A comprehensive method for the calculation of inductance coefficients of cage induction machines

In this paper, a new comprehensive method for the calculation of inductance coefficients of squirrel cage induction machine based on combined winding function approach (WFA) and magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) is presented. By taking into account machine geometry, rotor skewing, stator and rotor slots effects and type of windings connection, this method is able to model most of the important features of an induction machine. The effects of each machine parameter on the inductance coefficients are verified. Also, effects of several rotor asymmetries on these inductances are shown. Simulation results are verified by more elaborate nonlinear finite element model and finally with experimental results.     

Evaluation of the effects of rotor harmonics in a doubly-fed induction generator with harmonic induced speed ripple

This paper is concerned with the low-frequency harmonics which originate from the rotor inverter of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). By including the mechanical speed response, it expands the transformer approach previously taken to analyze the harmonic transfer in the machine. A numerical method is proposed to calculate the stator current sidebands, which can be used to predict the voltage fluctuation at the system busbar. It is shown that the pulsating torque associated with the rotor harmonics can induce speed ripple depending on the inertia, causing a significant change in the stator current spectrum. Experiment and simulation verify the analysis and the proposed calculation method.     

A method of tracking the peak power points for a variable speed wind energy conversion system

In this paper, a method of tracking the peak power in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) is proposed, which is independent of the turbine parameters and air density. The algorithm searches for the peak power by varying the speed in the desired direction. The generator is operated in the speed control mode with the speed reference being dynamically modified in accordance with the magnitude and direction of change of active power. The peak power points in the P-/spl omega/ curve correspond to dP/d/spl omega/=0. This fact is made use of in the optimum point search algorithm. The generator considered is a wound rotor induction machine whose stator is connected directly to the grid and the rotor is fed through back-to-back pulse-width-modulation (PWM) converters. Stator flux-oriented vector control is applied to control the active and reactive current loops independently. The turbine characteristics are generated by a DC motor fed from a commercial DC drive. All of the control loops are executed by a single-chip digital signal processor (DSP) controller TMS320F240. Experimental results show that the performance of the control algorithm compares well with the conventional torque control method.     

A new energy recovery double winding cage-rotor induction machine

This paper proposes a new double winding induction machine and its speed control methods. The machine consists of two stator windings and one cage rotor. One stator acts as a motor and the other as a generator. By controlling the voltage supplied to the secondary or the generator winding, the rotor speed can be adjusted. The machine has a similar speed control characteristic to that of a slip-ring induction motor equipped with the rotor energy recovery scheme. The construction, principle, equivalent circuit, and speed control schemes of the new machine are presented. The performance characteristics of the machine are analyzed using the equivalent circuit and verified by experimental results.     

Numerical and Experimental Modelling of Gas Flow and Heat Transfer in the Air Gap of an Electric Machine. Part Ⅱ： Grooved Surfaces

The study deals with the cooling of a high-speed electric machine through an air gap with numerical and experimental methods. The rotation speed of the test machine is between 5000-40000 r/min and the machine is cooled by a forced gas flow through the air gap. In the previous part of the research the friction coefficient was measured for smooth and grooved stator cases with a smooth rotor. The heat transfer coefficient was recently calculated by a numerical method and measured for a smooth stator-rotor combination. In this report the cases with axial groove slots at the stator and/or rotor surfaces are studied. Numerical flow simulations and measurements have been done for the test machine dimensions at a large velocity range. At constant mass flow rate the heat transfer coefficients by the numerical method attain bigger values with groove slots on the stator or rotor surfaces. The results by the numerical method have been confirmed with measurements. The RdF-sensor was glued to the stator and rotor surfaces to measure the heat flux through the surface, as well as the temperature.     

汽轮机转子模型振动特性的实验与计算分析

搭建了最高转速为8 000 r·min-1的转子振动测试实验台,使其可以实现单双跨转子动平衡和临界转速的振动测试。用幅频图法测量转子模型的临界转速,实验测得转子的转速—振幅图,由于副临界转速的存在,所以不能确定振幅波峰是转子的临界转速还是副临界转速。为了区分副临界转速和临界转速,利用ANSYS软件对转子进行模态模拟计算,判定了转子的临界转速和副临界转速。用影响系数法将不平衡转子进行实验配平,通过动平衡前后振动波形图、幅频特性图和轴心轨迹图的比较,证明了动平衡实验取得了良好的效果。     

Drive train dynamics assessment and speed controller design in variable speed wind turbines

This paper deals with the speed controller design in DFIG based wind turbines, and investigates stability and performance of the drive train dynamics against different control strategies. It is shown that speed controller design based on the single mass drive train model may result in unstable mechanical modes, because it ignores the dynamics of the flexible shaft. Then, another control approach, known as feedforward compensation of the shaft torsional torque, is examined. It is shown that this control method results in poorly damped oscillations of torsional torque and turbine speed during the transient conditions. The open loop transfer function from the electromagnetic torque to the generator speed contains a dual quadratic function representing the dynamics of flexible shaft. The dual quadratic function comprises resonant and anti-resonant frequencies that greatly affect the stability of the drive train dynamics. Next, a step-by-step procedure for designing the speed controller based on the two-mass drive train model is proposed. The proposed speed controller provides stable closed loop system, zero tracking error, low-frequency disturbance rejection, and open-loop gain attenuation at the resonant frequency. At the end, performance of the proposed controller is investigated by the time domain simulations.     

A method for magnetizing curve identification in rotor fluxoriented induction machines

Operation of an indirect rotor flux oriented induction machine in the field weakening region is usually realized by varying the rotor flux reference in inverse proportion to the speed of rotation. In order to provide the correct stator d-axis current reference at all speeds, it is necessary to incorporate the inverse magnetizing curve of the machine in the controller. The paper proposes an experimental method for identifying the inverse magnetizing curve, specifically developed for the type of vector controlled drives described. The method utilizes the same indirect vector controller and PWM inverter that are used in subsequent normal operation of the drive. It requires that the machine can run under no-load conditions and that the fundamental component of the stator voltage can be measured. The simplicity and accuracy of the method make it well suited for use during commissioning of the drive. The method is verified by extensive experimentation     

某60Hz、185MW汽轮机转子高速动平衡试验试重大小及位置探究

针对汽轮机转子个性化设计的特点,文章结合在250t试验台位上进行转子高速动平衡试验所积累的经验。对全新设计的某60Hz、185MW汽轮机转子厂内动平衡试验平衡块试加重量及方位角进行探究。实践证明．文章总结的方法可以有效地缩短转子动平衡时间,并可以推广应用到其它转子厂内高速动平衡试验上。     

Comparison study of rotor structures of doubly excited brushlessreluctance machine by finite element analysis

Doubly excited brushless reluctance machine (DEBRM) has gained much attention in the area of variable-speed constant-frequency generating systems and adjustable speed drives. Two types of reluctance rotor structure, axially laminated and simple salient rotors, are suggested in the DEBRM development. Due to the unconventional pole number combination of the stator and rotor, performance evaluation of the DEBRM with different rotor structures is difficult. A comparison study of two rotor structures of the DEBRM is presented in this paper by finite element analysis. It is shown that by calculating selfand mutual-flux linkage of the dual stator windings as the function of rotor positions, performance of the complicated DEBRM can be evaluated conveniently. Various advantages and disadvantages of the DEBRM associated with the two rotor structures are also discussed     

Transient model of a doubly excited reluctance motor

A transient machine model of a doubly fed reluctance motor is derived by means of winding function and d-q transformation theory. The machine consists of a double-wound stator with four and eight pole sets. The rotor is equipped with six poles. The machine, related to the Hunt motor, has the synchronous speed of a twelve-pole machine. Comparison of simulated results to test results indicates that the higher harmonics in the motor inductances are important for predicting the current waveform     

燃气轮机转子裂纹故障分析与诊断

振动监测和诊断是及时诊断旋转机械故障的手段之一,其中的频谱分析能有效地诊断出转子裂纹。介绍了某燃气轮机转子裂纹的振动现象、处理过程以及故障诊断。转子裂纹的振动有以下特征:裂纹转子具有刚度不对称的特点,运行中存在二倍频振动,在启停机经过转子临界转速一半时存在二倍频共振峰;随着裂纹的发展,二倍频共振峰值有增大趋势;联轴器瓢偏以及低速盘车时转子晃度也会增大。根据转子的振动特征判断该转子存在裂纹且仍在发展,检查结果验证了故障诊断的正确性,为转子裂纹的故障分析与诊断提供参考。     

Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Supplied from a 180° Inverter with Phase Control

Reference frame theory is used to establish the equations which describe the steady-state and dynamic behavior of an electric drive system consisting of a permanent magnet synchronous machine supplied from an inverter operating in the 180° conduction mode and with provisions to shift the phase of the stator voltages relative to the rotor position. An expression for the phase-shift angle which yields maximum torque is derived. It is shown that a comparison of the stator time constant and the no-load rotor speed without phase shift, can be used to anticipate the increase in average torque achievable by phase shifting. It is also shown that advancing the phase of the stator voltages advances the phase of the fundamental component of the stator phase currents relative to the phase voltages. A method of calculating the steady-state harmonic currents and torque is also given. The information given in this paper should serve as a guide for the operation of brushless dc motors and the design of speed or position controls that employ phase shifting techniques along with or instead of pulse width modulation.     

Control strategy of a wind turbine drive by an integrated model

In this paper, an integrated equivalent circuit is defined to analyse the operation of a wind generator–rectifier system connected to a DC link, with the electric machine consisting of a surface‐mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPMG) directly coupled to the wind turbine. Such circuit is defined by integrating the models related to the electromechanical equations implemented into a Simulink® code, where the SPMG parameters are derived by the elaboration of sequences of magnetostatic FEM analyses. The integrated equivalent circuit can be very useful to examine the wind generator dynamics because of wind speed variations, and to analyse the influence of the electromechanical parameters on the energy output in order to identify the appropriate control strategies involving the regulation of the rotor speed, the DC link current and the blade pitch angle. In particular, a sensorless algorithm is implemented to estimate the main mechanical quantities (output torque and rotor speed) and to determine the wind speed by means of only electrical measurements. The comparison with an anemometer‐based solution shows that similar performances can be achieved in different operating conditions. The control strategies set up by the circuit model are verified on a 20 kW‐rated SPMG with outer rotor, comparing the sensor and sensorless approaches in terms of capability of energy production, dynamic promptness and sensitivity to parameter disturbances, also with wind turbulence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Specification of rotor side voltage source inverter of a doubly-fed induction generator for achieving ride-through capability

The ride-through capability of a doubly-fed induction generator under three-phase balanced voltage sags is examined, under the condition that the machine should have the capability of real and reactive power control during the external fault. Mathematical formulae for the peak rotor fault current and the required rotor voltage output under vector control are derived. Moreover, the DC link dynamics are incorporated into the analysis and it is shown that they can have a decisive impact on fault behaviour of the machine during voltage sags. Combined, a design methodology for the rotor side voltage source inverter aiming to achieve a ride-through capability at the lowest cost is described. Simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC show very good agreement with the theoretical analysis.     

基于云PSO-SVM的汽轮机转子故障诊断研究

为提高汽轮机转子故障诊断的准确率和识别效率,提出基于云粒子群优化算法(CPSO)优化支持向量机(SVM)的故障诊断方法。首先利用补充总体平均经验模态分解(CEEMD)对转子振动信号进行分解,利用能量法筛选出更为有效的固有模态分量(IMF)并计算对应的排列熵(PE)作为故障特征值;其次将云理论引入到粒子群优化算法(PSO)中得到CPSO算法,通过CPSO算法优化SVM得到诊断模型。在ZT-3试验台对汽轮机转子常见4种故障(正常状态、转子不平衡、转子不对中和动静碰磨状态)状态进行模拟实验,获取故障数据后进行故障识别研究。研究表明:在相同测试样本的条件下,CPSO-SVM诊断模型的识别准确率为95%,比PSO-SVM诊断模型提高了5%,运行时间为22.055 s,比PSO缩短了14.5 s。研究结果验证了CPSO-SVM算法在汽轮机转子故障诊断方面的优越性。     

Direct active and reactive power control of DFIG for wind energy generation

This paper presents a new direct power control (DPC) strategy for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy generation system. The strategy is based on the direct control of stator active and reactive power by selecting appropriate voltage vectors on the rotor side. It is found that the initial rotor flux has no impact on the changes of the stator active and reactive power. The proposed method only utilizes the estimated stator flux so as to remove the difficulties associated with rotor flux estimation. The principles of this method are described in detail in this paper. The only machine parameter required by the proposed DPC method is the stator resistance whose impact on the system performance is found to be negligible. Simulation results on a 2 MW DFIG system are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy during variations of active and reactive power, rotor speed, machine parameters, and converter dc link voltage.     

高压比增压器转子轴承系统振动性能改进

针对我国铁路运用的大功率交流传动内燃机车研发了一款新型增压器,其压比和流量较现有产品大幅提高;由于压气机叶轮线速度和转子质量提高,现有的叶轮与主轴的连接方式不能满足新研发增压器的要求,研发了一种新型的压气机叶轮与主轴连接方式,并设计了新型轴承。对改进前后的转子轴承系统进行了临界转速、稳定性、瞬态响应和转子轴心轨迹分析,并进行试验测试,验证了新转子轴承系统完全达到要求。目前,改进转子结构后的增压器已经完成了平台型式试验、装车运用考核试验,实现批产。     

Sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind generation system with squirrel cage induction generator

This paper proposes a technique that determines the optimal windmill operation speed and the optimal rotor flux. Moreover, the position and speed sensor-less wind generation system using the electromotive voltage observer to estimate rotor position and full-order observer to estimate rotor speed and the windmill output torque are proposed. The position and speed sensor-less maximum power point of wind power generation system is controlled by using the above estimated values, optimized windmill operation speed for maximum output power and optimized rotor flux for minimum generator losses. The effectiveness of the position and speed sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind power generation system with squirrel cage induction generator is verified by simulations. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method can estimate the operation speed efficiently.