etc.), estimates of the true entropy of natural scenes have been largely considered intractable. We describe a technique for estimating the entropy and relative dimensionality of image patches based on a function we call the proximity distribution (a nearest-neighbor technique). The advantage of this function over simple statistics such as the power spectrum is that the proximity distribution is dependent on all forms of redundancy. We demonstrate that this function can be used to estimate the entropy (redundancy) of 3x3 patches of known entropy as well as 8x8 patches of Gaussian white noise, natural scenes, and noise with the same power spectrum as natural scenes. The techniques are based on assumptions regarding the intrinsic dimensionality of the data, and although the estimates depend on an extrapolation model for images larger than 3x3, we argue that this approach provides the best current estimates of the entropy and compressibility of natural-scene patches and that it provides insights into the efficiency of any coding strategy that aims to reduce redundancy. We show that the sample of 8x8 patches of natural scenes used in this study has less than half the entropy of 8x8 white noise and less than 60% of the entropy of noise with the same power spectrum. In addition, given a finite number of samples (<2(20)) drawn randomly from the space of 8x8 patches, the subspace of 8x8 natural-scene patches shows a dimensionality that depends on the sampling density and that for low densities is significantly lower dimensional than the space of 8x8 patches of white noise and noise with the same power spectrum.     

Selection of modulation code parameters for maximum lineal density

The relative performance capabilities for many known run-length-limited binary modulation codes useful in digital magnetic recording are placed in perspective. The criteria for grading is relative maximum achievable lineal recording density under conditions of quasi-optimal spectral shaping. The results are based upon a linear system analysis in which superposition is applicable in modeling saturation recording systems where the media is indeed fully saturated at the termination of each transition. The maximum relative achievable lineal density is shown in terms of code parameters for maximum theoretical information rate with run constraints. The results show which binary modulation code to select for maximal lineal density and how its performance compares with the maximum theoretically achievable for any binary modulation code.     

Information limit on the spatial integration of local orientation signals

Channel-based models of human spatial vision require that the output of spatial filters be pooled across space. This pooling yields global estimates of local feature attributes such as orientation that are useful in situations in which that attribute may be locally variable, as is the case for visual texture. The spatial characteristics of orientation summation are considered in the study. By assessing the effect of orientation variability on observers' ability to estimate the mean orientation of spatially unstructured textures, one can determine both the internal noise on each orientation sample and the number of samples being pooled. By a combination of fixing and covarying the size of textured regions and the number of elements constituting them, one can then assess the effects of the texture's size, density, and numerosity (the number of elements present) on the internal noise and the sampling density. Results indicate that internal noise shows a primary dependence on texture density but that, counterintuitively, subjects rely on a sample size approximately equal to a fixed power of the number of samples present, regardless of their spatial arrangement. Orientation pooling is entirely flexible with respect to the position of input features.     

Increasing the Reliability of the Primary Processing of the Results of Measurements

A new approach is considered to processing the results of measurements. It is utilized as a basis for carrying out primary processing including the detection and elimination of anomalous measurements and also for cleansing results of additive noise components. The results are presented of an analysis of the efficiency of a method for multiplying estimates when cleansing the results of measurements of additive noise components.     

On the efficiency of synchronization of electronic clocks with reference time and frequency signals

A Markovian mathematical model is proposed for comparative analysis of noise suppression efficiency of systems for synchronization of electronic clocks with time codes transmitted as a part of standard time and frequency signals. Analytic expressions were derived for noise suppression efficiency as a function of probability of error in the received time code signal.This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 93-02-15424).Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 28–32, October, 1994.     

最大相关峭度解卷积结合稀疏编码收缩的齿轮微弱故障特征提取

针对强背景噪声环境下齿轮早期故障诊断问题,提出了最大相关峭度解卷积结合稀疏编码收缩的微弱故障特征提取方法。由于最大相关峭度解卷积算法的处理结果同时受滤波器长度参数及解卷积周期参数的影响,为自适应地实现最佳的解卷积效果,利用粒子群算法优良的寻优特性,对最大相关峭度解卷积算法的最佳影响参数组合进行搜索。原故障信号经影响参数优化的最大相关峭度解卷积算法处理后,冲击特征会明显增强,为剔除剩余噪声,对所获解卷积信号做进一步稀疏编码收缩降噪处理,并通过分析降噪信号的包络谱来识别故障特征频率成分。实例分析结果验证了该方法的有效性和可靠性。