壁面辐射对具有内置翅片的封闭腔内湍流自然对流传热特性影响

为研究有内置翅片的封闭腔内壁面发射率（ε）对腔内湍流自然对流传热特性的影响,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对流体为空气、高宽比为1的封闭腔内的温度场、流场、壁面传热能力进行数值分析。结果表明:内置翅片与壁面辐射的综合效应使得竖向热边界层和速度边界层厚度均增大,腔体顶部及底部区域水平速度产生了一定波动。考虑壁面辐射时,双翅片结构对热壁面局部传热能力的影响趋势与单翅片结构类似;ε为0.3、0.6、0.9时,单翅片对热壁面平均努塞尔数（Nu）分别提高39.95%、88.55%和144.97%,双翅片对热壁面平均Nu分别提高41.09%、87.32%和141.23%;ε过大对双翅片结构的封闭腔内对流散热反而不利。      

QM-400 CFD自然对流模型研究及验证

秦山第三核电厂乏燃料干式贮存模块QM-400是我国第一座投入商业运行的干式贮存设施，模块内的热量交换主要包括自然对流、热传导、耦合传热和辐射换热等。本文精确计算了典型环境温度下每个燃料篮的衰变热，运用商用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件FLUENT 14.0开展了网格敏感性分析，并建立了QM-400存储模块的自然对流CFD分析模型。结果表明，模块顶面、侧面以及贮存筒表面压力和温度分布符合自然对流规律，计算的测点温度与现场的实测温度符合良好，测点温度随环境温度的变化趋势也与实测趋势符合良好，证明了建立的CFD自然对流计算方法的正确性。本文结果为后续采用CFD方法进行取消绝热板后的温度场计算奠定了基础。     

环形燃料流量分配比范围研究

针对环形燃料双冷却通道的特殊结构形式,基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法建立了单棒精细化流固热耦合数值计算模型,通过计算内外包壳与内外通道冷却水的温度场分布对环形燃料流量分配比（φ）的取值范围进行了研究。计算结果表明：内外包壳温差与内外通道出口温差均随着φ的增大而减小;当φ≤0.72时,外包壳内部径向温度曲线斜率在包壳表面附近出现陡变;0.86≤φ≤1时,包壳内部温度变化均匀,无温度陡变现象,且内外包壳温差小于8 ℃,内外通道出口冷却水温差小于10 ℃。综合考虑环形燃料双侧冷却优势的充分发挥和包壳的机械安全性,确定了φ的取值范围为0.86～1。     

HTR-PM反应堆舱室自然对流特性数值分析

为研究HTR-PM反应堆舱室自然对流特性,本文分别就黑度系数、辐射模型、流动模型及壁面处理方式等进行了讨论,摸索出适用于HTR-PM反应堆舱室自然对流数值分析的模型。利用该模型,对影响反应堆舱室自然对流的内外壁面温差、径向间距与环形空间高度比、水冷壁钢板高度与环形空间高度比、内外壁面半径比和内壁面温度不均匀分布等5个因素进行数值分析,并对部分因素给出相关的拟合公式,对于HTR PM反应堆舱室设计、分析具有一定的参考价值。     

高温气冷堆非能动舱室冷却系统排热功率计算分析

非能动舱室冷却系统(RCCS)是模块式球床高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)的重要安全设施，准确预测事故工况下其与反应堆压力容器间的传热量对于RCCS设计具有重要意义。本文依托HTR-PM热态调试阶段反应堆压力容器壁面温度分布，采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法，开展了RCCS全比例三维辐射传热及对流换热模拟。结果显示，Realizable k-ε湍流模型与Discrete Ordinates辐射传热模型可准确预测RCCS的排热功率，数值结果与测量结果相对误差在10%左右。基于THERMIX程序计算得到的事故工况后反应堆压力容器壁面温度分布，计算分析了投入不同列数RCCS及不同冷却水温度下的排热功率，并给出了不同工况时水冷壁与混凝土温度分布计算结果。     

快堆带绕丝环形燃料棒热工水力特性分析

环形燃料棒具有内外两个冷却表面,与传统棒状燃料棒相比,可充分带走燃料芯块产生的热量,有效降低燃料棒表面温度,提升反应堆安全性。通过数值模拟的方法为钠冷快堆建立稳态工况下的环形燃料棒相关数学物理模型,在保持采用绕丝定位方式的基础上,改变绕丝缠绕的位置及数量,对比分析不加绕丝、外绕、内绕、内外绕四种模型对钠冷快堆环形燃料棒温度场、流场、压力场的影响。研究表明：绕丝对流场具有充分搅混的作用,可增加冷却剂的流速,对燃料棒热量导出具有促进作用;采用内外绕时环形燃料棒整体性能最佳,环形燃料棒最高温度为768.2 K;绕丝的引入及绕丝数量的增加,均会引起压降的增加;内外绕时内外流场压降最大,但均在其安全裕度范围内。     

空间堆辐射散热器设计分析

本文针对空间堆热管辐射散热器进行了初步设计分析,建立了单块辐射板传热模型,包括冷却剂与蒸发段的对流换热、热管内部由蒸发段到冷凝段的传热、冷凝段和C-C包壳之间的传热、C-C包壳辐射散热量等。选取了5种不同热管数目的方案进行计算,得到每种方案下冷却剂支管冷却剂温度沿流动方向的变化规律。结果表明,当热管根数为7 436时,满足设计要求。在热管根数固定的情况下,辐射散热器的最佳翅片宽度为30 mm,单块辐射板合适的冷却剂流量为0.5 kg/s。     

高温气冷堆燃料运输容器热工计算分析

采用CFX程序模拟高温气冷堆燃料运输容器内外导热、对流、热辐射等传热方式。计算结果表明:容器各部件温度不会超过限值、热工结构符合安全运输要求。将计算结果与容器火烧试验相比较,证明了计算模型的保守性与合理性。     

严重事故工况高温环境下爆破阀药筒驱动装置可用性研究

本文利用通用流体计算软件,建立了爆破阀传热模型,采用稳态及瞬态求解器对AP1000型核电厂正常工况和严重事故工况下的爆破阀传热过程进行了计算与研究。计算过程中实时监测药筒壁面最高温度随时间的变化,计算结果为验证爆破阀在严重事故工况下的可用性提供了理论依据。研究结论如下:正常工况下,药筒壁面最高温度约为75℃;严重事故工况下,阀体表面与空气的对流换热系数分别采用10、50及100 W·m^(-2)·K^(-1)三种条件进行计算,药筒壁面最高温度分别达到95.7℃、124.8℃及154.8℃。计算结果表明,严重事故期间,药筒壁面最高温度不超过160℃,不会对爆破阀所用火药性能产生重大影响。     

压力管式超临界水堆极限事故下“无堆芯熔化”概念评估

在自主研发的事故分析程序SCTRAN的基础上,开发并验证了二维导热模型和辐射换热模型,并将改进后的SCTRAN应用于加拿大压力管式超临界水堆在失水事故（LOCA）叠加丧失紧急堆芯冷却系统（LOECC）事故中的堆芯安全评估,并对燃料棒到慢化剂之间的传热效率以及关键的影响因素进行了评估。计算结果表明,在LOCA叠加LOECC工况下,燃料棒到燃料通道的辐射换热和燃料棒到蒸汽的自然对流换热能够有效导出反应堆的衰变余热,最高功率的燃料组件内、外圈燃料棒的最高包壳温度分别为1278℃和1192℃,均低于不锈钢包壳的熔化温度,因此整个事故过程中不会发生堆芯熔化。      

Heat transfer from a partially uncovered reactor core

This paper documents a model which has been developed for predicting the temperature distribution along a “flow channel” of a pressurized water reactor during simulated, uncovered core conditions. In the model, heat conduction along the fuel element, convection from the surface to the coolant, radiation exchange between the clad surface and steam, and surface exchange between adjacent fuel rods are considered. Variations of the thermophysical properties of the fuel road and of the coolant with temperature are accounted for, but oxidation of Zircaloy is not modeled. Extensive sensitivity studies on the effects of heat generation in the core, steam velocity, pressure level, uncovered core height, presence of hydrogen gas in the coolant, power skew, clad emissivity, and convective heat transfer correlations have been examined. The results show that the importance of radiation in comparison with convection increases with an increase in the fuel rod temperature, pressure, and clad emissivity.     

Estimation of fuel and clad temperature of a research reactor during dry period of de-fuelling operation

Heat transfer and fluid flow studies related to spent fuel bundle of a research reactor in fuelling machine has been carried out. When the fuel is in reactor core, the heat generated in the fuel bundle is removed by heavy water under normal reactor operation. However, during the de-fuelling operation, the fuel bundle is exposed to air for some period called dry period. During this period, the decay heat from fuel bundle has to be removed by air flow. This flow of air is induced by natural convection only. In this period, the temperatures of fuel and clad rise. If clad temperature rises beyond a certain limit, structural failure may occur. This failure can result into release of fission products from fuel rod. Hence the temperature of clad has to be within specified limit under all conditions. The objective of this study is to estimate the clad temperature rise during the dry period.In the CFD simulation, the turbulent natural convection flow over fuel and radiation heat transfer are accounted. Standard k-? model for turbulence, Boussinesq approximation for computing the natural convection flow and IMMERSOL model for radiation are used.The steady state and transient CFD simulation of flow and heat is performed, using the CFD code PHOENICS. The steady state analysis provides the maximum temperature the clad will attain if fuel bundle is left exposed to air for sufficiently long time. For safe operation, the clad temperature should be limited to a specified value. From steady state CFD analysis, it is found that steady state clad temperature for various decay powers is higher than the limiting value. Hence transient analysis is also performed. In the transient analysis, the variation of clad temperature with time is predicted for various decay powers. Safe dry time, i.e. the time required for clad to reach the limiting value, is predicted for various decay powers. Determination of safe dry time helps in deciding the time available to the operator to drop the bundle in light water pool for storage. The analysis is found useful in optimizing the de-fuelling process.     

Conjugated heat transfer in a concentric annular pipe

Combined convection and radiation heat transfer for adsorbing-emitting gas in the entrance region of a finite length concentric annular duct is numerically investigated. The thermal boundary conditions imposed on the two duct walls are of a mixed type; a constant heat flux, attributed by both radiation and conduction, is imposed at the inner wall, and a constant temperature is imposed at the outer wall. An approximation model, namely the method of moments, is employed to consider the radiation contribution. The method of lines (MOL) is employed to discretize the nonlinear partial differential energy and radiation transport equations into a set of ordinary differential equations. The fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Verner method is used to solve the ordinary differential equation set. The effects of six major parameters on the conjugate behavior in the entrance region of a concentric annular duct are discussed. Compared to the isothermal boundary condition, the results indicate that the local Nusselt number exhibits many different behaviors for the mixed boundary condition.     

Investigations on post-dryout heat transfer in bilaterally heated annular channels

Post-dryout heat transfer in bilaterally heated vertical narrow annular channels with 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm gap size has been experimentally investigated with deionized water under the condition of pressure ranging from 1.38 to 5.9 MPa and low mass flow rate from 42.9 to 150.2 kg/m²s. The experimental data was compared with well known empirical correlations including Groeneveld, Mattson, etc., and none of them gave an ideal prediction. Theoretical investigations were also carried out on post-dryout heat transfer in annular channels. Based on analysis of heat exchange processes arising among the droplets, the vapor and two tube walls of annular channel, a non-equilibrium mechanistic heat transfer model was developed. Comparison indicated that the present model prediction showed a good agreement with our experimental data. Theoretical calculation result showed that the forced convective heat transfer between the heated wall and vapor dominate the overall heat transfer. The heat transfer caused by the droplets direct contact to the wall and the interfacial convection/evaporation of droplets in superheated vapors also had an indispensable contribution. The radiation heat transfer would be neglected because of its small contribution (less than 0.11%) to the total heat transfer.     

Benchmark Calculations of a Radiation Heat Transfer for a CANDU Fuel Channel Analysis using the CFD Code

To justify the use of a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code for a CANDU fuel channel analysis, especially for the radiation heat transfer dominant conditions, the CFX-10 code is tested against three benchmark problems which were used for the validation of a radiation heat transfer in the CANDU analysis code, a CATHENA. These three benchmark problems are representative of the CANDU fuel channel configurations from a simple geometry to a whole fuel channel geometry. For the solutions of the benchmark problems, the temperature or the net radiation heat flux boundary conditions are prescribed for each radiating surface to determine the radiation heat transfer rate or the surface temperature, respectively by using the network method.

The Discrete Transfer Model (DTM) is used for the CFX-10 radiation model and its calculation results are compared with the solutions of the benchmark problems. The CFX-10 results for the three benchmark problems are in close agreement with these solutions, so it is concluded that the CFX-10 with a DTM radiation model can be applied to the CANDU fuel channel analysis where a surface radiation heat transfer is a dominant mode of the heat transfer.     

双侧加热环形窄缝通道内单相水的流动传热特性研究

对环形窄缝通道内单相水在双面处于不同的加热热流密度情况下的对流换热特性进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,环形通道内、外壁加热热流密度比值的不同,对环形通道内、外壁与单相水的对流换热特性有着显著的影响.内、外壁面加热热流密度比值较小时,内壁的换热强于外壁的换热,随着内壁加热热流密度的增大,外壁的换热得到增强.但是,当内、外壁加热热流密度比值增加到一定程度时,外壁的对流换热特性将超过内壁的对流换热特性,与文献报道的实验结果一致.此外,环缝间隙的减小将导致环形通道的换热性能下降.     

CFX simulation of high temperature thermal–chemical experiment: CS28-2

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a post-blowdown fuel channel analysis for aged CANDU reactors with crept pressure tube has been developed, and validated against a high temperature thermal–chemical experiment: CS28-2. The CS28-2 experiment is one of three series of experiments to simulate the thermal–chemical behavior of a 28-element fuel channel at a high temperature and a low steam flow rate which may occur in severe accident conditions such as a LBLOCA (large break loss of coolant accident) of CANDU reactors. Pursuant to the objective of this study, the current study has focused on understanding the involved phenomena such as the thermal radiation and convection heat transfer, and the high temperature zirconium-steam reaction in a multi-ring geometry. Therefore, a zirconium-steam oxidation model based on a parabolic rate law was implemented into the CFX-10 code, which is a commercial CFD code offered from ANSYS Inc., and other heat transfer mechanisms in the 28-element fuel channel were modeled by the original CFX-10 heat transfer packages. To assess the capability of the CFX-10 code to model the thermal–chemical behavior of the 28-element fuel channel, the measured temperatures of the fuel element simulators (FES) of three fuel rings in the test bundle and the pressure tube, and the hydrogen production in the CS28-2 experiment were compared with the CFX-10 predictions.