Numerical study on non-uniform heat transfer deterioration of supercritical RP-3 aviation kerosene in a horizontal tube

The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3) aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied, focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deterioration along the circumferential direction. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy have been solved using the pressure-based segregated solver based on the finite volume method. The re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment was selected. Considering the heat conduction in the solid wall, the mechanism of heat transfer deterioration and the buoyancy effect on deteriorated heat transfer were discussed. The evolution of secondary flow was analyzed. Effects of the outer-wall heat flux,mass flux, pressure and tube thermal conductivity on heat transfer were investigated. Moreover, the buoyancy criterion and the heat transfer correlation were obtained. Results indicate that the poor flow performance of near-wall fluid causes the pseudo-film boiling, further leads to the heat transfer deterioration. The strong buoyancy has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer at the bottom of tube, and weakening the heat transfer at the top of tube, which results in the non-uniform inner-wall temperature and heat flux distributions. Decreasing the ratio of outer-wall heat flux and mass flux, increasing the pressure could weaken the heat transfer difference along the circumferential direction, while the effect of thermal conductivity of tube on the circumferential parameters distributions is more complicated. When the buoyancy criterion of(Gr_q/Gr_(th))_(max)≤ 0.8 is satisfied, the effect of buoyancy could be ignored. The new correlations work well for non-uniform heat transfer predictions.     

升温升压过程对聚丙烯在超临界水中降解的影响

The effect of increasing course of temperature and pressure on polypropylene （PP） degradation in supercritical water was investigated for developing a process of recycling waste plastic. A group of experiments was carded out in a reaction system at a pressure of 26MPa, temperature of 380℃ or 400℃ for 30min, 70min, and 120min by Course One （the increasing course of temperature and pressure is via gaseous regions to supercritical regions）, and the other group was carried out at corresponding holding conditions by Course Two （the increasing course of temperature and pressure is via liquid regions to supercritical regions）. The time of the increasing courses was about 30min. Products were analyzed by Ostward-type viscometer, gaseous chromatography, and mass spectrometers （GC/MS）. Characterization results suggested that different increasing courses of temperature and pressure would give rise to different results, although they were treated under the similar holding conditions. It was also found that Course Two was more effective on PP degradation in supercritical water.     

翅片导流板填料应用于旋转填料床的特性

For an alcohol/water system and with fin baffle packing, continuous distillation experiments were carried out in a rotating packed bed (RPB) system at atmospheric pressure. The effects of the average high gravity factor (β), liquid reflux ratio (R) and feedstock flux (F) on the momentum transfer and mass transfer were investigated. The gas phase pressure drop of RPB increased with the average high gravity factor, liquid reflux ratio and feedstock flux, which was 13.55-64.37 Pa at β of 2.01-51.49, R of 1.0-2.5, and F of 8-24 L&;#8226;h－1 for a theoretical tray in the RPB with fin baffle packing. The investigation on the mass transfer in the RPB with different packings showed that the number of transfer units of RPB with a packing also increased with the average high gravity factor, reflux ratio and feedstock flux. It is found that the fin baffle packing (packing III) presents the best mass transfer performance and lowest pressure drop for the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), which is 6.59-9.84 mm.     

A Numerical Study on Fully Developed Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Spiral Finned Tube

In this paper, the standard k-εtwo-equation model is adopted to numerically simulate fully developed fluid flow and heat transfer in a spiral finned tube within a cracking furnace for ethylene manufacturing. By variable transformation, the orlglnal 3-D problem is converted into a 2-D problem in spiral coordinates. The algorithm of SIMPLEC is used to study the fully developed fluld flow and heat transfer in the spiral finned tube at constant periphery temperature and constant axial heat flux, The computed results agree pretty well with the experimental data obtained from the industry, Further studies on the fluid flows and temperature profiles at different Reynolds numbers within straight and spiral finned tubes are conducted and the mechanisms involved are explored. It is found that with the spiral finned tube, pressure drop increases to a great extent whereas heat transfer tends to be decreased.     

考虑界面蒸发时的降液膜流动传热

The interfacial evaporative heat transfer was included in the semi-empirical study of the heat transfer for the falling liquid film flow. The investigations showed that, the inclusion of the interfacial evaporative heat transfer in the turbulent model would lower the predicted convective heat transfer coefficient. Predictions of the new model resulted in a prominent deviation from that predictions of the normal model in the case of large mass flow rate and low wall heat flux. This deviation will be decreased with increasing wall heat flux, such that it will be asymptotic zero at very high wall heat flux. Predictions of the new model agreed well with the current experimental measurements. This study has verified that the Reynolds number is not the sole crucial parameter for heat transferof falling liquid film flow, and wall heat flux will be another important independent parameter. This result is consistent with our previous studies.     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

Prediction of mass transfer coefficients in an asymmetric rotating disk contactor using effective diffusivity

Mass transfer characteristics have been investigated in a 113 mm diameter asymmetric rotating disk contactor of the pilot plant scale for two different liquid–liquid systems. The effects of operating parameters including rotor speed and continuous and dispersed phase velocities on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients are investigated. The results show that the mass transfer performance is strongly dependent on agitation rate and interfacial tension, but only slightly dependent on phase flow rates. In this study, effective diffusivity is used instead of molecular diffusivity in the Gr?ber equation for estimation of dispersed phase overall mass transfer coefficient.The enhancement factor is determined experimentally and there from an empirical expression is derived for prediction of the enhancement factor as a function of Reynolds number. The predicted results compared to the experimental data show that the proposed correlation can efficiently predict the overall mass transfer coefficients in asymmetric rotating disk contactors.     

Review on the effect of heat exchanger tubes on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer of the bubble/slurry reactors

Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR) are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industries. Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process, thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor. Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes. Unfortunately, little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR. The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer, then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR, ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.     

反渗透过程的浓度极化及其传质系数测定

The relationship between osmotic pressure difference across the membrane and mass transfer coefficient is developed in this paper. On the basis of this relationship, a method for measuring mass transfer coefficient by using experimental data on reverse osmosis is established. Pitzer's equations are used to calculate osmotic pressure differences in order to assure accuracy of results. Under the conditions of constant operating pressure and bulk flow, mass transfer coefficient is scarcely affected by membrane structure, but decreases slightly with increasing feed concentration. The solute concentration in the polarization layer is calculated by using the measured values of mass transfer coefficient. Polarization layer concentration increases with augmentation in bulk concentration. However, their difference increases with increasing bulk concentration until a maximum difference is reached, and then decreases. Mass transfer coefficient increases with higher velocity of bulk flow. If mass transfer coefficient is so large that the ratio(PwΔπσ/k)becomes very small, polarization could be neglected.     

Experimental study on heat transfer of aviation kerosene in a vertical upward tube at supercritical pressures☆

A research on the heat transfer performance of kerosene flowing in a vertical upward tube at supercritical pres-sure is presented. In the experiments, insights are offered on the effects of the factors...     

Thermal performance of tubular heat exchanger with multiple twisted-tape inserts

The paper presents an experimental investigation on enhanced heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics by using single, double, triple, and quadruple twisted-tape inserts in a round tube having a uniform heat-fluxed wal . The investigation has been conducted in the heat exchanger tube inserted with various twisted-tape numbers for co-and counter-twist arrangements for the turbulent air flow, Reynolds number (Re) from 5300 to 24000. The typical single twisted-tape inserts at two twist ratios, y/w=4 and 5, are used as the base case, while the other multiple twisted-tape inserts are at y/w=4 only. The experimental results of heat transfer and pressure drop in terms of Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f), respectively, reveal that Nu increases with the increment of Re and of twisted-tape number. The values of Nu for the inserted tube are in a range of 1.15–2.12 times that for the plain tube while f is 1.9–4.1 times. The thermal enhancement factor of the inserted tube under similar pumping power is evaluated and found to be above unity except for the single and the double co-twisted tapes. The quadruple counter-twisted tape insert provides the maximum thermal performance.     

基于精细自由基反应机理的丙烷裂解炉炉管CFD模拟(英文)

In the radiant section of cracking furnace, the thermal cracking process is highly coupled with turbulent flow, heat transfer and mass transfer. In this paper, a three-dimensional simulation of propane pyrolysis reactor tube is performed based on a detailed kinetic radical cracking scheme, combined with a comprehensive rigorous computational fluid dynamics（CFD） model. The eddy-dissipation-concept（EDC） model is introduced to deal with turbulence-chemistry interaction of cracking gas, especially for the multi-step radical kinetics. Considering the high aspect ratio and severe gradient phenomenon, numerical strategies such as grid resolution and refinement, stepping method and relaxation technique at different levels are employed to accelerate convergence. Large scale of radial nonuniformity in the vicinity of the tube wall is investigated. Spatial distributions of each radical reaction rate are first studied, and made it possible to identify the dominant elementary reactions. Additionally, a series of operating conditions including the feedstock feed rate, wall temperature profile and heat flux profile towards the reactor tubes are investigated. The obtained results can be used as scientific guide for further technical retrofit and operation optimization aiming at high conversion and selectivity of pyrolysis process.     

三甘醇水溶液池沸腾传热

Boiling of water/triethyleneglycol (TEG) binary solution has a wide-ranging application in the gas processing engineering. Design, operation and optimization of the involved boilers require accurate prediction of boiling heat transfer coefficient between surface and solution. In this investigation, nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coef-ficient has been experimentally measured on a horizontal rod heater in water/TEG binary solutions in a wide range of concentrations and heat fluxes under ambient condition. The present experimental data are correlated using major existing correlations. In addition a correlation is presented for prediction of pool boiling heat transfer for the system in which the vapour pressure of one component is negligible. This model is based on the mass transfer rate equation for prediction of the concentration at the bubble vapor/liquid interface. Based on this prediction, the temperature of the interface and accordingly, the boiling heat transfer coefficient could be straightforwardly calculated from the known concentration at the interface. It is shown that this simple model has sufficient accuracy and is acceptable below the medium concentrations of TEG when the vapor equilibrium concentration of TEG is almost zero. The presented model excludes any tuning parameter and requires very few physical properties to apply.     

Effect of Adsorbent Diameter on the Performance of Adsorption Refrigeration

Adsorbents are important components in adsorption refrigeration. The diameter of an adsorbent can af-fect the heat and mass transfer of an adsorber. The effect of particle diameter on effective thermal conductivity was investigated. The heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant and the void rate of the adsorbent layer can also affect the effective thermal conductivity of adsorbents. The performance of mass transfer in the adsorber is better when pressure drop decreases. Pressure drop decreases with increasing permeability. The permeability of the adsorbent layer can be improved with increasing adsorbent diameter. The effect of adsorbent diameter on refrigeration output power was experimentally studied. Output power initially increases and then decreases with increasing diameter under different cycle time conditions. Output power increases with decreasing cycle time under similar diameters.     

An empirical study on vortex-generator insert fitted in tubular heat exchangers with dilute Cu–water nanofluid flow

The heat transfer enhancement(HTE) in tubular heat exchangers fitted with vortex-generator(VG) inserts is experimentally investigated. The studied four parameters and ranges are: winglets-pitch ratio(1.33, 2.67, and 4),winglets-length ratio(0.33, 0.67, and 1), winglets-width ratio(0.2, 0.4, and 0.6), and Reynolds number(5200to 12200). The testing fluids are the water and Cu–water nanofluid at the volumetric fraction of 0.2%. The results obtained on HTE, pressure drop, and performance evaluation criterion(PEC) are compared with those for water in a smooth tube. It is found that the VG inserts with lower winglets-pitch ratio and higher winglets-length/width ratios present higher values of HTE and pressure drop. Over the range studied, the maximum PEC of 1.83 is detected with the Cu–water nanofluid inside the tube equipped with a VG insert at the winglets-width ratio of0.6 for the maximum Reynolds number, when the heat transfer rate and pressure drop are 1.24 times and 2.03 times of those in the smooth tube. Generalized regression equations of the Nusselt number, friction factor, and PEC are presented for the tubular heat exchangers with the VG inserts for both water and Cu–water nanofluid.It is concluded that the main advantage of the VG inserts is their simple fabrication and considerable performance, particularly at higher Reynolds number.     

采用不同载体的中空纤维更新液膜Cu(Ⅱ)传质的研究(英文)

The extraction ability of organophosphorus extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) and hydroximic extractant Lix984N are investigated by the extraction equilibrium experiments. Effects of carrier concentration and organic/aqueous volume ratio on the mass transfer of hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM) are studied. Results show that, in the extracting process, kerosene and n-heptane are more suitable than methyl-isobutyl ketone, butylacetate and benzene as the diluents of D2EHPA or Lix984N. The favorable feed pH is 4.4 for D2EHPA and 2.6 for Lix984N. The mass transfer flux of HFRLM increases with carrier concentration and finally reaches a plateau. The mass transfer flux and the overall transfer coefficient increase with the or-ganic/aqueous volume ratio, reach the maximum and then decrease.     

燕尾形轴向微槽道热管的传热特性(英文)

A thermal model for a heat pipe with axially swallow-tailed microgrooves is developed and analyzed numerically to predict the heat transfer capacity and total thermal resistance. The effect of heat load on the axial distribution of capillary radius, and the effect of working temperature and wick structure on the maximum heat transfer capability, as well as the effect of the heat load and working temperature on the total thermal resistance are all investigated and discussed. It is indicated that the meniscus radius increases non-linearly and slowly at the evaporator and adiabatic section along the axial direction, while increasing drastically at the beginning of the condenser section. The pressure difference in the vapor phase along the axial direction is much smaller than that in the liquid phase. In addition, the heat transfer capacity is deeply affected by the working temperature and the size of the wick. A groove wick structure with a wider groove base width and higher groove depth can enhance the heat transfer capability. The effect of the working temperature on the total thermal resistance is insignificant; however, the total thermal resistance shows dependence upon the heat load. In addition, the accuracy of the model is also verified by the experiment in this paper.     

基于单气泡非稳膜机理的相际传质模型

A gas-liquid mass transfer model based on an unsteady state film mechanism applied to a single bubble is presented. The mathematical model was solved using Laplace transform to obtain an analytical solution of concentration profile in terms of the radial position r and time t. The dynamic mass transfer flux was deduced and the influence of the bubble size was also determined. A mathematical method for deducing the average mass transfer flux directly from the Laplace transformed concentration is presented. Its accuracy is verified by comparing the numerical results with those from the indirect method. The influences of the model parameters, namely, the bubble size R, liquid film thickness δ, and the surface renewal constant s on the average mass transfer flux were investigated. The proposed model is useful for a better understanding of the mass transfer mechanism and an optimum design of gas-liquid contact equipment.     

Influence of heat flux and Reynolds number on the entropy generation for different types of nanofluids in a hexagon microchannel heat sink

Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the entropy generation is studied for laminar forced convection flow of different nanoparticles(Al_2 O_3, CuO and SiO_2) mixed with water through a hexagon microchannel heat sink(HMCHS). The effects of different heat fluxes and Reynolds numbers on the entropy generation for different nanofluids, volume fractions and nanoparticles diameter are investigated. The heat flux is in the range of 125 to 500 kW·m~(-2) and the Reynolds numbers vary between 200 and 1500. The thermal, frictional and total entropy generations are calculated by integrating the volumetric rate components over the entire HMCHS. The results clearly show that the rise in the heat flux leads to an increase in the thermal entropy generation for nanofluids and pure water but they don't have any influence on the frictional entropy generation. Moreover, when the Reynolds number increases, the frictional entropy generation increases while the thermal entropy generation decreases. The results revealed that at low heat fluxes and high Reynolds numbers, pure water gives the lowest entropy generation, while at high heat flux the nanofluid has to be used in order to lower the overall irreversibility.     

Influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of Al2O3/R141b in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering

Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 nanorefrigerant for 0.05 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% is prepared by ultrasonic vibration to investi-gate the influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer of Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering.Experimental results show that nanoparticle concentrations have significantly impact on heat transfer coefficients by homogeneity test of variances according to mathemat-ical statistics.The heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 nanorefrigerant is enhanced after adding nanoparticles in the pure refrigerant R141b.The heat transfer coefficients of 0.05 wt.%,0.1 wt.%,0.2 wt.%,0.3 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% Al2O3/R141b+Span-80 nanorefrigerant respectively increase by 55.0%,72.0%,53.0%,42.3% and 39.9% compared with the pure refrigerant R141b.The particle fluxes from viscosity gradient,non-uniform shear rate and Brownian motion cause particles to migrate in fluid especially in the process of flow boiling.This mi-gration motion enhances heat transfer between nanoparticles and fluid.Therefore,the heat transfer performance of nanofluid is enhanced. It is important to note that the heat transfer coefficients nonlinearly increase with nanoparticle concentrations increasing.The heat transfer coefficients reach its maximum value at the mass concentration of 0.1% and then it decreases slightly.There exists an optimal mass concentration corresponding to the best heat transfer enhancement. The reason for the above phenomenon is attributed to nanoparticles deposition on the minichannel wall by Scanning Electron Microscopy observation.The channel surface wettability increases during the flow boiling experiment in the mass concentration range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%.The channel surface with wettability increasing needs more energy to produce a bubble.Therefore,the heat transfer coefficients decrease with nanoparticle concentrations in the range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%.In addition,a new correlation has been proposed by fitting the experimental data considering the influence of mass concentrations on the heat trans-fer performance.The new correlation can effectively predict the heat transfer coefficient.