裂变气体分离器气泡分离轨迹的数值模拟

钍基熔盐堆是我国重点开发的第四代核反应堆之一,其裂变反应产生的中子俘获截面大的Kr、Xe等裂变气体以微气泡的形式存在于熔盐冷却剂中,对裂变气体的分离是提高熔盐堆中子经济性、实现燃料深燃耗的重要环节。为定量地获得分离器内气泡的分离行为,采用数值模拟和理论建模相结合的方法,得到旋流场的流场分布特征;通过建立旋流场中气泡运动控制方程,分析并计算不同旋流度和气泡直径下的分离长度。与实验数据对比发现,数值模拟结果和实验数据吻合良好,表明数值模拟方法可以用于气液分离器的优化设计。     

欠热沸腾模型参数敏感性分析

为了提高RPI(Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)欠热沸腾模型在棒束通道数值计算中的准确性并对模型参数的选取提供参考,本文基于FT-6a实验详细分析了RPI模型中3个重要子模型(气泡脱离壁面直径、气泡成核面密度及气泡脱离频率)及两个重要相间非曳力模型(升力及湍流耗散力)对气泡轴向与径向分布及壁面过热度计算结果的影响。分析结果表明:RPI子模型对气泡份额及壁面过热度计算结果的影响较为复杂,不能通过对比单个参数的实验测量值来验证计算的可靠性,应综合对比多个实验值,以确定各子模型的最佳模型参数;非曳力对棒束通道中气泡的径向分布计算结果有明显影响,升力有抑制气泡离开加热壁面的作用,湍流耗散力则有促进气泡向主流区运动的作用。     

AP1000旋叶式汽-水分离器分离效率与压降的数值模拟

建立基于拉格朗日-欧拉方法的气-液两相流动的数学模型,利用商用计算流体力学软件CFX对该模型求解,数值模拟几何缩比后AP1000旋叶式汽-水分离装置内部冷态工况下气-液两相流动特性。模型中空气为连续相,其内运动的液滴视作离散相,针对液滴在流场中的运动特点,考虑液滴受到曳力、虚拟质量力、浮力和重力,并以此建立空气和液滴动量双向耦合的动力学模型。针对9个不同工况,利用CFX软件对两相流模型进行求解,得到不同直径大小的液滴在流场内的运动轨迹,进而得到分离器的分离效率和进出口总压降。结果显示:分离效率的计算值与冷态实验数据非常吻合,且压降计算值与冷态实验值变化趋势基本一致,验证所建立模型的正确性。     

静水中较大气泡运动特性实验研究

对较大气泡在静水中的水力学特性、气泡上升速度、气泡形状与曳力系数等进行研究。气泡的产生是通过将特定体积的气泡存放在倒置的球帽杯中,然后释放到静水中。气泡的运动特性通过高速摄像仪捕捉,气泡相关运动参数通过数字图像处理程序得到。实验得到不同尺寸气泡在静水中上升的特性,并将实验结果与现有的曳力模型进行比较,表明Tomiyama等关系式对于曳力以及气泡最终上升的预测比Ishii-Chawa模型好,较大气泡的形状具有一定的相似性。实验结果对存在较大气泡的两相流动特性以及相间交换特性有重要意义。     

吊篮流致振动响应的数值计算

将流体和结构作用力分成与结构运动有关的流体作用力和与结构运动无关的作用力.与结构运动有关的流体力可以看成与结构惯性力、阻尼力和刚度力呈线性关系,并分别用附加质量、附加阻尼和附加刚度与结构的加速度、速度和位移的乘积表示;通常,附加阻尼、附加刚度比较小,可以忽略不计,主要考虑附加质量.与结构运动无关的流体作用力用CFD技术计算流场压力获得.最后用时程积分计算结构的响应.用该方法对秦山核电站二期1:5模型的吊篮进行计算,结果表明,对于流体产生的宽带激励,结构以其固有频率进行响应,主要以吊篮的一阶梁式频率作为响应的频率;实验和计算的响应统汁值保持在3.1倍范围内.因此,该方法可用于实验前的预估.     

熔盐堆旋叶式气水分离器工作特性数值分析

本文以熔盐堆脱气系统中旋叶式气泡分离器为研究对象,利用数值分析软件Fluent对分离器内的流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了其工作原理和影响因素。首先,不同的湍流模型计算结果与实验现象的对比分析表明,雷诺应力模型在不同工况下计算得到的流场分布与实验现象符合最好。在确定适合用于模拟旋叶式气泡分离器内流场的计算模型基础上,对分离器内流场作进一步的计算分析。结果表明,水在流量20 m3·h-1条件下,流经分离器搅浑叶片后,会形成一种中心低速低压的旋转流动,且在横截面中心区域附近存在很大的径向压降梯度,如果水流中存在少量气泡,便会在压力梯度的作用下,流向分离器中心,汇聚形成稳定的气芯,从而实现对流体中气相的连续分离。     

管内过冷流动沸腾CFD模型参数敏感性研究

采用CFD方法对燃料组件进行过冷流动沸腾数值模拟研究是反应堆热工水力分析的一项重要内容。本研究使用STAR CCM+基于欧拉双流体模型结合壁面沸腾模型对管内过冷流动沸腾进行数值模拟,得到了壁面温度、主流温度及空泡份额的分布。基于实验结果对网格模型、湍流模型、壁面沸腾模型及相间作用力模型的参数设置进行了敏感性分析。研究结果表明,对于欧拉双流体模型,并非网格量越多结果越准确,加热面第1层网格的高度对结果影响显著。湍流模型和曳力模型对计算结果影响较小,非曳力中的湍流耗散力及升力对结果影响较大。Li Quan或Hibiki Ishii汽化核心密度模型与Kocamustafaogullari气泡脱离直径模型组合对壁面温度及空泡份额的计算较准确。本研究可为反应堆燃料组件内过冷流动沸腾数值模拟提供参考依据。     

旋叶分离器中液滴运动相变特性分析

为研究AP1000核电站蒸汽发生器中初级旋叶分离器的液滴运动相变特性以及液滴相变对汽水分离性能的影响,通过建立液滴运动相变模型,基于AP1000旋叶分离器三维模型,采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法求解气液两相流动模型,计算得到了不同工况下旋叶分离器的汽水分离效率和压降的变化规律,并分析了液滴相变特性对分离效率的影响,获得了不同初始半径液滴的相变特性。计算结果表明:随着蒸汽流速的增加,分离效率和压降快速增加;压降相同时,半径较小的液滴在运动蒸发过程中半径变化百分比较大,相比半径较大的液滴其运动轨迹容易改变,更易逃逸出分离器,造成考虑相变时的分离效率降低;在正常运行工况下,液滴相变对分离效率的影响可忽略。计算结果可为进一步研究汽水分离装置中的汽水分离性能提供理论依据,并用于指导汽水分离装置的设计。     

双钩波形板汽水分离器疏水钩优化研究

为提高双钩波形板汽水分离器的分离性能，采用计算流体力学方法建立波形板内的两相流动模型，并对不同结构疏水钩的波形板汽水分离器进行研究。通过数值计算得到了波形板内的速度云图和液滴运动轨迹，并分析了不同进口速度下疏水钩结构对压降和分离效率的影响。结果表明：大部分液滴在前两级通道被分离，进口速度为0.922 m/s时其质量份额可超过50%；疏水钩通过影响流场的局部流速和湍流强度进而影响压降和分离效率，疏水钩对液滴的直接拦截作用有利于提高分离效率。综合考虑分离效率和压力损失获得了综合性能良好的双钩波形板汽水分离器结构型式。     

沸腾传热数值模拟方法及多管耦合应用特性研究

针对直流蒸汽发生器（OTSG）中全流型沸腾传热及一、二次侧耦合换热等复杂物理现象,计算流体动力学（CFD）数值分析普遍面临计算难度大、计算效率低及不确定性大等问题。基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与临界热流密度（CHF）壁面沸腾模型,建立了管内全流型流动沸腾传热数值分析模型,并验证了模型的有效性。基于所验证的模型,开展了数值模型在多管耦合传热下的应用特性研究,明确了该数值模拟方法在多管耦合下的可靠性,并对温度与相分布计算结果对相间作用力模型的敏感性进行了数值分析。研究结果表明：基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型,能够较准确地预测管内水介质由过冷到过热的全流型流动沸腾传热过程,计算的“干涸”点位置及壁面峰值温度与实验值符合较好,最大误差小于10%;基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型的数值方法对多管耦合工况有较好的适用性,计算的二次侧温度与实验结果吻合良好;两相间曳力对壁面温度及空泡份额的计算结果有较明显的影响,但非曳力对壁面温度的影响较小,因此对于大规模工程应用计算,可在分析中不考虑部分相间非曳力的影响。本文研究结果可为OSTG的三维精细化数值分析的模型选择提供有益参考。     

Numerical approach on the performance prediction of a gas–liquid separator for TMSR

In this paper, the numerical simulation for the gas–liquid flow in a separator applied in the fission gas removal system for thorium molten salt reactor was investigated. The numerical model was established in the frame of Eulerian–Eulerian approach, in which the modeling of the forces acting on the bubbles was introduced. Based on the model, numerical simulations with three flow rates were carried out. Three key parameters (the pressure loss, the separation length, the liquid entrainment ratio) concerned with the separation performance were compared between the numerical results and the experimental data, the results indicate that the calculated results agree well with the experimental data. Hence, the numerical approach shows a promising tool for the performance prediction and the optimization of the gas–liquid separator.     

熔盐堆中气泡分离器内部流场的数值模拟

气泡分离器是熔盐堆脱气系统中不可或缺的关键设备之一，通过离心分离的方式去除反应堆中氙等裂变气体及其载气。本文利用CFD软件Fluent，采用瞬态的二次压应力雷诺应力模型，对气泡分离器内部液相流场进行了数值模拟。分析了边界条件变化对分离器分离特性的影响。结果表明：系统压力对切向速度分布、压力分布及轴向零速包络面的结构均有较大影响，进而影响设备的分离特性。另外，对比计算结果与实验现象，也可看出，增加出口压力有利于气液分离。     

基于竖直圆管空气-水两相流实验的相间曳力模型研究

研究两相流相间阻力特性对系统程序关键本构模型封闭具有重要意义。本文基于竖直圆管开展了空气-水两相流实验,采用四探头电导探针对空泡份额、气泡弦长和界面面积浓度等气泡参数的径向分布进行了测量。结果表明空泡份额和气泡弦长呈现“核峰型”分布,而界面面积浓度并没有表现出随流速的单调关系。进一步开发了泡状流和弹状流的相间曳力模型,考虑了液相表观流速与管径对气泡尺寸分布的影响,建立了临界韦伯数与不同液相流速的关系。计算得到的空泡份额和界面面积浓度与实验数据整体符合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,为两相流相间阻力特性研究提供参考意义。     

Study on flow characteristics in gas-molten metal mixture pool

As part of basic research on the flow characteristics of a two-phase mixture pool under severe accident of fast breeder reactor (FBR), visualization and measurement of nitrogen gas-molten lead/bismuth two-phase flow in a rectangular pool were performed by using the neutron radiography technique. Measurements of drag coefficient of a single bubble and bubble shape regime showed that the relationship between the shape, size and the rising velocity of a single isolated nitrogen bubble in the molten lead/bismuth was not much different from that for an ordinary one. Appropriate correlation for drift velocity and drag coefficient between phases were recommended based on the drift flux correlation of measured pool void fraction. One- and two-dimensional analyses were performed by using a next generation computational code for safety analysis of severe accident of FBRs, SIMMER-III with various drag coefficient models. It was revealed that Kataoka–Ishii’s equation was suitable basically for estimation of drift velocity, namely, drag force between phases.     

On the modelling of bubbly flow in vertical pipes

To qualify CFD codes for two-phase flows, they have to be equipped with constitutive models standing for the interaction between the gaseous and the liquid phases. In case of bubbly flow this particularly concerns the forces acting on the bubbles and bubble coalescence and break-up. Applying a two fluid approach, besides the drag forces describing the momentum exchange in flow direction, the non-drag forces acting perpendicular to the flow direction play an important role for the development of the flow structure. Gas–liquid flow in vertical pipes is a very good object for studying the corresponding phenomena. Here, the bubbles move under clear boundary conditions, resulting in a shear field of nearly constant structure where the bubbles rise for a comparatively long time. The evolution of the flow within the pipe depends on a very complex interaction between bubble forces and bubble coalescence and break-up, e.g. the lift-force, which strongly influences the radial distribution of the bubbles, changes its sign depending on the bubble diameter. The consequence is the radial separation of small and large bubbles. Neglecting this phenomenon, models are not able to describe the correct flow structure. Extensive experiments measuring the radial gas volume fraction distribution, the bubble size distribution and the radial residence of bubbles dependent on their size were determined for different distances from the gas injection. Basing on these experiments the applicability and the limits for the simulation of bubble flow with current CFD-codes are demonstrated, using the simulation of vertical pipe flow with CFX-4 as an example. Using a simplified model focusing particularly on the radial phenomena described above, parametric studies were conducted. They give an indication for necessary improvements of the codes. Finally a possible way for the improvement of the CFD-codes is shown.     

New Interfacial Drag Force Model Including Effect of Bubble Wake, (I) Model Development for Steam-Water Bubbly Flow in Large-Diameter Pipes

Several experimental results show that bubbles can easily be captured in the wake formed by leading bubbles when multiple bubbles are rising in a liquid. It is suggested from this experimental result that the effect of bubble wake should be included in the constitutive relationships representing the interfacial drag force. In the present study, steam-water bubbly flow experiments were performed to develop a new interfacial drag force model including the effect of bubble wake. Since the validity of the existing constitutive equations have been tested mainly for two-phase flow in small-diameter pipes, our study focused on two-phase flow in a large-diameter pipe. Using a one-dimensional two-fluid model, the applicability of the new interfacial drag force model to our experimental conditions was investigated. As a result, it was shown that the present model markedly improves the accuracy of the predicted results. It was therefore demonstrated that the present bubble wake model is effective at least for the conditions which were used for model development. Its applicability to different conditions will be discussed in a subsequent study.     

Modeled salt density for nuclear material estimation in the treatment of spent nuclear fuel

Spent metallic nuclear fuel is being treated in a pyrometallurgical process that includes electrorefining the uranium metal in molten eutectic LiCl-KCl as the supporting electrolyte. We report a model for determining the density of the molten salt. Material balances account for the net mass of salt and for the mass of actinides present. It was necessary to know the molten salt density, but difficult to measure. It was also decided to model the salt density for the initial treatment operations. The model assumes that volumes are additive for the ideal molten salt solution as a starting point; subsequently, a correction factor for the lanthanides and actinides was developed. After applying the correction factor, the percent difference between the net salt mass in the electrorefiner and the resulting modeled salt mass decreased from more than 4.0% to approximately 0.1%. As a result, there is no need to measure the salt density at 500 °C for inventory operations; the model for the salt density is found to be accurate.     

New Interfacial Drag Force Model Including Effect of Bubble Wake, (II)

In the previous study, we proposed a new interfacial drag force model based on experimental data of steam-water bubbly flow in a large-diameter pipe. This is because our experimental results had suggested that effect of bubble wake should be included in the interfacial drag force model, although it had not been taken into account in the existing models. A preliminary method for including the effect of bubble wake was hence developed and used in the new model. A new bubble size prediction method was also adopted in the model. In the present study, after improving the measuring equipment and signal processing procedure, another series of experiments was carried out. Using the new experimental data, the methods of predicting bubble size and effect of bubble wake were slightly modified. To test the validity of the new model, predicted results were compared with available experimental data sets of steam-water bubbly two-phase flow in large-diameter pipes. One-dimensional and two-dimensional two-fluid models were used for the calculation. Comparisons showed that the new model is in good agreement with the experimental data, whereas the model which does not take into account the effect of bubble wake overestimated the void fractions.     

蒸汽发生器的旋叶分离器性能研究

通过对旋叶式汽水分离器（简称旋叶分离器）内部的汽水分离过程进行分析，建立了旋叶分离器的分离性能模型，为今后旋叶分离器在不同工况下的分离性能进行预估计算提供计算方法，同时根据旋叶分离器冷态模拟实验结果分析，找出了影响旋叶分离器性能的主要原因，并整理出阻力计算的经验关系式。