奥氏体不锈钢高温拉伸过程中的不均匀变形

材料高温变形过程中会发生不均匀变形,甚至产生缺陷。通过高温拉伸卸载实验,分析304奥氏体不锈钢在变形温度为1150℃时不同卸载应变量下试样的表面形态。实验表明,随着应变量的增大,表面粗糙度逐渐增大。从试样宏观上看,当应变量较小时,尽管试样局部有明显的不均匀性,但仍保持着几何上的均匀性;当应变量较大时,演变为竹节形。在此基础上,提出高温拉伸过程的不均匀变形机制,即在拉伸变形初期形成一个变形集中区域,且不断的转移,从而形成试样轮廓上的凹陷,当应变较大时,变形会集中在某个区域内引起断裂。分析认为,奥氏体不锈钢在高温变形条件下,一旦出现应变集中区域,由于较高的应变速率强化性能,使应变集中区域变形抗力增大,阻止了该区域截面积的进一步减小,使应变集中区域发生转移。     

SAF2205双相不锈钢在高温扭转变形条件下的组织演化

本文研究了SAF2205双相不锈钢在高温（600℃,800℃和1000℃）扭转变形条件下的微观组织演化。微观组织演化的结果表明不同程度的再结晶现象出现,而且变形试样中的奥氏体的形貌不同。奥氏体的体积分数随着变形温度的增加而减少。800℃扭转条件下的试样的断口形貌和室温下试样的断口形貌有很大差异,实验结果表明当扭转在室温条件下进行时,断口形貌呈现韧性断裂特征,等轴状和抛物线状的韧窝分布在断面上。然而,在800℃条件下扭转的试样的断口形貌主要呈现出沿晶断裂的特征。     

Carbide precipitation in austenitic stainless steel carburized at low temperature

Low-temperature gas-phase carburization can significantly improve the surface mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel by generating a single-phase “case” with concentrations of interstitially dissolved carbon exceeding the equilibrium solubility limit by orders of magnitude. Upon prolonged treatment, however, carbides (mostly χ, M₅C₂) can precipitate and degrade the properties. High-resolution and spatially resolved analytical transmission electron microscopy revealed the precise carbide–austenite orientation relationship, a highly coherent interface, and that precipitation only occurs when (i) the carbon-induced lattice expansion of the austenite has reached a level that substantially reduces volume-misfit stress and (ii) diffusional transport of nickel, chromium, and iron – enhanced by structural defects – can locally reduce the nickel concentration to the solubility limit of nickel in χ-carbide.     

Evolution of intergranular corrosion resistance for HR3C heat-resistant austenitic stainless steel at elevated temperature

An attempt has been made to investigate the evolution of intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of HR3C heat-resistant austenitic stainless steel. The double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) tests were conducted to evaluate the IGC resistance of HR3C steel. The results show that the side peaks can be observed in active–passive region of DL-EPR curves due to inhomogeneous distribution of the chromium dissolved in matrix. The variation of the degree of sensitisation (DOS) during sensitising at 800°C can be divided into three regions (sensitisation dominant region, desensitisation dominant region and equilibrium region). When HR3C steel is sensitised at 800°C for over 24?h, the equilibrium state in DOS can be reached. Simultaneously, the IGC morphologies after DL-EPR tests can correlate well with the DOS. On the basis of the equilibrium state in DOS, proper heat treatments and corrosion protection measures can be taken to avoid IGC of HR3C steel.     

一种含铝奥氏体不锈钢的高温氧化行为

采用称量法研究了新型Cr21Ni35NbAl合金分别在700 ℃、800 ℃和900 ℃空气中的静态氧化行为,并绘制其高温氧化动力学质量增加曲线。结合X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）对高温氧化膜层的形貌及结构进行表征。结果表明：新合金的高温氧化动力学质量增加曲线遵循抛物线规律,700 ℃氧化膜主要为(Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3和少量Al2O3;800 ℃氧化膜较为复杂,主要为Al2O3、(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3和少量Fe(Cr, Al)2O4;900 ℃时氧化膜主要为Al2O3和少量(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3。     

The stress corrosion cracking of an austenitic stainless steel in HCl + NaCl solutions at room temperature

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of type AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel was studied in mixed HCl + NaCl solutions at room temperature. Two potential regions of SCC susceptibility were found: one near the open circuit potential, and the other near the pitting potential. The two regions were fused into a single one when the concentration of HCl was reduced. Crack velocities were predicted by the potentiostatic fast strain-rate technique and measured by slow strain-rate tests. A very good correlation was found between the predicted and measured crack velocity values. The cracks were transgranular, and the experimental results showed that an anodic rate controlling step is present in this SCC process.     

The effects of deformation variables on hot workability of austenitic stainless steel

The torsion tests of 304 stainless steel were performed in the temperature range of 900~1100°C and strain rate range of 5.0 × 10^-2~5.0 × 10°/sec to study the high temperature softening behavior. The flow curves and microstructures showed the behavior of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The dependence of temperature(T) and the stain rate(ɛ) on the flow stress was expressed by the hyperbolic sine law, ɛ=2.75 × 10 (sinh 0.076σ)^5.26 exp(-379000 J/mol/RT). The dynamically recrystallized grain size(d_DRX) was related to the value of the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z. Under the Z value of 10¹⁷, it was found that the grain size ranged from 10 to 20 μm. The relationship between the dynamically recrystallized grain size and Z parameter was found as follows: d_DRX=l 39.48-7.33 log Z and the calculated grain sizes were well matched with the experimental values. To determine the optimum condition of plastic deformation, the deformation map was made from the efficiency of power dissipation. The maximum efficiency was 0.41 at the condition of 1100°C, 0.5/sec, 100%.     

AISI 201奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳

利用低温等离子体辉光放电技术对AISI 201奥氏体不锈钢进行低温离子渗碳(DCPC)处理,处理后的不锈钢表面可以形成一层无碳化铬析出的碳的过饱和固溶体(SC相)。由于渗入钢中的过饱和碳原子引起奥氏体晶格发生畸变,结果使渗层的硬度和耐蚀性都有较大幅度的提高。     

变形温度对低镍奥氏体不锈钢高温拉伸失稳的影响

对两种低镍奥氏体不锈钢在温度950℃~1200℃进行拉伸试验和拉伸卸载试验,分析塑性材料在高温单轴拉伸过程中的几何失稳特性。结果表明,当载荷达到最大时,试样发生载荷失稳,此后再经历一段变形才发生几何失稳。载荷失稳之前,试样各处变形均匀;载荷失稳到几何失稳阶段,试样局部出现了不均匀变形,但这种局部不均匀并不立即发展为几何失稳。随着变形温度升高,载荷失稳真应变和加工硬化指数n均无明显变化,且大小相近,表明载荷失稳应变受n值控制;而几何失稳应变和应变速率敏感性系数m都随温度升高而增大,表明m值决定了载荷失稳到几何失稳阶段的应变,并且该应变是几何失稳应变的主要因素。     

奥氏体不锈钢室温强度和塑性的数值模拟计算

在理论研究和试验的基础上,结合各研究者实验数据和作者的大量研究结果,研究了奥氏体不锈钢室温强度和塑性与合金元素的变化规律,经计算机处理得到了室温强度、伸长率的定量计算的表达式.     

The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of an austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

In corrosion medium, metals can deform under tensile stress and form a new active surface with the anodic dissolution of the metals being accelerated. At the same time, the anodic dissolution may accelerate the deformation of the metals. The synergy can lead to crack nucleation and development and shorten the service life of the component. Austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution was in active dissolution condition when stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurred. It is reasonable to assume that the anodic dissolution play an important role, so it's necessary to study the synergy between anodic dissolution and deformation of austenitic stainless steels. The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in an acidic chloride solution was studied in this paper. The corrosion rate of the steel increased remarkably due to the deformation‐accelerated anodic and cathodic processes. The creep rate was increased while the yield strength was reduced by anodic dissolution. The analysis by thermal activation theory of deformation showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of creep rate and the logarithm of anodic current. Besides, the reciprocal of yield strength was also linearly dependent on the logarithm of anodic current. The theoretical deductions were in good agreement with experimental results.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢室温疲劳断口分析

研究了新型高氮奥氏体不锈钢(24Mn18Cr3Ni0.62N)在室温条件下的拉-拉疲劳行为,并对疲劳断口形貌进行观察分析.结果表明,疲劳曲线(S-N曲线)呈阶梯状下降趋势,平缓区对应载荷应力约为410 MPa为条件疲劳强度;疲劳断口特征明显,可清晰观察到疲劳条带、解理台阶、沿晶裂纹、瓦纳线以及二次裂纹.     

SUS201奥氏体不锈钢表面低温盐浴硬化处理

为了提高奥氏体不锈钢的表面硬度,在不降低不锈钢耐蚀性的前提下,采用盐浴氮碳共渗技术对SUS 201奥氏体不锈钢表面进行低温硬化处理,对不同处理温度和处理时间下硬化层的组织和性能进行研究.结果表明,处理温度和处理时间对硬化层的组织结构和性能都有很大的影响,只有在正确的工艺条件下,才能获得无氮(碳)化合物析出的硬化层,表面硬度可达1000HV0.025以上,而且还能提高不锈钢表面的耐蚀性能.     

Continuous recrystallization in austenitic stainless steel after large strain deformation

Static restoration mechanisms operating during annealing were studied in a 304 steel with strain-induced submicron grain structures. The initial microstructure with an average grain size of about 0.3 μm was developed by large strain deformation at 873 K. Early annealing leads to a full relaxation of high internal stresses associated with non-equilibrium strain-induced grain boundaries, while their boundary misorientations and the average grain size barely change. Further annealing results in a transient recrystallization followed by a normal grain growth. The average grain boundary misorientation increases up to around 45° in the former and becomes constant in the latter. This is associated with the change in the grain boundary misorientation distribution from a characteristic strain-induced one to a near random distribution corresponding to a fully recrystallized state. The annealing processes operating in the strain-induced fine grains take place homogeneously in the whole matrix and can be called continuous recrystallization.     

冷变形及退火工艺对低温用奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响

采用冷轧试验、退火试验、组织观察及力学性能检测等手段,研究了冷变形及退火工艺对低温用304L奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,随着冷轧变形量的增加,冷轧态组织晶粒沿着轧制方向被拉长后被破碎,形变带的密度逐渐增加,冷轧态钢板的强度提高,伸长率下降。随着退火温度的升高,再结晶晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,1120℃以后晶粒长大趋势明显提升,退火态钢板的强度降低,伸长率提高。退火时晶粒长大表观激活能随着冷变形量的增加而提高,在低温退火时,随着冷轧变形量的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,强度提高,伸长率下降,高温退火时趋势正好相反。     

The effect of specimen position on the shape of corrosion pits in an austenitic stainless steel

The effect of the exposure mode of specimens on the morphology and the kinetics of development of covered pits growing in an 18Cr12Ni2MoTi austenitic stainless steel at a constant electrode potential (+ 860 mV_NHE) was investigated. It was found that in the case of an electrode facing upwards the growth of pits into the metal bulk is slower than in the case of the electrode facing downwards. In the first case there is a distinct and permanent increase of the concentration of chloride ions in the pits, and as a result, the diffusive inhibition of the metal dissolution in the pits is greater than in the second case, where the accumulation of Cl^? is less pronounced. The results are compared with those obtained earlier for pits growing under analogous conditions in a vertical electrode.     

铸态42CrMo钢的高温塑性变形特性

利用Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机,在应变速率为0.01~10 s-1、变形温度为1000~1150℃、变形量为60%的条件下对铸态42Cr Mo钢的高温塑性变形特性进行了研究。结果表明,材料的流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大;试验钢的峰值应力激活能Q=325.63 k J/mol,稳态应力激活能Q=271.84 k J/mol;变形过程中动态再结晶晶粒平均尺寸随温度的增大而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小,其自然对数与Zener-Hollomon参数的自然对数成线性关系。     

Repassivation studies on an austenitic stainless steel in chloride solutions

The repassivation behaviour of an 18Cr---10Ni steel strained in tension in room temperature solutions of pH 2 containing chloride ion concentrations of 0·01M, 0·1M and 1·0M has been studied as a function of strain and potential under potentiostatic conditions. After straining the current decays such that — log is constant and this is interpreted as arising from the summation of a series of transients. The charge flowing during the repassivation process has been calculated and varies considerably, increasing with increasing strain and chloride ion concentration and as the potential is made more noble.     

The remarkable passivity of austenitic stainless steel in sulphuric acid solution and the effect of repetitive temperature cycling

The passivation of 316L austenitic stainless steel in sulphuric acid solution has been measured at a single temperature, and then further, after a series of temperature sweeps. After 15 h at 20 °C and constant electrode potential, the passive current density has fallen to 16 nA cm⁻² and still continues to decline, with no evidence of an approach to the steady state. After subjecting the metal to a series of temperature sweeps the passive current density has decayed much further to ca. 0.5 nA cm⁻² and probably still decaying slowly. The metal is thereby rendered extremely passive. It is argued that the passive current density as measured by conventional potential sweep voltammetry is not in fact the steady state current density, because the true approach to a steady state is far too slow.