圆管内超临界水上升、下降流动传热实验研究

在SWAMUP实验回路中,针对超临界水流动换热开展上升、下降流实验研究,观测到了正常传热、传热恶化、传热强化等现象。实验结果及分析表明：浮升效应导致的第一类传热恶化只会发生在上升流中,加速效应导致的第二类传热恶化与流动方向无关;表征浮升效应和加速效应无量纲参数Bu和π_A能较好地从机理上预测第一类、第二类传热恶化。     

基于加速度效应的超临界水传热特性模型研究

超临界水冷堆（SCWR）运行在水的热力学临界点（22.1 MPa,374℃）之上,堆内冷却剂处于超临界状态,物性变化剧烈,与常规压水堆临界热流密度（CHF）导致包壳表面壁温飞升不同,超临界压力下的传热恶化是在变物性的影响下使得包壳表面温度相对缓慢上升,传统的热点判定方法和偏离泡核沸腾比（DNBR）限值等传热特性分析方法不再完全适用,因此,预测超临界水传热恶化时包壳壁温对SCWR的安全分析相当重要。本文基于边界层方程推导了超临界水传热关系式的加速度效应修正项,基于圆管实验数据,对加速度效应修正项的相关系数进行拟合获得超临界水传热特性半经验关系式,通过数据对比,该关系式在正常传热和传热恶化工况下均具有较好的适用性。本文获得的超临界水传热特性半经验关系式可为SCWR堆芯设计分析提供支持。      

竖直圆管通道内超临界水传热实验及数值模拟研究

为了对超临界水冷堆概念设计参数范围内超临界水的传热特性有进一步的了解,通过实验和数值模拟的方法对竖直上升圆管通道内超临界水的传热特性开展了研究,用实验数据对现有传热关系式和CFD计算模型进行了评估。通过实验数据与现有经验关系式的对比,发现现有大多数超临界传热关系式能够对本实验的壁温进行预测。使用实验数据对CFD模型进行了评估,结果表明在本实验参数条件下SST模型和RNG k-ε 模型的计算壁温与实验数据趋势基本一致。     

简单通道内超临界水传热特性实验研究

针对各国超临界水冷堆燃料组件设计方案,选取圆管、圆环形通道、方环形通道3种具有热工水力代表性的简单通道,开展超临界条件下水工质的传热特性实验研究。实验结果表明,热流密度、质量流速和压力3种热工参数对不同简单通道传热特性的影响趋势基本一致;在相同质量流速和压力下,换热系数在靠近拟临界温度处存在峰值,且随热流密度的增大而减小;在相同热流密度和压力下,相同主流体焓处对应的换热系数随着质量流速增加而增加;压力对超临界水传热特性影响较弱,仅在拟临界区域内换热系数峰值稍有不同;实验中出现了拟临界区域的传热恶化现象,传热恶化发生时壁温出现局部峰值。     

涡流发生器对超临界CO_2传热和流阻性能影响的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法,对布置有不同结构参数小尺度涡流发生器的矩形槽道内超临界流体的传热特性进行了研究。分析了涡流发生器所诱导的纵向涡对超临界流体传热影响的内在机理。结果表明,斜截半椭圆柱涡流发生器对超临界CO_2传热恶化现象具有明显的抑制效果,而对于超临界CO_2非传热恶化现象的影响并不明显。超临界CO_2发生传热恶化现象时,涡流发生器下游的局部壁面剪切应力与传热系数的变化趋势相同,传热恶化现象会造成壁面剪切应力显著增大。研究还发现,涡流发生器的结构参数对于超临界流体传热现象存在明显影响。     

超临界水拟临界区的物性变化对传热特性的影响分析

超临界水的拟临界区是物性的剧烈变化区,对超临界水的流动传热具有重要影响,这个区域的物性数据直接影响到数值计算的可靠性。本文基于2个超临界实验工况利用FLUENT计算流体力学软件,分析超临界水在拟临界区的物性数据对传热特性数值计算结果的敏感性,并基于FLUENT软件的用户自定义函数(UDF)扩展其物性处理方式。通过与实验工况进行比较,认为改进后的物性处理方式有助于提高数值计算的预测精度。     

模块式高温气冷堆超临界蒸汽发生器设计

介绍了用于模块式高温气冷堆的超临界蒸汽发生器的设计参数，给出了传热管束的螺旋管结构设计方案和结构尺寸，并分析了其在超临界压力下的传热特性。经过热工水力分析计算，证明能够满足传热和水动力要求，且在设计工况下，不会发生传热恶化。     

三角布置棒束内超临界水传热实验研究

在超临界水多功能实验装置上开展了三角布置棒束内超临界水流动传热实验研究,通过实验观测到了通道内棒束周向温度分布不均匀现象和定位格架导致的传热强化现象,获得不同热流密度、质量流量及压力范围内的传热实验数据,拟合得到预测偏差为±15%的三角布置棒束超临界水传热关系式。      

2×2稠密棒束内超临界水的传热特性试验研究

在压力p=23～28 MPa、质量流速G=350～1 000 kg/(m²•s)、热流密度q=200～1000 kW/m²的试验参数范围内,对2×2棒束内超临界水的传热特性进行了试验研究。试验得到了加热管周向壁温分布规律,并就出现周向温度差异的原因进行了分析。此外,给出了压力、质量流速及热流密度等系统参数对平均传热特性的影响,分析了低质量流速下出现的传热恶化现象。试验结果表明：加热管周向壁温并不均匀,边角子通道壁温最高,中心子通道壁温最低,周向壁温的高低与横截面流通面积的不均匀性紧密相关。随着热流密度的提高或质量流速的降低,超临界水的传热受到抑制,当q/G增大到一定程度时,棒束内发生传热恶化。     

垂直圆管内超临界水传热关联式研究

基于圆管内超临界水传热试验数据建立传热系数的预测关联式。将本文关联式和相关文献关联式预测结果与试验数据进行对比,全面比较各关联式的适用性和通用性。结果表明:本文建立的关联式具有较宽的预测范围,不仅可以预测超临界水正常传热,还可以预测传热强化和传热恶化等典型传热行为。     

Numerical investigation of acceleration effect on heat transfer deterioration phenomenon in supercritical water

It is important to understand the heat transfer deterioration (HTD) phenomenon for specifying cladding temperature limits in the fuel assembly design of supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR). In this study, a numerical investigation of heat transfer in supercritical water flowing through vertical tube with high mass flux and high heat flux is performed by using six low-Reynolds number turbulence models. The capabilities of the addressed models in predicting the observed phenomena of experimental study are shortly analyzed. Mechanisms of the effect of flow structures and fluid properties on heat transfer deterioration phenomenon are also discussed. Numerical results have shown that the turbulence is significantly suppressed when the large-property-variation region spreads to the buffer layer near the wall region, resulting in heat transfer deterioration phenomenon. The property variations of dynamic viscosity and specific heat capacity in supercritical water can impair the deterioration in heat transfer, while the decrease of thermal conductivity contributes to the deterioration.     

A simplified method for heat transfer prediction of supercritical fluids in circular tubes

This paper presents a new method for heat transfer prediction in supercritical fluids. Emphasis is put on the simplicity of the correlation structure, its explicit coupling with physical phenomena and the selection criteria of the test data. Assessment of qualitative behaviour of heat transfer is carried out based on existing test data and the experience gathered in the open literature. A single dimensionless number, the acceleration number, is introduced to correct the deviation of heat transfer of supercritical fluids from that of conventional fluids. The new correlation structure excludes any direct dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the wall surface temperature, and eliminates possible numerical instability. The uncertainty analysis of the test data provides information about the sources and the levels of uncertainties of various parameters, and is strongly required for the selection of both the dimensionless parameters implemented into the heat transfer correlation and the test data for the derivation of correlations. Detailed assessment shows that the new correlation gives reasonable prediction accuracy over a wide parameter range and is also capable of predicting heat transfer behaviour in the heat transfer deterioration region.     

Heat transfer to a supercritical pressure fluid flowing in sub-bundle channels

Supercritical pressure water cooled reactor (SCWR) has been regarded as an innovative nuclear reactor. For the design and development of the SCWR, heat transfer performance under supercritical pressure is one of the most important indicators. In this paper, experimental data are presented on the heat transfer to a supercritical pressure fluid flowing vertically upward and downward in a small diameter heated tube and two sub-bundle channels with three heater rods and seven heater rods, using HCFC22 as the test fluid. Downstream of grid spacer for the sub-bundles, heat transfer enhancement was observed in the upward flow, but not in the downward flow. The enhancement was remarkable especially when the heat transfer deterioration occurs in the fully developed region unaffected by the spacer. The heat transfer correlation for the downstream region of the spacer was developed in the normal heat transfer of sub-bundles. In the fully developed region for the sub-bundle, occurrence of the heat transfer deterioration was suppressed or degree of the deterioration was moderated. At high mass velocity for downward flow in the seven rod sub-bundle, oscillation of heat transfer was observed in the region of the enthalpy over the pseudocritical point.     

超临界压力下竖直圆管内不同流体的传热特性

为了深入认识超临界压力下不同流体传热中的共性反映出的传热机理及物性导致的特性差异,以水和氟利昂R134a为工质分别在SWAMUP回路和SMOTH回路上开展了竖直圆管内上升流传热试验。在正常传热、传热强化、小质量流速时浮升力导致传热恶化和大质量流速时加速效应导致传热恶化的工况中,氟利昂和水的换热系数（HTC）随无量纲温度表现出一致的变化规律。浮升力无量纲数_πB增大,换热系数与经典关系式计算值之比减小;加速效应无量纲数_πA较小时,换热系数比随_πA的增大而增大,达到峰值后换热系数比随_πA的增大而减小。_πB对超临界水试验数据的相关性更佳,而_πA对超临界氟利昂试验数据的相关性更好。无量纲数表征的超临界压力下传热规律的高度相似性初步验证了以模化流体氟利昂R134a研究超临界水传热特性是合理可行的。     

Discussion of heat transfer phenomena in fluids at supercritical pressure with the aid of CFD models

The paper discusses heat transfer enhancement and deterioration phenomena observed in experimental data for fluids at supercritical pressure. The results obtained by the application of various CFD turbulence models in the prediction of experimental data for water and carbon dioxide flowing in circular tubes are firstly described. On this basis, the capabilities of the addressed models in predicting the observed phenomena are shortly discussed.     

Supercritical water heat transfer in vertical tubes: A look-up table

A new procedure for the prediction of wall temperatures in vertical tubes has been established in the framework of the development of the High Performance Light Water Reactor (HPLWR). The prediction of the wall temperature is accomplished by a look-up table for heat transfer in supercritical water. The look-up table lists the wall temperatures as a function of mass flux, heat flux, pressure, tube diameter, and bulk enthalpy. Based on an extended literature survey, experimental data for different conditions of upward flows in vertical smooth tubes are selected. To exclude data which exhibited local, buoyancy driven effects, a criterion of Jackson for deterioration of heat transfer is used to remove these data from further processing. An interpolation method is applied to assemble the tabulated grid points, based on published correlations for heat transfer in supercritical water. The look-up table covers a mass flux range of 700–3500 kg/m² s, a heat flux range of 300–1600 kW/m², a pressure range of 22.5–25 MPa, a diameter range of 8–20 mm and a bulk enthalpy range of 1200–2700 kJ/kg. Extreme combinations which required extrapolation of the data are excluded. The accuracy of the table in the vicinity of the pseudo-critical point is significantly higher than published correlations.     

Investigation of forced convection heat transfer of supercritical pressure water in a vertically upward internally ribbed tube

In the present paper, the forced convection heat transfer characteristics of water in a vertically upward internally ribbed tube at supercritical pressures were investigated experimentally. The six-head internally ribbed tube is made of SA-213T12 steel with an outer diameter of 31.8 mm and a wall thickness of 6 mm and the mean inside diameter of the tube is measured to be 17.6 mm. The experimental parameters were as follows. The pressure at the inlet of the test section varied from 25.0 to 29.0 MPa, and the mass flux was from 800 to 1200 kg/(m² s), and the inside wall heat flux ranged from 260 to 660 kW/m². According to experimental data, the effects of heat flux and pressure on heat transfer of supercritical pressure water in the vertically upward internally ribbed tube were analyzed, and the characteristics and mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement, and also that of heat transfer deterioration, were also discussed in the so-called large specific heat region. The drastic changes in thermophysical properties near the pseudocritical points, especially the sudden rise in the specific heat of water at supercritical pressures, may result in the occurrence of the heat transfer enhancement, while the covering of the heat transfer surface by fluids lighter and hotter than the bulk fluid makes the heat transfer deteriorated eventually and explains how this lighter fluid layer forms. It was found that the heat transfer characteristics of water at supercritical pressures were greatly different from the single-phase convection heat transfer at subcritical pressures. There are three heat transfer modes of water at supercritical pressures: (1) normal heat transfer, (2) deteriorated heat transfer with low HTC but high wall temperatures in comparison to the normal heat transfer, and (3) enhanced heat transfer with high HTC and low wall temperatures in comparison to the normal heat transfer. It was also found that the heat transfer deterioration at supercritical pressures was similar to the DNB at subcritical pressures.     

超临界压力下考虑密度脉动的湍流模型开发

目前超临界水传热数值程序中使用的湍流模型都是针对亚临界压力下常物性开发的,未考虑密度脉动。超临界水的物性随温度变化显著,密度脉动对湍流模型的贡献很大,不可忽略。本文建立了考虑密度脉动的模拟方法,模拟方法中同时考虑了热膨胀系数的脉动。将建立的密度脉动模型用于AKN湍流模型中,并采用实验数据进行验证评价。评价结果表明,考虑密度脉动的湍流模型模拟得到的结果与实验值符合得更好。建议在以后的超临界水传热的湍流模拟中考虑密度脉动。