Analysis, stability and optimization of Aloha-type protocols for multichannel networks

In this paper we propose a protocol appropriate for multiple access in a multichannel environment. All free stations contend in one channel, while the busy stations construct one queue belonging to all retransmission channels for collision resolution. Thus asymmetric access methods, such as pre-selection or sequential selection of retransission channels. A queueing model appropriate for the analysis and performance evaluation of the proposed protocol is derived. Analytic solutions are developed for a system with a finite number of stations using discrete time Markov chains. Numerical results indicate the dependence of normalized performance (normalized throughput and normalized delay) on the number of channels. The cases in which the multichannel system is superior to the single channel protocol are found. The stability of the multichannel system with infinite population is studied. Pakes's Lemma criteria are applied to specify regions in which the multichannel system is stable. The control parameters are the retransmission probabilities. Optimization rules are derived which show that the optimal retransmission probabilities are a function of the number of busy stations.     

Performance optimization with propagation delay analysis in WDM networks

In this study we attempt to analyze a synchronous transmission WDMA protocol for passive star topology based on the propagation delay latency effect. The introduction of propagation delay constitutes a serious parameter for WDM networks performance behavior and a realistic basis for the analysis. The proposed WDM network uses a Multi-channel Control Architecture (MCA) for two reasons: First to reduce the electronic processing bottleneck and second to optimize the performance measures by dynamically dividing the control channels into two groups according to the knowledge of the stations status (free or backlogged). In this way we develop a Markovian model for finite population with receiver collisions evaluation.     

Asynchronous transmission protocols for WDM LANs using multichannel control architecture

In this paper we study a single-hop WDM network for passive star topology, based on a new network architecture which uses several wavelengths as control channels with an appropriate Network Interface Unit at each station for coordination of packet transmissions on the data channels referred to as Multichannel Control Architecture (MCA). With MCA, control informations are distributed over the total control channels and in conjunction with the suitable NIU reduces the headers electronic processing bottleneck at each end station. We propose a multiple access protocol which operates asynchronously, i.e data channels are not slotted. The proposed scheme adopts the ALOHA protocol for the access to MCA and data channels. Analytic model is developed and analysed for performance measures evaluation based on Poisson approximations statistics of both the infinite and finite population. Numerical results are discussed for various number of control and data channels. The effect of receiver collisions is analysed and estimated by the average rejection probabilities at destination.     

A wavelength division multiple access protocol for high-speed local area networks with a passive star topology

In this paper a multiple access protocol is proposed for a system consisting of many high-speed bursty traffic stations interconnected via an optical passive star coupler. Each station has access over a range of wavelengths. Time is divided intp fixed-sized slots. A station must reserve a wavelength first, then transmits the data on that wavelength. New stations can join the system anytime without any system reconfiguration. Broadcast and multicast traffic can also be easily supported. The performance of both the infinite and finite population cases has been modeled and analyzed. Numerical results show that low delay and high throughput (larger than the electronic speed of a single station) can be achieved. The analysis also shows that the best performance is obtained when the capacities of the reservation channels and the data channels are balanced.     

A multiwavelength control architecture for electronic processing bottleneck reduction in WDMA lightwave networks

In this paper we propose a new network architecture which uses several wavelengths as control channels for coordination of packet transmissions on data channels for single-hop WDMA networks and passive star topology. The distribution of control information over a number of control channels in conjunction with a suitable network interface reduces the electronic processing bottleneck at one of the end stations. Time is divided into fixed size cycles. The proposed schemes adopt the slotted ALOHA protocol for the access to control and data multichannel systems and differ in the adopted policy for data packet transmission. Analytic model is developed and analyzed for performance measures evaluation based on Poisson approximation statistics of both the infinite and finite population. Numerical results are discussed for various numbers of control and data channels. The effect of receiver collisions is analyzed and estimated by the average rejection probabilities at destination. Also simulation results are presented for comparison with the results obtained by performance analysis.     

Stability and throughput optimization of multichannel slotted non-persistent CSMA protocol

This paper describes two protocols suitable for a multichannel, multiaccess slotted non-persistent CSMA environment for infinite population, analyses their stability and examines their throughput optimization. The common sensing multichannel slotted non-persistent CSMA (CSCSMA) protocol is an extension of the slotted single channel non-persistent CSMA protocol with an appropriate policy for the selection of the channel in which a station (re)transmits. This policy restricts the control information among the stations, and consequently reduces the cost of the station interface. Pakes's Lemma criteria are applied to define sufficient conditions for ergodicity of the Markov chain, which describes the evolution of the busy station population, and to specify regions in which the multichannel system is stable. Control parameters are the retransmission probabilities. Optimization rules are derived which show that the optimal retransmission probabilities may be expressed as a function of the number of busy stations. The separate sensing multichannel slotted non-persistent CSMA protocol (SSCSMA), using a different policy, distinguishes the channels into two groups: the retransmission channel group devoted in collision resolution; and the transmission channel group for the access of free stations. Stability regions are defined using the results for CSCSMA, and rules for optimal allocation of channels among the two groups are derived for improvement of system performance.     

Performance investigation of a token passing access protocol for a multichannel optical fibre LAN

An alternative approach to multichannel local area network access is described. The new multichannel access scheme or protocol is based on a token passing arbitration policy. It is specifically intended for use with a starconfigured optical fibre LAN employing wavelength division multiplexing technology in order to provide a multichannel transmission medium. The multichannel network architecture comprises a single reservation channel and several equivalent speed data channels. Delay versus throughput performance characteristics for the network obtained by both analysis and discrete event simulation are shown. The multichannel token passing protocol is found to significantly improve these characteristics in comparison with a conventional single channel token passing approach using the same overall network transmission rate (i.e. the sum of the individual channel bit rates in the multichannel case). Furthermore, when the end-to-end propagation delay for an individual channel on the network becomes large, the multichannel token passing protocol is shown to exhibit an improved delay versus throughput performance over a multichannel protocol employing carrier sense multiple access with collision detection.     

A quality based routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks can provide low-cost solutions for extending the reach of wireless access points by using multi-hop routing over a set of stationary wireless routers. The routing protocol for these networks may need to address quality considerations to meet the requirements of the user. In this paper, we present a quality based routing protocol for wireless mesh networks that tries to maximize the probability of successful transmissions while minimizing the end-to-end delay. The proposed routing protocol uses reactive route discoveries to collect key parameters from candidate routes to estimate the probability of success and delay of data packets transmitted over them. To achieve accurate route quality assessments, a new route quality metric is proposed that uses performance models of data packet transmissions as opposed to estimating route quality from the transmission of control packets, which have different transmission characteristics. These models are developed after careful evaluations of multi-hop wireless transmissions and validated by computer simulations. Relevant parameters that can be used to assess the route quality metric using these models are explained. Extensive performance evaluations of the proposed quality based routing protocol are presented and its benefits in comparison to some other known routing protocols are discussed.     

A study of the length effect of fiber delay line based on CSMA/CP optical packet switching

This paper proposes a novel MAC (media access control) protocol named CSMA/CP for a metropolitan area network for the next generation Internet, which is an OPS (optical packet switch) network that all-optically and directly transfers IP packets over a WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) ring network. The proposed protocol uses the concepts of CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) and CP (carrier preemption) to all-optically transfer the IP packets of the nodes in the WDM ring networks. This paper studies the length effect of FDL (fiber delay line) in each node to support variable packet transmission, and develops an analytical model to analyze and simulate the packet delay and throughput.     

Double sense multiple access for wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, the major quality of service (QoS) concern and challenge in the design and analysis of contention-based medium access control (MAC) protocols is to achieve good throughput and access delay performance in the presence of hidden terminals, which are defined as the terminals out of the radio coverage area of an intended transmitter but within that of the receiver. We propose and analyze in this paper a new dual-channel random access protocol, called “Double Sense Multiple Access” (DSMA), for improving QoS support in wireless ad hoc networks. By separating the transmissions of ready-to-send (RTS) and data packets into two time-slotted channels and by introducing a novel double sense mechanism, DSMA completely solves the hidden terminal problem and can guarantee the success transmission of data packets. By taking into account the most complex network scenario in which all transmitters are hidden terminals with respect to each other, key QoS metrics such as throughput, blocking probability and access delay are derived mathematically for the proposed DSMA protocol. These analytical results are verified by extensive computer simulations.     

Efficient contention-based MAC protocol using adaptive fuzzy controlled sliding backoff interval for wireless networks

Efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol should be able to provide high throughput performance and efficient share of the medium. In this paper, a new contention-based MAC protocol based on adaptive fuzzy controlled sliding backoff interval is proposed to maximize the channel throughput and improve the fairness of random access channels. In the proposed protocol, every node that experiences packet collisions increases its sliding backoff interval (SB) range by a forward sliding factor (FSF). In case of successful transmission the node decreases its SB range by a backward sliding factor (BSF). Forward and backward sliding factors are controlled by the channel offered traffic using a fuzzy controller. Furthermore, the operation of the proposed backoff algorithm does not depend on the knowledge of the number of active nodes. A computer simulation is developed using MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare it with other backoff schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms other backoff schemes, such as binary exponential backoff (BEB) and the fast collision resolution (FCR) scheme. It provides a significant efficient fair sharing performance improvement which converges to the ideal fairness performance while providing high throughput performance.     

基于竞争终端个数区间的IEEE 802.11性能优化

IEEE 802.11的MAC协议采用基于CSMA/CA的DCF机制,研究发现,上述协议的性能随无线局域网中竞争终端个数的增加而迅速恶化.当竞争终端个数在一定范围内变化时,使用相同的优化协议参数,系统的性能都能接近最优.因此,设计了一个基于状态检测与竞争终端个数区间的自适应性能优化机制,DOOR(dynamicootimization on range).根据相关性能模型的分析,先将竞争终端的个数分为若干区间,并分别计算出各区间的优化协议参数.当系统检测到竞争终端个数发生变化时,根据其所处的区间,对相关的参数进行动态调整,从而有效地改善了协议的整体性能.同时还给出了相关理论模型和计算的详细说明,并尝试给出了划分区间的基本原则与方法.最后,实验仿真结果验证了新的方法能够根据竞争终端个数的变化对系统性能进行整体优化,在吞吐量和延迟等方面明显优于标准的IEEE 802.11协议.     

Cross-layer analysis of the random access mechanism in Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

In 3GPP Universal Terrestrial Radio Access, a user equipment uses the Random Access Channel (RACH) for uplink transmission if it does not have a pre-established dedicated channel. RACH is a contention-based transport channel in which access control and open-loop power control functionalities are provided under the interactions between Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layers. This paper develops a Markov chain model to analyze complex cross-layer interactions in RACH procedures, which is crucial to understanding the RACH performance. Besides, the Markov chain accurately describes the time-synchronized RACH behavior in slot level. The presentation of this time-synchronized behavior is simplified by merging multiple sub-states, each of which corresponds to a slot delay, into a single state. Finally, the proposed model analytically evaluates the RACH performance in Rayleigh fading channels in terms of throughput and delay.     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网的TCP性能分析和改进

在分析IEEE 802.11无线局域网媒体接入控制（MAC）协议和传输控制协议（TCP）性能的基础上,提出了改进的MAC协议：BDCF.IEEE 802.11分布式协调功能（DCF）只支持前向数据传输,即数据帧只能由发送方传送到接收方.BDCF利用IEEE 802.11点协调功能（PCF）提供的数据帧格式,可以实现信息的双向传输,即收发双方相互交换数据帧.因此BDCF更适合传输面向连接的TCP业务.BDCF与IEEE 802.11完全兼容.仿真结果表明：BDCF可以提高网络吞吐量和降低数据帧的时延,理论分析结果基本准确.     

利用ACE实现UDP可靠传输的设计与实现*

在TCP传输控制方法的基础上,通过简单轻便的连接建立、平缓的D-AIMD拥塞算法、灵活的初始拥塞窗口值和慢启动阈值等方法对其进行改造,借助UDP数据包,利用自适应通信环境(ACE)接口,实现了快速启动、高吞吐率的可靠传输协议.     

Decomposition approach to evaluate CSMA/CD protocol performance with asymmetric workload

A model is proposed for the analysis of a p-persistent, slotted CSMA/CD protocol on a local area network consisting of a finite population of buffered stations with different workloads. The analysis of the protocol is performed using a decomposition strategy, and considering each station as an M/G/1 queueing system. Since stations interact with each other in channel contention, the interference is modelled through the service time probability-density-function L-Transform of the queueing system. The average packet delay characteristics and the stability station behaviour are obtained; to prove the model accuracy, numerical results from both analysis and simulation are given. The influence of scheduling probability p on system stability and average packet delay are analysed. Furthermore, an assignment strategy for probability p is proposed to improve system performance with asymmetric workloads. Finally, the analysis is extended to the transmission of packet bursts on the channel.     

适用于飞行自组网的闲置时隙预约TDMA协议

在飞行自组网中,固定时隙分配时分多址接入（TDMA）协议存在闲置时隙无法成功使用的问题。通过对TDMA协议引入闲置时隙预约机制,提出一种支持业务优先级传输机制的闲置时隙预约TDMA协议。采用短帧长的方式满足协同与控制业务的低时延传输需求,并利用闲置时隙预约机制允许节点使用闲置时隙传输感知业务,从而满足感知业务的高吞吐量传输性能要求。仿真结果表明,与CF-MAC和CTMAC协议相比,该协议能够在降低传输时延的同时,有效提高信道利用率和网络吞吐量。     

Collision detection technique for multiple access protocols on radio channels

The carrier sense multiple access with collision detection protocol (CSMA/CD) has already gained wide commercial acceptance and is used in cable and optical-fibre based local computer networks. However, its use in radio channels is inhibited by the difficulty of sensing remote carriers in the presence of local transmission. A new collision detection technique for radio channels called time-split collision detection is introduced. Collision is detected by a sequence of carrier sense, preamble transmission and carrier sense again at the beginning of a packet transmission. Throughput analysis of a new multiple access protocol using time-split collision detection is also presented. The proposed protocol has throughput performance between those of the CSMA and CSMA/CD.     

An end-connected dual bus topology for metropolitan area networks

We propose a new topology and the associated medium access protocol for Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN's). The network uses a dual bus with connected ends as the topology. The protocol uses a token passing scheme with destination stripping as the access mechanism. Additional transmissions, referred here as restricted transmissions are also included in the protocol. These transmissions are made possible by the end-connected topology. Using this scheme, a station can make use of even a reserved slot for transmission up to the reserving station on the bus. This mechanism considerably improves the network utilization over those of the conventional Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) and the Destination Stripping Dual Ring (DSDR) protocols. We carried out simulations to study the utilization and the delay characteristics of the proposed protocol under various network conditions. We demonstrate that the performance of the proposed protocol is much better than that of the DQDB with slot reuse.     

下一代WLAN分组目标唤醒时间调度改进方案

密集WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network,无线局域网)中,大规模站点同时接入信道引起激烈竞争,从而导致网络性能急剧下滑.IEEE工作组着手研发下一代WLAN标准IEEE 802.11ax,该标准结合基于正交频分复用多址技术提出了上行多用户随机接入和广播目标唤醒时间(Target Wake Time,TWT)机制.为降低碰撞和减轻干扰,进一步提高吞吐率和能效,本文结合广播TWT机制提出了一种基于网络密度的改进分组信道接入方案.该方案在原有广播TWT调度方法的基础上,依据网络密度选择不同的休眠决策策略;通过将站点分配在不同TWT服务期来控制同时服务站点数并确定站点分组,在TWT服务期内达到最大化吞吐率的目标,实现高效的信道接入.仿真结果分析表明所提策略具有更高的吞吐率和能效.