A serological survey for bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in Ontario dairy cattle and associations between test results, production records and management practices

The release of waste anesthetic gases (WAG) in hospital operating rooms (ORs) was evaluated to determine if staff exposure to nitrous oxide exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and investigate possible correlations between symptoms and nitrous oxide exposure. The monitoring strategy consisted of nitrous oxide measurements by personal monitoring of the anesthetists and scrub nurses, and area monitoring at the exhaust grills. In addition, room ventilation rates and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured. Self-administered questionnaires were given to both the operating room personnel and staff on control wards. Nitrous oxide levels exceeded the current TLV of 50 ppm in 4 of 12 ORs. Anesthetists typically received the highest nitrous oxide exposure. There was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.90) for nitrous oxide dosimetry results between anesthetists and scrub nurses, and a fair correlation (r2 = 0.35) between area monitoring results and the anesthetists' personal exposures. Carbon dioxide levels commonly exceeded 1000 ppm on control wards. A correlation between reported symptoms and nitrous oxide exposure was not demonstrated. Reported symptoms more closely correlated with carbon dioxide levels. Nitrous oxide dosimetry of the anesthetists appears to be the only accurate strategy for monitoring human exposure to WAG in an operating room.     

Electrochemical evaluation of the synergistic effect of molybdate tungstate inhibitor mixtures in chloride ion medium and effect of Cl− ion on inhibition efficiency of molybdate

It is well known to corrosion community about chromates and nitrates which are widely used as corrosion inhibitors. However, it is also well known that these inhibitors are oxidizing inhibitors of which chromates are carcinogenic also. Therefore, use of non toxic inhibitors such as molybdate and tungstate are gaining importance. AC impedance analysis of mild steel panels exposed to 3% NaCl containing 6000 ppm molybdate, 5000 ppm molybdate + 1000 ppm tungstate, 3000 ppm molybdate + 3000 ppm tungstate, 1000 ppm molybdate + 5000 ppm tungstate, 6000 ppm tungstate were evaluated. The impedance studies were carried out for different durations viz. 1 hour, 1 day and 7 days. From impedance analysis, it is clear that molybdate and tungstate are not forming any promising synergistic mixtures. The effect of chloride ion concentration viz. 0.01M, 0.05M, 0.1M, 0.3M and 0.6M on inhibition efficiency of molybdate has been discussed. Addition of small amount of tungstate along with molybdate enhances long term film stability on mild steel. It has been found that the inhibition effect is decreasing with increase in concentration up to 0.1M and on further increase in concentration viz. 0.3M and 0.6M, an increase in inhibition efficiency was observed. It has been found that deaeration negatively affected the film properties and did not form a stable film. The corrosion products formed were analyzed using Mössbauer spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy, which showed the presence of oxyhydroxides.     

Isotachophoretic determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in salad dressing, mayonnaise, and margarine

An isotachophoretic method was developed for the determination of EDTA in foods imported by Japan. Skimmed samples of dressings, mayonnaise, or margarine were chromatographed on an anion exchange column, and interfering organic acids were eluted with water and 0.01N HCl. EDTA was eluted with 0.2N HCl and reacted with ferric chloride to form a stable EDTA--Fe complex. Electrophoresis was carried out with dilute HCl containing 0.05% Triton and beta-alanine (pH 3.5) as the leading electrolyte and 0.01M caproic acid as terminating electrolyte. Since uncoupled EDTA showed more than one zone, it was reacted with ferric chloride to form EDTA-Fe complex which showed only a single zone on an isotachopherogram. More than 90% of EDTA spiked at 100 or 1000 ppm level as disodium salt was recovered from the above mentioned three types of food. Detection limit was 10 ppm as disodium EDTA.     

酸再生低锰氧化铁粉制备技术研究

钢板酸洗后产生的大量酸洗废液需要进行再生,利用酸再生工艺可生产高品质的氧化铁粉.目前国内大型钢铁公司大部分都引进了Ruthner公司的喷雾焙烧废酸处理技术,该方法由于废酸由喷嘴以喷雾的形式喷入焙烧炉进行反应,故生产出来的氧化铁粉粒径小、品质高.该系统除硅是酸再生的前道工序,用以去除废酸中的二氧化硅等杂质、提高氧化铁粉的化学纯度.文章介绍了通过试验得到的最佳除硅工艺、除锰试剂,降低了锰含量,制取了高品质氧化铁粉.     

Combined influence of fluorides and ferric ions on corrosion of titanium and Pd alloyed titanium in 100 g L−1 sulfuric acid solution

Abstract

In hydrometallurgical applications, titanium and its alloys are used as construction material in the most aggressive environments. Under acidic conditions, fluorides are known to be deleterious to titanium, but it is not well known how the presence of small amounts of both fluorides and ferric ions influences the corrosion behaviour of titanium in sulfuric acid solutions. Unalloyed titanium grade 2 (Ti Gr. 2) and palladium alloyed grades, titanium grade 17 (Ti Gr. 17) and titanium grade 7 (Ti Gr. 7), were investigated with electrochemical techniques and immersion tests in 100 g L^?1 sulfuric acid, containing 30 mg L^?1 fluorides and two levels of ferric ions, 0·3 and 3 g L^?1. It was found that the addition of fluorides accelerated the uniform corrosion rate, especially for the unalloyed Ti Gr. 2 in the solution having the lower amount of ferric ions. Palladium alloying was found to have a beneficial effect in reducing the uniform corrosion rate in the presence of small amounts of fluorides.     

高温浓硫酸中氟离子掺入对不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响

采用浸泡法和电化学测试方法结合扫描电镜和能谱仪研究了高温浓硫酸中氟离子的掺入对304、2507以及904L三种不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:氟离子的掺入对三种不锈钢在浓硫酸中的腐蚀具有抑制作用,综合来看,904L具有更为稳定的耐蚀性能;三种不锈钢在高温浓硫酸中由于生成了热力学不稳定的硫化镍而产生了活化转钝化现象,而掺入氟离子会和硫离子发生竞争使其排挤出电极表面,氟离子与镍离子结合形成另外一种更稳定的阻挡层使不锈钢耐蚀性提高.     

金相法测定双相不锈钢α-相面积含量能力验证结果分析及标准中不同浸蚀方法的比较

针对本单位近3年开展的双相不锈钢α-相面积含量测定能力验证项目,通过分析能力验证不满意结果,发现浸蚀方法对检测结果有一定的影响.选用样品A(带系双相钢)与样品B(网系双相钢),对比GB/T 13305-2008的4种化学浸蚀方法,即热的或煮沸的碱性铁氰化钾溶液、硫酸铜盐酸水溶液、氯化铁盐酸乙醇溶液、电解腐蚀(草酸水溶液...     

甲酸浓度对316L不锈钢腐蚀钝化?活化转变行为的影响

为深入认识316L不锈钢在甲酸溶液中的钝化-活化转变行为,在90 ℃、质量分数为0~30%的甲酸溶液中对316L不锈钢进行全浸试验和阳极极化曲线测试。研究了甲酸质量分数对316L不锈钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、开路电位、初始钝化电位、临界电流密度、钝化电流密度和钝化膜破裂电位的影响规律,分析了H+ 和HCOO? 含量对活化区、过渡区和钝化区阳极反应的影响机制。结果表明,316L不锈钢在甲酸溶液中发生非均匀的全面腐蚀。当甲酸质量分数达到30%、腐蚀速率为1.2×10?3 mm·a?1时,316L不锈钢就具有明显的钝化?活化转变。随着甲酸质量分数增加,316L不锈钢的初始钝化电位正移、临界电流密度增大、钝化电流密度增大、钝化膜破裂电位负移。甲酸溶液中H+ 和HCOO? 含量的增加,会加速316L不锈钢活性溶解,抑制钝化膜生长,促进钝化-活化转变。      

硅对含强氧化性离子沸腾硝酸中奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

 超低碳Cr Ni奥氏体不锈钢在含强氧化性离子的硝酸溶液中会发生过钝化腐蚀和晶间腐蚀,而高硅不锈钢在强氧化性浓硝酸中具有优良的耐蚀性。笔者以高纯级000Cr25Ni20和00Cr14Ni14Si4钢作为对比材料,发现在纯稀硝酸中000Cr25Ni20钢具有更优良的耐蚀性,在不同含量的40%沸腾硝酸溶液中,00Cr14Ni14Si4钢可有效抑制过钝化腐蚀,而且不发生晶间腐蚀。     

Corrosion Behavior of Sensitized 304 SS in Nitric Acid Medium Containing Oxidizing Ions

The corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel (SS) in the as-received and sensitized conditions has been investigated at room temperature and at 60 °C in the presence of oxidizing ions in 6 and 8 M nitric acid media. Corrosion of 304 SS in nitric acid was far more severe in sensitized condition than in as-received condition. Further, decrease in corrosion resistance was observed with increase in the temperature of nitric acid. The corrosion potential shifted to noble direction with increase in the concentration of nitric acid and the potential shifted further to transpassive potential at 60 °C. Increase in corrosion potential towards transpassive domain led to severe intergranualar attack. Impedance spectra showed two time constant which could be attributed to the redox reaction on the surface of oxide film. However, the effect of oxidizing metal ions was not prominent.     

A rotating disk study of silver dissolution with thiourea in the presence of ferric sulfate

The rotating disk technique was used to study silver dissolution with thiourea as a function of sulfuric acid, ferric sulfate, and thiourea concentrations. The effect of many foreign ions (Mn, Cu, Co, Ca, Na,etc.) and various additives was also examined. The dissolution of silver was zero order with sulfuric acid, first order with ferric sulfate, and second order with thiourea. Among the foreign ions, copper had a dramatically negative effect. The strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide were also detrimental for silver dissolution. According to the temperature effect studied (5 °C to 35 °C), the activation energy was 22.6 kJ/ mole. Silver does not dissolve with thiourea in the absence of ferric ions. Sulfuric acid does not participate in the dissolution reaction. The most important parameter for silver dissolution is the ferric sulfate/thiourea ratio. In excess ferric sulfate, a solid silver-thiourea complex is formed, which precludes transfer of silver into solution. In excess thiourea, the free thiourea reacts with formed solid silver-thiourea complex, and silver goes into the solution, predominantly as the dimers of AgTU⁺ ₃ complexes. The solid silver-thiourea complex in question was characterized by various spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical analysis techniques. According to chemical composition, it corresponds to Ag₂SO₂·3TUH₂O compound. Formerly Graduate Student, University of Idaho     

酸雨对低碳钢腐蚀行为的影响

利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段及电化学方法研究了低碳钢在模拟酸雨环境中的腐蚀行为.研究结果表明:碳钢在酸雨环境中腐蚀是一个局部腐蚀和均匀腐蚀并存的过程,溶液中的SO24-和Cl-离子的存在加速了碳钢表面腐蚀坑的形成和生长,腐蚀坑优先出现在铁素体上.腐蚀产物主要有Υ-FeOOH...     

Structural and electrochemical examinations of PACVD TiO2 films in Ringer solution

The conditions for obtaining titanium dioxide from the substrates titanium tetrachloride and oxygen and applying this to a surgical stainless steel of the type 316L by the plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition method have been determined. It was established that, during the process, titanium dioxide anatase is created, Crystallizing in a tetragonal lattice. During exposure of the 316L steel with the titanium dioxide coating, in Ringer's solution, protective properties of this covering improve. After 120 h the coating adopts superior barrier characteristics. Titanium dioxide covering increases the resistivity of steel of the type 316L to pitting corrosion and general corrosion. Any damage or partial removal of the coating does not cause an increased galvanic corrosion of the substrate.     

Cr对改善低合金钢抗CO2腐蚀性能的影响

研究了不同Cr含量的低合金钢在模拟不同油田CO2腐蚀环境下的抗CO2腐蚀性能,并对Cr元素改善钢的抗CO2腐蚀行为及机理进行了分析.     

Nitrogen pick-up of steels through a plasma process

Powdered austenitic steel (16/10/2 Cr/Ni/Mo) with nitrogen contents varying between 0.02 and 0.70 wt.% has been produced by the “Plasma Rotating Electrode Powder (PREP)” process from Cr/Ni/Mo steel rods. The nitrogen pick-up was found to increase with decreasing particle size of the steel powder produced and with increasing partial pressure of nitrogen in the plasma gas up to a certain limit, beyond which no effect of could be observed. The effect of nitrogen content on the intergranular corrosion rate was investigated by exposure of the powder to 0.65 % nitric acid solution. The corrosion rate was found to increase with decreasing solution heat treatment temperature of the steel from 1100 to 1000°C and increasing nitric acid temperature from 95 to 126°C. Nitrogen was found to decrease the corrosion rates appreciably. The susceptibility of the tested steels to intergranular corrosion was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and by X-ray scan spectra analysis after electrolytical etching in 10 % oxalic acid etch solution.     

Industrial Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of P-RE Weathering Steel

 The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (CS), P bearing steel (PS) and P RE weathering steel (P REWS) exposed for two years in Jiangjin of China was investigated. The results showed that during 2 year exposure test, corrosion data of the experimental steels followed the bilogarithmic equation, and the average corrosion depth of PS and P REWS was decreased by 195% and 282% respectively compared with that of CS. Scanning electron microscope, electrochemical impedance spectroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope were used to characterize the corrosion products. The research results showed that P in steel could promote the formation of an amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide layer near the substrate. The addition of RE could effectively increase the charge transportation resistance of rust.     

3Cr抗CO2和H2S腐蚀系列油套管开发

CO2、H2S腐蚀是石油天然气开采过程中的主要腐蚀问题。文章在分析油井管CO2腐蚀行为和腐蚀特点的基础上，介绍了抗CO2、H2S腐蚀油套管的研制过程并开发出腐蚀性能良好的3Cr系列经济型油套管。文章重点介绍了80、95、110等不同钢级成品管的力学性能，抗CO2、H2S应力腐蚀开裂性能。运用SEM扫描电境、X光电子能谱仪、X射线衍射、体视显微镜等分析了钢经腐蚀后的表面腐蚀产物的组成、结构，并对Cr元素改善钢的抗CO2腐蚀行为及机理进行了分析。     

Investigation of corrosion processes in aluminum production and development of new methods of protection of metals

In electrolytic aluminum production, anode rods, industrial tools, and gas purification equipment corrode intensely. A high corrosion rate of the tools and equipment in cryolite-alumina melts is found. To decrease the corrosion destruction of operating equipment and anode rods made from ferrous metals, it is suggested to deposit composite chromium coatings. Purification of electrolytic gases from sulfur dioxide is possible by the acidic scheme with obtainment of sulfurous acid. However, this is accompanied by intense corrosion of equipment made from ferrous metals. The possibility of applying corrosion inhibitors, specifically oxazolidines, for protection of gas purification equipment made from steel CT3 that exists in aluminum plants is considered.     

Reproduction and fetal development in mice chronically exposed to nitrous oxide

The effects of exposure to nitrous oxide on reproductive indices, fetal development, and male fertility were examined in Swiss/ICR mice. In experiment I, female mice were exposed for 4 hours per day on days 6-15 of pregnancy, to 0.5% (5,000 ppm), 5.0% (50,000 ppm), or 50% (500,000 ppm) nitrous oxide. Control mice were untreated, exposed to compressed air, or treated with retinoic acid on day 8 of gestation. In experiment II, male mice were treated, as above, for 9 weeks and then mated nightly for 7 nights to untreated, virgin females. In experiment I, 1,761 fetuses from 154 dams were examined and found to be without evidence of adverse nitrous oxide treatment effects. In experiment II there were no differences among the groups in the ability of males to impregnate females or in litter size, fetal wastage, or fetal size. When we compare nitrous oxide with other inhalation anesthetics we have studied employing a similar protocol, we find the order of reproductive toxicity to be: halothane greater than enflurane greater than methoxyflurane greater than nitrous oxide. None of the agents were toxic, however, at the trace concentrations usually found in operating rooms.     

3Cr钢在油水两相层流工况下的腐蚀行为

油水两相是海底管道和集输管线常见的腐蚀工况之一。以3Cr钢为代表的低Cr合金钢是目前具有良好耐蚀性能的重要材料,但是,在油水两相层流工况下,特别是加注了一定缓蚀剂的条件下,3Cr钢的适用性尚不明确。通过高温高压反应釜模拟了油水两相层流工况的腐蚀环境,结合扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射谱（XRD）、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱、电化学交流阻抗等测试表征方法,研究了3Cr钢的腐蚀行为及缓蚀剂对其耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,在油水分层工况下,3Cr钢的腐蚀产物膜为明显的双层膜结构,其内层腐蚀产物膜为结构致密的富Cr层,表现出良好的抗CO₂腐蚀性能,但加入100 mg·L?1十七烯基胺乙基咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂后,3Cr钢并未得到有效的缓蚀保护。腐蚀产物分析和电化学研究表明,烷烃分子、缓蚀剂分子及富Cr层间存在竞争关系,烷烃分子干扰了缓蚀剂分子的有序排列,影响了3Cr钢的耐蚀性。