单一尺寸矩形毛坯下料问题的一种确定性算法

针对单一尺寸矩形毛坯下料问题,讨论了如何用最少的库存板材切割出一定数量的单一尺寸矩形毛坯。提出1种切割工艺简单的5块排样方式,该排样方式将板材划分成5块区域,每块区域中矩形毛坯按照相同方向排列。设计了1种确定性算法求解下料方案,首先构造1种基于隐式枚举思想的算法确定整张板上的最优5块排样方式;然后对该算法进行扩展,使其能够求解部分板上的最优5块排样方式。采用算例将文中下料算法和文献中递归下料算法、拼合下料算法进行比较,数值模拟分析结果表明,文中的下料算法在切割工艺和板材利用率两方面均较为有效。     

圆形片剪冲下料问题的一种求解算法

求解圆形片剪冲下料问题,即解决如何用最少的板材切割出所需的全部圆形片毛坯。本文提出一种生成圆形片条带四块下料方案的确定型算法。首先采用动态规划技术生成排样方式,然后采用基于列生成的线性规划技术迭代调用排样方式生成算法生成下料方案。采用测题将本算法与直切下料算法与T型下料算法进行比较,研究结果表明,本算法生成的下料利用率高于以上两种经典算法。最后通过一个下料实例的解表明:所提出的算法在计算时间和下料利用率两方面都有效。     

基于顺序价值修正算法的矩形件二维优化下料

针对矩形件二维下料问题,提出一种顺序价值修正下料算法。构造了四块排样算法,生成矩形件数量有上界约束的四块排样方式;这种排样方式将板材划分为4个块,每个块包含方向相同的条带,每条条带包含同种矩形件。采用顺序启发式算法调用上述四块排样算法逐个生成排样方式,按照不产生多余矩形件原则,确定每个排样方式的最大使用次数;在生成每个排样方式后修正该种排样方式中矩形件的价值。将上述顺序启发式算法迭代执行多次,生成多个下料方案,选择板材使用张数最小的一个作为最终解。采用文献例题进行计算比较,数值实验结果表明本文算法比文献算法更能节省板材。     

约束二维排样问题的一种求解算法

讨论有约束二维切割排样问题,即将板材切割成若干种矩形毛坯,其中每种毛坯的数量有上界约束,优化目标以使板材所切割的毛坯总价值(排样价值)最大。采用五块排样方式简化切割工艺,将板材切割成五块,每块切割成所需毛坯。构造一种基于隐式枚举和分支定界思想的算法生成五块排样方式:(1)计算所有可能尺寸的块的排样价值;(2)选择排样价值最大的五块组合生成五块排样方式;(3)采用文献中的基准测题,验证文中的有约束五块排样算法。研究结果表明,文中算法平均排样价值比文献中的3种算法分别高出12.85%,4.52%和1.89%,且算法计算时间较短。     

基于两阶段排样方式的卷材下料算法研究

讨论矩形件卷材下料问题,采用切割工艺简单的两阶段排样方式采进行下料。这种排样方式采用一组平行于卷材宽度方向的剪切线将卷材切割成多个条带,然后将每个条带切割成所需要的矩形件。首先,构造一种有界背包算法确定矩形件在条带中的优化布局;然后,采用基于列生成的线性规划算法调用上述有界背包算法生成排样方式;最后,采用顺序启发式算法,用当前矩形件剩余需求量反复调用线性规划算法生成各个排样方式,直至每种矩形件剩余需求量均为零,组合各个排样方式形成下料方案。将本文算法与2种文献算法进行比较,计算结果表明,本文算法下料方案比2种文献算法分别节省1.97%和1.66%的卷材。     

基于均匀条带排样方式的二维下料启发式算法

条带结构排样方式在机械制造业下料领域有广泛的应用。针对矩形件二维下料问题,提出一种基于均匀条带排样方式的启发式下料算法。下料方案包含多个排样方式,每个排样方式满足部分矩形件的需求量。首先构造均匀条带四块排样方式的约束排样算法;然后采用列生成法反复调用上述约束排样算法生成各个排样方式,直到所有矩形件需求量得到满足为止。采用文献中的基准例题,将本文下料算法和文献中下料算法进行比较,数值实验结果表明本文下料算法能有效地提高板材利用率,且计算时间能满足实际应用要求。     

矩形毛坯五块切割排样方式的生成算法

材料利用率和切割工艺复杂度是金属板材切割排样中主要考虑的两个因素。本文提出基于简单块方式的矩形毛坯五块切割排样算法,用以解决金属板材切割排样问题。这种算法将板材分为5个块,各块中矩形毛坯按照简单块方式排列。首先确定所有可能尺寸的最优简单块方式;然后采用隐式枚举法考察所有可能的五块组合的排样价值,选择排样价值最大的一个组合作为最终的五块排样方式。采用文献中的基准测题对比验证了五块排样算法。结果表明,该算法在提高材料利用率和简化板材切割工艺两方面均有效,且算法计算时间较短。     

矩形件剪切下料问题的一种顺序价值修正算法

针对矩形件剪切下料问题,提出一种基于顺序价值修正策略的优化下料算法。首先构造普通块排样方式的生成算法,生成矩形件在单张板材上的排样方式。然后采用顺序价值修正算法,调用上述排样算法,逐个生成排样方式,每个排样方式满足部分矩形件的需求量,直到所有矩形件的需求量均被满足为止,在生成每个排样方式后按照一定规则修正这个排样方式中矩形件的价值。最后将上述顺序价值修正算法迭代执行多次得到多个下料方案,选择耗费板材张数最少的作为最终解。使用基准例题将本文算法与两种文献算法进行对比实验,结果表明,本文算法在节省板材方面优于两种文献算法,且计算时间合理。     

多卷材二维下料问题的一种启发式算法

讨论多卷材二维剪切下料问题,即使用多种不同宽度的卷材剪切出若干种一定数量的矩形件,优化目标为材料利用率最高。提出一种顺序启发式下料算法,构造排样方式生成算法,首先根据卷材宽度方向切割废料最小原则,确定矩形件在卷材宽度方向上的排列方式;然后根据卷材长度方向切割废料最小原则,确定卷材的长度以及矩形件在卷材长度方向上的排列方式。按照当前矩形件需求量调用上述排样方式生成算法,生成一个排样方式满足部分矩形件需求量,重复该过程,直到所有矩形件需求量均得到满足为止。采用实际生产中的例题将本文下料算法和文献中排样系统进行比较,数值模拟结果表明:本文算法在优化结果和计算时间两方面均有效。     

复合条带三阶段排样方式的生成算法

提出复合条带三阶段排样方式用以解决无约束二维剪切排样问题。该排样方式用3个阶段将板材切割成毛坯,首先用水平刀具将板材切成复合条带,然后用竖直刀具将复合条带切成初始毛坯,最后用水平刀具将初始毛坯切成具有精确尺寸的毛坯。采用背包算法生成该种排样方式,该算法求解两个背包模型分别生成条带在板材中的布局和毛坯在复合条带中的布局。采用文献中基准测题,将文中排样方式与文献中5种重要的排样方式进行比较。实验结果表明,文中复合条带三阶段排样方式平均排样价值高于以上5种排样方式,且切割工艺比较简单。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.