Variables on the precipitation of an intermetallic phase for liquid phase sintered W–Mo–Ni–Fe heavy alloys

The concentration of Mo in the liquid phase of W–Mo–Ni–Fe heavy alloys during isothermal hold dictates the precipitation of an intermetallic phase during cooling. If the concentration of Mo atoms in the matrix phase exceeds an equilibrium value (between 8 and 9 at.%), Mo atoms have a strong tendency to precipitate along with W, Ni and Fe from the matrix phase onto the solid matrix phase interface during cooling. The coprecipitation of W, Mo, Ni, and Fe results in the formation of an intermetallic phase in the interface between the solid grains and the matrix phase, (W₄Mo₆)(Ni₇Fe₃), which possibly has the same structure as MoNi. This intermetallic phase is difficult to eliminate by a fast water-quench practice.     

Microstructure of model cermets with high Mo or W content

The microstructure of (mol%) TiC–18TiN–24Ni–(10–29)WC and TiC–18TiN–24Ni–(5–14)Mo₂C has been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). When the WC content in the raw materials was increased the W content in the outer rim of (Ti, W)(C, N) grains increased until it had a composition similar to that of the inner rim. If the WC content was high undissolved WC was present after sintering. When the Mo₂C content in the raw materials was increased, the volume fraction of inner rim increased and the Mo content in both inner and outer rim increased. Thermodynamical calculations on the Ti–W–C–N system suggest that the inner rim is formed during solid state sintering when there is an open porosity and thus a low nitrogen activity. The composition of the outer rim can be explained by the equilibrium at the sintering temperature if the volume fraction of undissolved Ti(C, N) cores is subtracted. Calculations on the Ti–Mo–C–N system show that (Ti, Mo)(C, N) decomposes into two phases with different Mo content and that the Ti(C, N) cores might be regarded as a stable phase.     

液相沉淀-热还原纳米Fe包覆Mo粉末微结构特征

采用液相沉淀-热还原法制备纳米Fe包覆Mo合金粉末,研究还原过程中的晶粒组织及微结构并进行分析.结果表明:还原过程中,粉末晶粒平均晶粒尺寸随还原温度的升高而变小,微观应变在还原温度为600 ℃时最高,Mo晶粒先于Fe晶粒还原并长大至1 μm左右,Fe晶粒粒径最终保持为1.8 nm,并形成20 nm左右的薄层,沉积在Mo颗粒表面.     

Properties of W–Cu composite powder produced by a thermo-mechanical method

In order to improve the process of co-reduction of oxide powder, a new thermo-mechanical method was designed to produce high-dispersed W–Cu composite powder by high temperature oxidation, short time high-energy milling and reduction. The properties of W–Cu composite powder are analyzed in terms of oxygen contents, BET specific surface (BET-S), particle size distributions, morphology of final powder and their sintering behaviors. The results show that the oxygen content of W–Cu composite powder decreases with the increase of milling time, while the BET-S of final powder increases with the milling time. The distributions of final powder are more uniform after reduction at 630 °C than at 700 °C. After milling of the oxide powder for about 3–10 h, W–Cu composite powder with very low oxygen content can be achieved at the reduction temperature of 630 °C owning to the increasing of BET-S of W–Cu oxide powder. The particle size of W–Cu powder after reduction is lower than 0.5 μm and smaller than that reduced at 700 °C. After sintering at 1200 °C for 60 min, the relative density and thermal conductivity of final products (W–20Cu) can attain 99.5% and 210 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ respectively.     

Fragmentation of grains in the MA8 alloy

Conclusions We developed a method of refining the structure of the MA8 alloy (magnesium-manganese-cerium) which makes it possible to obtain 80% small grains, 1–3% large grains, and the rest medium grains. The fragmentation of grains is achieved by adding VM65-1 scrap, which contains 5.5% Zn and 0.5% Zr, to the initial mixture.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 9. pp. 57–58, September, 1963     

An investigation on the solid state sintering of mechanically alloyed nano-structured 90W–Ni–Fe tungsten heavy alloy

In this study, 90W–7Ni–3Fe heavy alloy was investigated for its microstructure development, mechanical properties and fracture behavior after solid state sintering. The nano-sized powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA). The microstructure of solid state sintered heavy alloys consisted of tungsten matrix. The average tungsten grain size in the range of 1.7–3.0 μm was obtained. It was found that the grain size largely affected the mechanical properties. Tensile strength more than 1200 MPa was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1350 °C. Fracture mechanisms based on microscopical observations on the fracture surfaces were studied. Matrix failure, tungsten-intergranular cleavage and tungsten–matrix interfacial separation were found to be the possible failure mechanisms.     

Strengthening an austenitic Fe–Mn steel using nanotwinned austenitic grains

An austenitic Fe–25Mn steel with a low stacking fault energy was subjected to dynamic plastic deformation (DPD) followed by thermal annealing. The as-DPD sample is structurally characterized by a mixed nanostructure consisting of nanosized grains with an average size of 43 nm and bundles of nanoscale twins (with an average twin/matrix lamella thickness of 5 nm), as well as some dislocation structures, which exhibits a high yield strength of about 1470 MPa but a limited tensile ductility. Thermal annealing leads to static recrystallization (SRX) of the nanostructures forming a hierarchical structure of nanotwinned grains embedded in microsized SRX grains, owing to the higher thermal stability of the nanotwinned bundles than that of nanosized grains. With an increasing number of SRX grains the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength drop while the tensile ductility increases. The calculated yield strength of the nanotwinned grains is about 1.5 GPa, much lower than that determined from Hall–Petch strengthening extrapolated to the nanoscale. Work hardening rates of the nanotwin grains, comparable with that of the microsized grains, are higher than that of the original coarse grained sample. The micrograined austenitic Fe–Mn samples strengthened by nanotwinned grains exhibit enhanced strength–ductility synergy in comparison with the deformed samples. A combination of a 977 MPa yield strength with a uniform elongation of 21% is achieved in the annealed samples, well above that of the deformed samples.     

Friction and wear properties of Fe–Mo intermetallic compounds under oil lubrication

In this study several disc specimens of three different compositions of the Fe–Mo system were prepared by spark plasma sintering and annealing, and their friction and wear properties were investigated. It was found that, when ASTM 52100 steel balls were used as the paired materials, both the Fe–42 at% Mo and Mo disc specimens exhibited lower friction coefficients and lower wear rates than the Fe and cast iron disc specimens. It was also found that the spark plasma-sintered Fe–42 at% Mo disc specimens without any heat treatments exhibited lower friction coefficients than those annealed at 1323 K for 172.8 ks. According to the XPS analysis, iron oxides and iron sulfides were found on the worn surfaces of the Fe disc specimens that were slid against the ASTM 52100 steel balls, while molybdenum oxides such as MoO₂, but not MoS₂, were observed on the worn surfaces of the annealed Fe–42 at% Mo and Mo disc specimens that were slid against the steel balls.     

Monte Carlo simulation of phase separation in iron-based ternary alloys

Numerical simulations of phase separation in Fe–Cr–Mo ternary alloys were performed with use of a model based on the Monte Carlo simulation, in order to investigate mechanisms of phase separation in Fe-based ternary alloys. Cr-rich regions were formed in an Fe–40at.%Cr–5at%Mo alloy. Mo atoms enrich into the Cr-rich region and/or boundaries of Cr/Fe rich regions. Behaviors of Mo and Cr in an Fe 40at.%Mo–5at.%Cr alloy were similar to those in the Fe–40at.%Cr–5at.%Mo alloy. The first peak position of the structure factor moves on to the shorter side of the wave number with the increase of temperature. Analysis of the static structure factor of a minor element indicates that the bifurcation formation of concentration profile of the minor element occurs at peak positions of the major element which is predicted by a theory based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation.     

Formation of crystalline and amorphous solid solutions of W–Ni–Fe powder during mechanical alloying

The tungsten heavy alloy with the composition of 76.6W–17.3Ni–6.1Fe in atom percent was mechanically alloyed (MA) from the elemental powders of W, Ni and Fe. Nanocrystalline supersaturated solid solutions and amorphous phase were obtained during MA. Phase evolution, grain size and lattice distortion of these powders were determined and discussed. A thermodynamic model was developed based on semi-experimental theory of Miedema to calculate the driving force for phase evolution. The thermodynamic analysis showed that there is no chemical driving force to form the solid solution and the amorphous phase. The effect of the work of milling on the amorphization during MA was discussed and the model of multilayer amorphization during MA was applied to illustrate the feasibility of amorphization of powder with neither ΔH_mix0 nor D_BD_A. The driving force for amorphization is provided not by the negative heat of mixing or the stored energy in the grain boundaries but by the sharp concentration gradients in this system. Amorphization is mechanically driven and not by the negative heat of mixing. Crystallization is suppressed by sharp concentration gradients.     

Formation of a W–25%Cu nanocomposite during high pressure torsion

A coarse-grained W–25%Cu composite is subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature, 200 °C, and 400 °C, to different very large strains. The evolution of microstructure with increasing strain is investigated. It is shown that the HPT causes a strong refinement of W particles. No significant influence of the deformation temperature on the microstructure is revealed at small strains (64). A strong effect of the HPT temperature on the microstructure is found at larger strains (>64). It is demonstrated that the HPT can be successfully used to fabricate a W–25%Cu nanocomposite.     

Precipitation mechanism of an MoNi type intermetallic phase in W–27.0at.%Mo–35.6at.%Ni–17.6at.%Fe

For W–27.0Mo–35.6Ni–17.6Fe (at.%) sintered at 1500 °C for 240 min, an MoNi type intermetallic phase was formed during cooling, when either a water-quenching or furnace-cooling practice was employed. For the water-quenched specimen, a quasi-eutectic reaction took place, wherein the intermetallic phase precipitated directly from a eutectic liquid phase, which was super-saturated with W and Mo, in the form of a lamellar structure along with the Ni-based matrix phase. Accordingly, the intermetallic phase was located primarily in the interstices between the grains of the Ni-based matrix phase. On the other hand, for the furnace-cooled specimen, the intermetallic phase was formed by the peritectoid reaction between the Ni-based matrix phase and the W–Mo grains. The intermetallic phase thus existed primarily at the boundaries between the Ni-based matrix phase and the W–Mo grains.     

Fe和Mo元素对TiAl金属间化合物显微组织和性能的影响(英文)

β相可以提高TiAl金属间化合物的塑性。通过显微组织分析和变形行为的评估研究β稳定性元素Fe和Mo对Ti-45Al-xFe-yMo(x,y=1,2,3,4)合金的影响。结果表明:合金中的B2(β)相随着Fe和Mo元素含量的增加而增多,Mo表现出强的β稳定性。加入3%Fe和2%Mo后,合金的晶粒得到细化,其尺寸达到12-m。由于具有一定量的β相,细化后的Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo合金在790℃具有良好的塑性。     

热处理对原位烧结合成Mo_2FeB_2陶瓷组织与性能的影响

用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、万能材料试验机研究了真空液相烧结制备的Mo2FeB2金属陶瓷热处理后的组织与性能。结果表明,真空液相烧结Mo2FeB2金属陶瓷主要由Mo2FeB2、MoB2、Fe2B相和铁基粘结相组成,经700～1000℃热处理后,MoB2、Fe2B相逐渐转化为Mo2FeB2相,并且Mo2FeB2晶粒细化,呈规则块状均匀分布在铁基粘结相中。Mo2FeB2金属陶瓷在700～1000℃范围内随热处理温度的升高,弯曲强度、断裂韧性与维氏硬度均增加,当热处理温度为1000℃时,其值分别达到1182.42MPa、13.59MPa·m1/2、9.114GPa,与未处理试样相比,分别增加了5.4%、6.0%、7.0%。     

Diamond and graphite coated with polyalloys by an immersion method

A method of coating diamond and graphite with polyalloys, such as Ti–Co–Cu, Cr–Ni–Cu, W–Cu–Co, etc., is presented in this paper. By adding a small amount of Ti powder, CoCl₂ and CuCl into NaCl–KCl molten salt system, and immersing diamond or graphite into it, the reactions which listed thereafter: Ti+CoCl₂→TiCl₂+Co, Ti+CuCl→TiCl₂+Cu, C+TiCl₂→TiCl₄+TiC, etc., occurred, and finally a Ti–Co–Cu coating was deposited on the diamond or graphite surface. Other polyalloy coatings, such as Cr–Ni–Cu, Cr–Co–Cu, and W–Cu–Co, etc., were also deposited in almost the same way. The coated materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS) line profile analysis. XRD analysis showed that the carbides of Ti, Cr, or W were formed during the coating process. It was also found that no vacuum or protective atmosphere was needed during the process.     

Effect of Al and Al/Mo addition on microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered Nd22Fe71B7 magnets

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反应烧结法制备Mo_2FeB_2基金属陶瓷的研究

以Mo、Fe、FeB、Cr、Ni、C为原料,采用反应烧结法制备Mo2FeB2基金属陶瓷。研究了Mo2FeB2基金属陶瓷的合金元素和烧结工艺对其组织的影响,并用SEM、EDS、XRD等方法对材料微观结构进行分析。研究发现,w(Cr)=10%的Mo2FeB2基金属陶瓷在1 280℃烧结25 min时,所得材料晶粒细小均匀,并且具有良好的力学性能     

纳米晶合金Fe73.0 Cu1.0 Nb1.5 Mo2.0 Si13.5 B9.0中缺陷的正电子湮没寿命谱研究

用正电子湮没寿命谱仪测量和分析了Fe73.0Cu1.0Nb1．5Mo2．0Si13．5B9．0纳米晶合金，该合金纳米晶化后有两类组织结构：一类是非晶结构，另一类是纳米晶结构；从缺陷形式上讲也有两种，一种是类空位．另一种是含有十来个单空位的空位团。类空位缺陷位于非晶区，空位团位于纳米晶区和晶粒的界面。     

Mo_2FeB_2基金属陶瓷烧结过程中显微组织和力学性能的变化

采用真空烧结法制备了Mo2FeB2基金属陶瓷。运用XRD、SEM、EDS研究了Mo2FeB2基金属陶瓷的烧结过程中显微组织的变化并测试了不同烧结温度下所得金属陶瓷材料的力学性能。实验结果表明:进入L1液相(奥氏体+Fe2B)烧结阶段后,金属陶瓷由于颗粒重排致密度大幅度提高,但溶解-析出过程进行得较缓慢,晶粒基本没有长大。提高烧结温度至L2液相(奥氏体+L1+Mo2FeB2)生成后,由于溶解-析出过程明显加剧,晶粒长大趋势明显,但致密化程度进一步提高。当烧结温度达到1280℃,保温时间为40min时,烧结体接近完全致密,所得材料组织均匀具有较佳力学性能。     

THE EFFECT OF Mo ADDITION ON COERCIVITY OF NdFeB SINTERED MAGNET PREPARED BY BLENDING METHOD

Alloy modification, accompanying with proper heat treatment, is commonly used to improve the thermal stability of NdFeB magnet. Traditional alloy modification is performed through melting process with alloy elements to form the multi-alloy. In doing so, these alloy elements not only are introduced into the inter-ranular boundaries, but partly into the main phase, thus decreasing to some extent the magnetism of the main phase. In this paper, the blending method is used to prepare the Nd22Fe71B7/Mo sintered magnet, and its magnetic properties and microstractures are investigated. The results show that by adding 1.5% （mass fraction） Mo, the intrinsic coercivity 24, of the magnet reaches the maximum value of 1719.36KA/m, while continually increasing the amount of Mo has a less effect on iHc Microstructures analysis indicates that Mo-free Nd-Fe-B magnet has not uniform grains in size, while that with Mo element has uniform grains in size and smooth grain boundaries. Experiments show that after the NdFeB magnet is sintered at 1273K and annealed at 873K, the added Mo element could prevent the equilibrium transformation between the main phase and Nd-rich phase, thus resulting in the precipitation of fine second main phase （Nd2Fe14-xMoxB） from the main phase boundaries, preventing the nucleation and expansion of anti-magnetic domain, and enhancing the coercivity.