典型铝合金型材零件拉弯成形工艺的数值模拟与实验研究

针对型材拉弯成形过程的起皱、破裂和回弹等问题,对成形后的2B06铝合金型材零件进行测试分析。利用ABAQUS软件对其拉弯成形过程进行有限元模拟。预测出零件成形过程中容易出现的起皱和破裂区域,验证了数值模拟回弹过程的准确度。研究结果表明,成形过程中零件的圆角处切向应力较大,为型材零件成形时的危险区域,容易引起减薄和破裂。零件的圆角外侧切向应力约为圆角内侧切向应力的3倍,造成型材零件产生回弹。通过回弹量对比,可以看出数值模拟结果和实验结果总体上吻合良好。因此,对铝合金型材拉弯成形过程进行数值模拟,可以有效预防成形中缺陷的产生。     

铝合金型材拉弯有限元模拟

型材拉弯成形过程模拟属于高度非线性准静态问题,选择动力显示模块进行数值模拟时,需要考虑模拟分析步时间的敏感性。针对通用的型材拉弯工艺,在模拟分析步时间的敏感性分析基础上,采用ABAQUS/Explicit模块,建立了型材拉弯成形的准静态分析有限元模型。并采用ABAQUS/Standard模块分析预测回弹、侧壁厚度和截面畸变。为验证模拟方法的有效性,采用A-7B数控拉弯成形机完成2024-O铝合金Z型截面型材拉弯试验,测量试验件的回弹量、厚度和截面畸变情况。试验与模拟结果对比表明:补拉伸量对回弹量、厚度和截面畸变的影响趋势一致,其中,回弹量和厚度的平均相对误差分别为13.74%,1.66%。建立的模型能有效地应用于铝合金型材拉弯成形模拟。     

异形闭截面型材灌砂拉弯成形有限元模拟

采用数值模拟软件ABAQUS对前弯管拉弯成形过程进行了有限元模拟,分别研究了普通拉弯过程与灌砂拉弯过程中工艺参数对型材成形缺陷的影响.结果表明,所建模型能较好地反映实际情况.在相同的弯曲角度及工艺参数条件下,同普通拉弯工艺相比,灌砂拉弯工艺能较好地减少异形闭截面型材的弯曲回弹量和截面畸变量,这能为实际生产工艺提供参考.     

铝型材三维拉弯成形回弹预测的理论解析与数值模拟

通过对柔性多点三维拉弯成形工艺原理进行抽象与合理简化,将矩形截面三维拉弯成形过程等效为菱形截面的二维弯曲过程,建立了菱形截面型材回弹理论分析模型;随后建立了矩形截面型材拉弯成形过程及回弹变形的数值模拟模型;基于开发的柔性多点成形装置,分别对比数值模拟和理论解析模型与实验回弹的结果,验证了理论模型的有效性。研究结果表明,理论模型与实验的误差值大于数值模拟与实验的误差值,最大误差值为1.3124 mm,发生在离型材中心最远距离处,且小于目标成形件的最小误差值2 mm。并且理论模型的计算较数值模拟模型更为简单、用时更短,为以后的三维拉弯回弹预测研究提供了理论参考。     

复杂截面铝合金型材拉弯成形有限元模拟

本文对矩形管截面铝合金型材拉弯成形工艺进行了研究 ,建立了位移控制拉弯工艺的有限元模型 ,采用ABAQUS软件对几种不同截面的铝合金型材拉弯成形过程进行了数值模拟 ,分析了不同补拉量对型材的截面畸变和回弹的影响以及不同截面形状抵抗拉弯成形时截面畸变的能力。其结果和方法对铝合金型材的拉弯成形工艺具有参考价值。     

塑料包覆铝型材拉伸弯曲实验研究

针对轿车用复杂截面PVC塑料包覆铝型材密封条的三维拉弯成形,采用控制拉伸量的方法,通过选择合理的预拉量、恰当的成形模具截面及型材间填充物,对该截面型材进行了平面和垂直拉弯成形实验,得到了该型材平面和垂直拉弯的半径回弹量。结果显示,垂直拉弯回弹量是平面回弹量的1倍多,实验结果为研制该型材及同类产品拉弯工装模具和工艺参数选择,提供了依据。     

铝型材拉弯回弹数值模拟研究

简要介绍了型材拉弯成形工艺方法,同时还介绍了拉弯成形基本原理,分析了拉弯工艺加载方式,建立了型材拉弯成形有限元模型,模拟了铝型材拉弯成形过程及回弹。模拟结果表明,不同的加载方式和工艺参数对型材拉弯成形质量有一定的影响。     

变截面型材拉弯成形工艺仿真与优化

根据7075铝合金变截面缘条零件的特征建立有限元仿真模型,研究变曲率型材成形过程中的各项工艺参数对零件拉弯成形时所产生的起皱和回弹等表面质量问题的影响。在等截面与变截面的不同条件下的拉弯仿真工艺参数的选择,会直接影响成形结果。加大拉紧力,可以有效解决拉弯后零件的起皱现象;在相同拉紧力下,减小型材宽度,可以避免型材断裂的问题。增加包覆角度,可以降低拉弯后零件的回弹量,也可以使零件卸载后的相对于模具的位移缩短。工艺仿真与工艺参数的优化可以解决拉弯后零件的起皱和回弹现象,并通过工艺试验对仿真后的结果进行工艺验证。     

π截面铝合金型材拉弯成形工艺数值模拟研究

针对A7075-T6型材结构件,利用ABAQUS软件建立π型截面型材拉弯成形有限元模型,对该铝合金型材结构件拉弯成形进行数值模拟,并分析预拉量、补拉量、弯曲半径及摩擦系数的变化对回弹的影响。结果表明:预拉量、补拉量、弯曲半径和摩系数都会影响回弹量,在相对应的变化范围内,回弹随着预拉量、补拉量的增大有明显减小的趋势,而回弹量与弯曲半径和摩擦系数均呈正相关。其中对回弹量的变化影响较为明显的为拉伸量;当预拉量为1%,补拉量为2%,摩擦系数为0. 08,弯曲半径为200 mm时,回弹最小。     

铝型材推弯工艺

通过铝型材圆环的推弯实验,研究了推弯工艺原理、变形过程,结合有限元模拟得到了和实验结果相吻合的型材厚度分布、成形零件卸载回弹后的曲率半径及型材截面畸变.结果表明:推弯零件曲率及截面畸变一致性高,成形模具结构简单且便于调整,数值模拟可以用于推弯工艺的优化分析.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.