内花键反挤压凸模断裂分析及改进措施

针对内花键反挤压成形时出现的凸模断裂问题,通过对凸模进行断裂分析,得出断裂的原因为:内花键成形时挤压力较大,阶梯凸模圆角过渡处应力集中,该部位等效应力值为3800 MPa,超过凸模材料ASSAB88的抗弯强度3500 MPa,从而导致凸模在该处产生脆性折断。为避免凸模的早期失效,提出采用组合凸模来避免阶梯凸模圆角过渡处的应力集中问题,数值模拟结果显示,组合凸模工作时无应力集中,成形部分等效应力值约为3150 MPa。生产实践表明,组合凸模可避免凸模的早期失效。     

取力器传动轴冷挤压成形工艺研究

针对取力器传动轴的结构特点,设计了多道次的成形工艺方案,对其中的核心工序塑性扩孔和内花键挤压,运用有限元软件Deform-3D进行了模拟分析。根据分析得到的成形过程中金属材料的流动规律和凸模载荷状况,针对内花键挤压时出现的金属刨削式撕下现象,在凸模冲头花键前端增加导向角并对导向角的角度进行多次模拟试验,选取60°导向角。经小批量生产验证,扩孔和内花键均采用200 t液压机,经多次模拟改进的内花键挤压方案切实可行,扩孔内花键挤压处无切削加工现象,无褶皱、裂纹等缺陷,几何尺寸精度达IT8级,可以投入批量生产。     

阀螺钉冷挤压凸模断裂失效分析

针对阀螺钉冷挤压成形时出现的凸模断裂问题,通过对断口的宏观观察,发现有疲劳特征。运用Deform2D/3D对模具的模拟显示凸模台阶圆角过渡处应力集中,等效应力2 930 MPa,超过凸模材料抗弯强度(2 500 MPa),是模具在此部分发生脆性折断的重要原因。为避免凸模阶梯圆角处应力集中,采用组合凸模的设计方法。数值模拟显示,组合凸模在工作时无应力集中。根据改进后的凸模设计方案进行实验,对实验中出现的孔成形凸模硬度不足问题,确定了成形孔的凸模硬度应达到62 HRC,有效的解决了生产中凸模早期失效的问题。     

太阳轮内外齿冷挤压成形工艺方案研究

太阳轮是行星齿轮传动机构中重要的零件,针对太阳轮的结构特点提出了一次成形和分步成形的两种冷挤压成形外齿和内花键的工艺方案。运用Deform-3D塑性有限元分析软件对这两种方案的成形过程进行数值模拟,并对其成形过程和成形质量进行了分析比较。数值模拟和工艺试验表明:太阳轮可以通过分步冷挤压成形的工艺方法成形出质量合格的内花键和外齿;分步成形的工艺方法能够简化凸模结构和提高模具使用寿命,同时可以避免一次成形工艺方法中由于金属堆积等因素造成的质量缺陷;分步成形工艺方法中增加了精整外齿工艺,在保证内花键成形质量的同时提高了外齿的成形质量。     

变速器花键主轴贯通式冷挤压成形北大核心CSCD

针对载重汽车变速器花键主轴在传统切削加工时生产效率低的问题,考虑开式冷挤压的缺点,提出了贯通式冷挤压成形工艺方案。借助DEFORM-3D有限元仿真分析软件,研究了坯料定位精度、凹模定径带、凹模入模半角和模具间隙对金属流动的影响规律,模拟结果表明:当凹模定径带长度为26 mm、凹模入模半角为28°、凸模直径为Φ46 mm时,花键主轴在成形过程中的弯曲变形量较小,成形质量良好。最后采用贯通式冷挤压成形方案进行工艺试验,得到的挤压件的成形质量和尺寸精度均可满足设计要求,试验证明该工艺方案切实可行,数值模拟结果对工艺试验具有一定的参考价值。     

止推轴承毛坯锻造成形工艺数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟技术研究了止退轴承毛坯件锻造成形工艺。采用点示踪法分析了金属分流流动情况,预测了毛坯件成形缺陷并优化了模具结构。结果表明:与坯料接触平面凸模一处斜度为2°,凹模一处倒角为2mm时,成形过程中金属塑性流动顺利,金属分流及流动较好,无锻造成形缺陷,成形工艺方案合理可行。     

离合器外齿毂冷挤压成形工艺

对某汽车离合器外齿毂的结构特征进行了分析,针对其内花键成形困难的技术难点,提出了冷挤压成形的工艺方案。通过有限元软件DEFORM-3D对离合器外齿毂冷挤压成形过程进行数值模拟分析,研究了入模半角、毛坯壁厚和摩擦系数对成形载荷及成形质量的影响规律。研究结果表明:当入模半角为45°、毛坯壁厚为6. 0 mm、摩擦系数为0. 12时,离合器外齿毂内花键圆角填充饱满,成形载荷也相对较小。并采用离合器外齿毂冷挤压成形工艺方案进行试验,证明了该工艺方案的可行性及数值模拟结果的正确性。     

大高径比凸台冷镦成形极限研究

针对长轴大高径比凸台在冷镦过程中的失稳问题,研究了凸台冷镦成形的极限和锥模聚料后冷镦成形的极限。采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,得到了凸台成形工艺参数及凸台成形质量预测公式。理论推导出锥模聚料后冷镦凸台的成形极限。并以C100发动机主轴为对象,借助DEFORM-3D进行数值模拟。结果表明,采用锥模聚料+冷镦成形方案可避免镦粗失稳缺陷的产生。工艺试验表明,试验结果与数值模拟结果一致。数值模拟结果对工艺试验有一定的指导意义。     

组合形活塞销冷镦挤成形工艺

针对组合形活塞销结构特征和工艺要求,分析该零件的成形难点为:两端圆锥孔的挤压成形和深径比大于2. 5的中心圆孔反挤压。为此,应用DEFORM-2D有限元分析软件对组合形活塞销7工位冷镦挤成形工艺进行数值模拟分析。通过数值模拟分析和工艺方案修订,确定最终的成形工艺方案为:下料-整形-压凹-反挤压-冲孔-第1次挤锥-第2次挤锥,并采用硬质合金YG15制造反挤压凸模,以避免一次反挤压成形时凸模横截面变化处的折断。采用该方案进行工艺实验,实验结果表明:组合形活塞销尺寸满足零件设计要求,无折叠、开裂等锻造缺陷,深孔反挤压凸模使用寿命大于8万件。     

油阀套冷挤压工艺设计及研究

通过对油阀套零件的结构分析,初步制定了冷挤压工艺过程。运用Qform2D/3D软件对初始方案进行数值模拟,分析了零件成形过程中应力、应变状态,并观察材料填充情况。样品试制后发现成形挤压力过高,凸模折断。针对出现的问题对原方案中不合理的地方进行修改,设计了预先成形六角工艺方案,并依据滑移线场理论,采用图算法计算出挤压成形压力,再次进行数值模拟,结果显示,挤压力在模具许用应力范围内。同时,改用组合凸模结构、加强润滑措施来避免表面拉裂等缺陷。通过样品试制,验证了工艺改进方案合理可行,且试件尺寸精度满足技术要求。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.