加氢站的能耗与节能分析

基于35 MPa加氢站的主要设备功率和3个35 MPa加氢站运营过程中的单位加氢量的耗能情况,提出了现在加氢站运营中节能的方向。主要可以从减少压缩机的空转,根据进气压力由站控系统自动选择合适压缩比进行氢气压缩及储气,综合加氢速度、氢气换热等情况,合理设置加氢机的氢气预冷温度。     

我国氢燃料电池汽车加氢站建设现状与前景展望

氢燃料电池汽车是氢能经济的主要发展方向,加氢站作为向氢燃料电池汽车提供氢气的基础设施,是氢燃料电池汽车产业中十分关键、不可或缺的重要环节。截至2018年,全球加氢站数量达到369座,其中日本、德国和美国三国合计198座,处于全球领先地位。我国正常运营的加氢站有24座,运营数量占全球总数的6.5%。我国加氢站建设起步较晚且发展滞缓,主要面临燃料电池汽车产业政策、技术标准体系、建设运行成本以及城市规划、用地政策、行业管理、核心技术储备等方面的制约。国家应加强加氢站的产业规划和建设布局,完善加氢站的行业准入及管理制度,开展关键技术研究,优化技术标准体系,促进加氢站的建设和发展。随着我国氢燃料电池汽车市场的成熟,加氢站也将随之得到不断发展,预计2020年加氢站数量将达到100座,2025年后加氢站建设进入快速发展期,2030年加氢站数量可达1000座。鉴于加氢站与加油(气)站合建的模式可以有效整合运营管理团队,降低加氢站建设运行成本,解决用地问题,简化建设审批流程,预计今后加氢站与加油(气)站的合建站将成为主流。     

我国加氢站建设现状与前景

燃料电池汽车的发展和商业化离不开加氢站基础设施的建设。简要介绍了加氢站、国内外加氢站的建设现状,分析我国加氢站建设缓慢的原因,并提出加快加氢站建设速度的应对措施,同时对加氢站的发展前景进行探讨,认为我国加氢站将在未来10年进入快速发展期。     

上海建成全球规模最大加氢站

正日前,名为驿蓝金山的加氢站在上海化工区落成,每天的氢气供应能力为1.9t,可向所有的氢燃料汽车车型提供加注服务。同时,它还可作为加氢母站,为周边的其他加氢站供应氢气原料,并提供氢燃料汽车的维修保养服务。     

焦炉煤气综合利用技术

焦炉煤气是焦化行业重要的副产品,其中的氢气和甲烷是工业行业极其宝贵的资源,但是目前我国高附加值利用焦炉煤气的比例很少.针对目前国内外焦炉煤气的利用现状,综述了焦炉煤气普遍应用的领域和途径,以期对我国焦化行业焦炉煤气高附加值利用提供指导.     

我国建成首座利用可再生能源制氢的70MPa加氢站

正使用风电技术存在远距离输送容量限制,不利于大规模的发电。经研究论证,合理开发风电技术来大规模制氢,然后采用制氢储能方式,可以彻底解决问题。如果能够利用风电制氢装置生产大量的氢气,那么就可以实现超大规模的能量储存,有效地解决风电并网难题。在汽车、火车、轮船、飞机上都可以使用氢气能源,解决能源短缺问题。我国首座利用风光互补发电制氢的70MPa加氢站(同济-新源加氢站)2016年9月在大连建成。该加氢站是同济大学承担的科技部"十二五"     

克拉玛依石化公司氢气系统优化运行实践

氢气是石化企业加氢工艺的重要原料。为了缓解近年来由于油品升级带来的用氢矛盾,中国石油克拉玛依石化公司对氢气系统进行了优化:①对氢气进行了分类运行管理,形成了A、B两套氢气系统(其中,A系统为天然气制氢系统,主要为2套高压加氢装置供氢;B系统为催化重整副产氢气以及其他各临氢装置回收的氢气,主要为加氢精制装置供氢),理顺了氢气系统运行方式,提高了系统的平稳率。②通过对循环氢、低分氢的回收利用,提高了氢气资源的综合利用率,降低了制氢成本。③通过对氢气品质和压力能的梯级利用,在生产环节上简化了氢气流程,提高了压缩机的利用率,降低了运行成本。④通过加强管理,实现了氢气资源的零排放,杜绝了氢气资源的浪费。上述措施实施后,克拉玛依石化公司基本达到了优化氢气资源的目标。     

国内首座燃料电池车加氢站开业

中国首座为燃料电池汽车服务的加氢站．近日在上海安亭国际汽车城正式开业。作为国家“863计划”的一部分,安亭加氢站主要为上海市使用燃料电池的轿车和公交车提供压缩氢气。目前上海市已有数十辆燃料电池车投入使用．计划到2010年将实现大幅增量。由于目前燃料电池车尚未投入商业运营,所以氢气的价格还没有确定。     

加氢站高压储氢瓶分级方法

应用真实气体状态方程,拟合了常用温度压力范围内的氢气压缩因子,建立了加氢站高压氢气多级加注的计算方法。以取气率作为指标,研究比较了二级加注和三级加注方式,讨论了等质量加注和变质量加注两种模式及储气压力和储气容积对取气率的影响。通过计算,发现三级变质量加注是最佳模式,可获得较高的取气率。研究表明:三级加注加氢站储氢瓶组的通用最佳容积比是4:3:2和2:2:1,研究结果对加氢站的设计和操作具有重要参考价值。     

提高催化重整氢收率的途径分析

随着加工原油质量变重变劣,且环保要求日趋严格,以及市场对优质汽、柴油需求量的增加,炼油厂需要进一步提高加氢工艺装置的加工能力和深度。催化重整装置的副产氢气可为炼油厂加氢精制、加氢改质、加氢裂化等加氢装置提供氢源。催化重整氢气收率与工艺过程类型、原料组成、催化剂类型和操作参数等有关。催化重整工艺过程类型选用连续再生式重整,氢气收率和氢气纯度均比半再生重整高。选用环烷烃含量高的催化熏整原料,有利于提高重整氢的收率,这是由于产生氢气的环烷脱氢反应发生的越多,氢气收率越高。催化重整催化剂选用高选择性、低积炭的催化剂,有利于提高重整氢收率,并可提高催化剂的选择性和寿命。改善重整过程的操作参数（如适当提高反应温度和降低反应压力等）,可以提高重整氢收率,但是不推荐采用提高空速和降低氢油比的方法来提高氢气收率。此外,实践证实,从重整原料中脱除大部分c。烃（包括环烷烃、苯和己烷）,有利于增加催化重整氢气净收率,同时可以提高汽油收率,增大汽油辛烷值,并降低炼油厂苯的生成。     

Thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen storage based on compressed gaseous hydrogen,liquid hydrogen and cryo-compressed hydrogen

Safe, reliable, and economic hydrogen storage is a bottleneck for large-scale hydrogen utilization. In this paper, hydrogen storage methods based on the ambient temperature compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH₂), liquid hydrogen (LH₂) and cryo-compressed hydrogen (CcH₂) are analyzed. There exists the optimal states, defined by temperature and pressure, for hydrogen storage in CcH₂ method. The ratio of the hydrogen density obtained to the electrical energy consumed exhibits a maximum value at the pressures above 15 MPa. The electrical energy consumed consists of compression and cooling down processes from 0.1 MPa at 300 K to the optimal states. The recommended parameters for hydrogen storage are at 35–110 K and 5–70 MPa regardless of ortho-to parahydrogen conversion. The corresponding hydrogen density at the optimal states range from 60.0 to 71.5 kg m⁻³ and the ratio of the hydrogen density obtained to the electrical energy consumed ranges from 1.50 to 2.30 kg m⁻³ kW⁻¹. While the ortho-to para-hydrogen conversion is considered, the optimal states move to a slightly higher temperatures comparing to calculations without ortho-to para-hydrogen conversion.     

Green hydrogen standard in China: Standard and evaluation of low-carbon hydrogen,clean hydrogen,and renewable hydrogen

With the proposal of carbon neutral goals in various countries, the deepening of global action on climate change and the acceleration of green economy recovery in the post epidemic era, building a low-carbon and clean hydrogen supply system has gradually become a global consensus. In order to promote the development of clean hydrogen market, the standards of green hydrogen have been discussed at global level. The quantitative definition of different hydrogen production methods based on the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission of life cycle assessment (LCA) methods is gradually recognised by the industry. China issued the “Standard and evaluation of low-carbon hydrogen, clean hydrogen and renewable hydrogen” in December 2020. This is the first formal green hydrogen standard worldwide, which provides calculation methods for GHG of different hydrogen production paths. This chapter discusses the major green hydrogen standards initiative in the world, analyses the key factors of the global green hydrogen standard, and introduces how to establish the quantitative standards and evaluation system of low-carbon hydrogen, clean hydrogen, and renewable hydrogen by using the method in China.     

Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen coupled with in-situ hydrogen storage

To date, hydrogen generation and storage are two separated processes. We report on a new concept where photocatalytically generated hydrogen is simultaneously stored in-situ within the material photo-generating hydrogen. To this aim, we successfully synthesised a “forest” of vertically aligned TiO₂ nanotubes decorated with Pd nanoparticles acting as the hydrogen store. Upon illumination of TiO₂, hydrogen was effectively generated and full storage of hydrogen within the Pd nanostructures was achieved within 100 min. This result demonstrates new avenues on the possibility of designing hybrid nanostructures for the effective use of hydrogen as an energy vector.     

Origin of hydrogen embrittlement in vanadium-based hydrogen separation membranes

Hydrogen embrittlement in metals is a challenging technical issue in the proper use of hydrogen energy. Despite extensive investigations, the underlying mechanism has not been clearly understood. Using atomistic simulations, we focused on the hydrogen embrittlement in vanadium-based hydrogen separation membrane. We found that, contrary to the conventional reasoning for the embrittlement of vanadium, the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) mechanism is the most promising mechanism. Hydrogen enhances the nucleation of dislocations near the crack tip, which leads to the localized plasticity, and eventually enhances the void nucleation that leads to the failure. Those results provide an insight into the complex atomic scale process of hydrogen embrittlement in vanadium and also help us design a new alloy for hydrogen separation membranes.     

氢能知识系列讲座(11)氢的安全性

一氢气是安全的燃料凡是燃料都具有能量,都隐藏着着火和爆炸的危险。我们很熟悉的天然气、汽油、液化石油气和电都是如此。根据美国交通部的资料,从1986～2003年间,美国天然气加注发生2406次事故,300人死亡,1364人受伤,直接财产损失约3亿美元;天然气输送发生1467次事故,60人死亡,232人受     

Design of a hydrogen compressor for hydrogen fueling stations

Hydrogen compressors dominate the hydrogen refueling station costs. Metal hydride based thermally driven hydrogen compressor (MHHC) is a promising technology for the compression of hydrogen. Selection of metal hydride alloys and reactor design have a great impact on the performance of the thermally driven MHHC. A thermal model is developed to study the performance characteristics of the two-stage MHHC at different operating conditions. The effects of heat source temperature and hydrogen supply pressure on the compression ratio and isentropic efficiency are investigated. Finite volume method is used for discretizing the reaction kinetics, continuity, momentum and energy equations. Metal hydrides selected for this analysis are Mm_0.2La_0.6Ca_0.2Ni₅ and Ti_1.1Cr_1.5Mn_0.4V_0.1. The thermal model was validated with the results extracted from an experimental study. Validation results demonstrated that the numerical results are in good agreement with the data reported in literature.     

Safety aspects of hydrogen combustion in hydrogen energy systems

Safety aspects will become essential for the introduction and acceptance of gaseous and liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel in energy supply systems. Prevention and control of accidental formation and ignition of large volumes of fuel-air mixtures are of primary importance when safety aspects of released gaseous hydrogen are discussed. Detailed knowledge of the overpressure in an accidental situation is essential for the protection of the public as well as for the corresponding plants and safety installations. Considerable progress has been made in the last few years concerning the understanding of the complex phenomena involved in combustion processes of gaseous mixtures. This holds in particular for flame acceleration and maximum turbulent flame speeds in unconfined and confined geometries. Fast turbulent deflagrations often transit spontaneously to detonations if flame speeds are high enough, depending on the combustible and boundary conditions. This paper discusses the potential hazards of hydrogen in the energy market as compared with other and already familiar energy carriers like natural gas and propane.     

Effects of internal hydrogen and surface-absorbed hydrogen on the hydrogen embrittlement of X80 pipeline steel

Effects of internal hydrogen and surface-absorbed hydrogen on hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of X80 pipeline steel were investigated by using different strain rate tensile test, annealing and hydrogen permeation tests. HE of X80 pipeline steel is affected by internal hydrogen and surface-absorbed hydrogen, and the latter plays a major role due to its higher effective hydrogen concentration. The HE susceptibility decreases with increasing the strain rate because it is more difficult for hydrogen to be captured by dislocations at the high strain rate. Annealing at 200 °C can weakened HE caused by internal hydrogen, while it has little effect on HE caused by surface-absorbed hydrogen. HE of X80 pipeline steel is mainly determined by the behavior of dislocation trapping hydrogen, which can be attributed to the interaction between hydrogen and dislocation.     

Robust hydrogen detection system with a thermoelectric hydrogen sensor for hydrogen station application

A prototype hydrogen detection system using the micro-thermoelectric hydrogen sensor (micro-THS) was developed for the safety of hydrogen infrastructure systems, such as hydrogen stations. We have designed a detection part with a pressure proof enclosure adoptable for the international standard of Exd II CT3, and carried out an explosion strength test, explosion and fire hazard tests, and an impact test. The hydrogen sensing performance of the detection part of this prototype system showed a good linear relationship between the sensing signal and hydrogen concentrations in air, for a wide range of hydrogen concentrations from 10 ppm to 40,000 ppm (4 vol.%). This prototype detection system was installed in the outdoor field of the hydrogen station and the response for H₂ gas in air of 100 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 10000 ppm was tested monthly for 1 year.     

Pressurized hydrogen from charged liquid organic hydrogen carrier systems by electrochemical hydrogen compression

We demonstrate that the combination of hydrogen release from a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) system with electrochemical hydrogen compression (EHC) provides three decisive advantages over the state-of-the-art hydrogen provision from such storage system: a) The EHC device produces reduced hydrogen pressure on its suction side connected to the LOHC dehydrogenation unit, thus shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium towards dehydrogenation and accelerating the hydrogen release; b) the EHC device compresses the hydrogen released from the carrier system thus producing high value compressed hydrogen; c) the EHC process is selective for proton transport and thus the process purifies hydrogen from impurities, such as traces of methane. We demonstrate this combination for the production of compressed hydrogen (absolute pressure of 6 bar) from perhydro dibenzyltoluene at dehydrogenation temperatures down to 240 °C in a quality suitable for fuel cell operation, e.g. in a fuel cell vehicle. The presented technology may be highly attractive for providing compressed hydrogen at future hydrogen filling stations that receive and store hydrogen in a LOHC-bound manner.