不同pH下阿魏酸对大豆分离蛋白膜性能的影响

本文报道了阿魏酸、pH及碱液等对大豆分离膜的的影响。以大豆分离蛋白为主要基质的成膜溶液调pH、热处理后铺板干燥，揭膜，在相对湿度为52％的室温环境下平衡48h后测定膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透性、颜色等。结果表明，大豆蛋白膜的断裂伸长率随pH的升高而增加，抗拉强度在中性pH以上时也是随pH升高而增加；阿魏酸的添加可显著增加膜的拉伸张力和断裂伸长率，但也使膜的颜色变深；阿魏酸还使我们可以在成膜溶液pH为中性时制备具有较强抗拉强度的膜：加阿魏酸100、200、300mg(此用量分别相当于大豆分离蛋白的2％、4％、6％)将成膜溶液pH调为7．0,与对照相比，可使断裂伸长率提高24．2％～54．4％，抗拉强度提高62．5％～94．3％。     

pH为中性的大豆分离蛋白膜的制备及特性

以大豆分离蛋白、甘油、阿魏酸为组成成分的成膜溶液调pH为中性,热处理后铺板干燥,揭膜,在相对湿度为52%的环境下平衡48h后测定膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、颜色等。结果表明,阿魏酸的添加方法和添加量对膜的这些特性都有显著影响;阿魏酸的添加可显著增加膜的拉伸张力(20.2%～34.5%)和断裂伸长率(62.5%～94.3%),但也使膜的颜色变深;阿魏酸使pH为中性的大豆分离膜的机械性能可与通常在pH9或以上制备的这类膜相媲美,这使大豆分离蛋白膜有了更广泛的潜在应用前景。     

阿魏酸对可食性大豆蛋白膜理化特性的影响

用大豆分离蛋白制备可食性包装膜时，在成膜溶液中添加阿魏酸能增加膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率，降低膜的水蒸气透性，并减少甘油用量、提高膜的抗氧化性能。阿魏酸的最适添加量为100mg／100g。其主要机理是阿魏酸与蛋白质的某些氨基酸反应而增加了蛋白质的交联度。由于阿魏酸与蛋白质反应后吸收峰红移，暗示阿魏酸的添加有利于膜防止短波辐射，延长食品保质期。     

响应面法优化阿魏酸淀粉酯膜制备工艺

采用单因素试验和响应面法考察阿魏酸淀粉酯取代度、干燥温度和甘油添加量对阿魏酸淀粉酯膜抗张强度（tensile strength,TS）和断裂伸长率的影响。结果表明：随着取代度的增大,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的TS逐渐增大,断裂伸长率逐渐减小;当干燥温度不大于60 ℃时,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的TS随着温度的升高略微增大,当温度升高到60 ℃以上时,TS显著降低（P＜0.05）,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的断裂伸长率随着温度的升高显著降低（P＜0.05）;随着甘油添加量的增大,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的TS逐渐减小,断裂伸长率逐渐增大。综合考虑各因素对阿魏酸淀粉酯膜机械性能的影响,在取代度0.068、干燥温度40 ℃、甘油添加量1.20 g/4.0 g条件下制备阿魏酸淀粉酯膜,膜的TS较高,为10.23 MPa;在取代度0.023、干燥温度41 ℃、甘油添加量1.30 g/4.0 g条件下制膜,膜的断裂伸长率较高,为321.65%。     

甘油与甲基纤维素对高直链玉米淀粉- 壳聚糖复合膜性能的影响

以高直链玉米淀粉(HACS)和壳聚糖(CS)为基本材料,甘油为增塑剂,甲基纤维素(MC)为增强剂制备可食性复合膜,研究高直链玉米淀粉与壳聚糖的质量比,甘油的添加量以及甲基纤维素的添加量对复合膜物理性能的影响,包括抗拉强度(TS)、断裂伸长率(E)、水蒸气透过系数(WVP)和色度。结果表明,壳聚糖添加量的增大与甘油添加量的增加都使高直链玉米淀粉- 壳聚糖复合膜的抗拉强度降低,断裂伸长率和WVP 显著增大,膜颜色变黄;甲基纤维素的添加改善了复合膜的机械性能和WVP,随着甲基纤维素添加量的增加,复合膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率都随之增大,WVP 逐渐降低,且对膜的颜色没有显著影响。     

谷氨酰胺转移酶对明胶-CaCO3矿物质膜成膜性的影响

本实验通过向明胶-碳酸钙矿物质膜中添加谷氨酰胺转移酶（TGase）,研究了谷氨酰胺转移酶对明胶-碳酸钙矿物质膜特性的影响,对谷氨酰胺转移酶处理前后样品进行厚度、质构、水溶性、水蒸气透过系数、扫描电镜（SEM）、流变性、差示热量扫描（DSC）等方法表征。研究结果表明：在成膜溶液中加入谷氨酰胺转移酶（6 U/g）可以使矿物质膜的厚度增加19.69%、成膜液凝胶强度增加17.24%、膜的抗拉强度增加28.05%、断裂伸长率增加21.27%,而水溶性和水蒸气透过率没有显著改变;扫描电镜表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶交联的矿物质膜表面和断面与不加谷氨酰胺转移酶的矿物质膜相比更加粗糙;流变性结果表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶加入后成膜溶液的粘度显著增加;差示热量扫描表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶催化明胶-碳酸钙矿物膜产生了交联。     

谷氨酰胺转移酶对大豆分离蛋白成膜性能的影响

研究了谷氨酰胺转移酶（TGase）对大豆蛋白膜特性的影响。研究表明：在成膜溶液中加入TGase（4U／g）可以使膜的抗拉强度增加16．79，6，表面疏水性增加39．2％，同时也明显降低了膜的断裂伸长率、水分含量、总可溶性物质量及透光率，但是对水蒸气转移速率几无影响。扫描电镜（SEM）显示，酶法交联膜的表面比对照膜略为粗糙，断面却更为均匀致密。SDS-PAGE分析表明，TGase催化SPI产生了共价交联。     

麦麸纤维/小麦麸质蛋白复合膜碱性乙醇成膜体系影响因素研究

将小麦麸质蛋白(wheat gluten,WG)和麦麸纤维(wheat-bran cellulose,WC)通过溶液共混于碱性乙醇系统,采用流延成膜法制备复合膜。探讨成膜体系中料液比、麦麸纤维含量、甘油添加量、乙醇浓度、体系pH值及黄原胶添加量对复合膜物理性能抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongation at break,EAB)、水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)、水溶性和透光性等的影响。结果表明:添加麦麸纤维能明显增强小麦麸质蛋白膜的抗拉强度,降低其水蒸气透过系数和水溶性,抗拉强度最高为20.44 MPa,比纯小麦麸质蛋白膜(TS=8.65 MPa)提高了140%;成膜体系各因素对复合膜各物理性能都存在不同程度的影响,其中甘油添加量影响最大,其次为麦麸纤维含量,黄原胶添加量影响最小。该研究可为进一步制备性能优异的小麦麸质蛋白复合膜提供技术参考。     

热处理和碱处理对可食性大豆分离蛋白膜性能的影响

研究了热处理和碱处理对可食性大豆分离蛋白(SPI)膜性能的影响。对成膜液进行适当的加热和调节pH可以提高SPI膜的抗拉强度(TS)和伸长率(E),降低水蒸气透过系数(WVP)。调节成膜液的pH到9,在70℃加热20min,所得到的膜机械性能和阻湿性能最好。     

甘油-明胶膜的制备及其性能研究

制备了甘油-明胶膜,通过测定膜的含水量、机械强度、保湿性,研究了明胶、甘油不同配比对膜性能的影响。结果表明随甘油用量的增加,成膜含水量先增加后降低,拉伸强度逐渐降低,断裂伸长率增加,成膜保湿性先下降后上升。在质量分数12%的明胶溶液用量100g,甘油用量8g,即甘油、明胶质量比1∶1.5时,成膜性能最好。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the