人造宝石与宝石优化的发展

人造宝石包括合成宝石和仿造宝石，宝石代化包括宝石改色和净化．合成宝石发展历史以维尔纳叶法诞生前后分为两个阶段：合成矿物阶段和合成宝石阶段，前者是萌芽、探索、试验奠基阶段，后者则是众多制造合成宝石方法发明、定型、完善、发展阶段．随着合成宝石事业的发展，合成宝石学将成为宝石学中一门新兴的现代学科，是有着光明发展前景的。     

钛酸锶的制备与应用

钛酸锶是电子工业的重要原料，用以制造自动调节加热元件和消磁元器件、陶瓷电容器、陶瓷敏感元件、微波陶瓷元件等．尤其是高质量的钛酸或扬体可用来制造PTC热敏电阻、晶界层电容器等电子元件，具有高性能、高可靠性和体积小等优点．日本东京电气化学公司和太阳诱电公司用钛酸锶材料制成的晶界型陶瓷电容器．在大电容量方面可与有机薄膜电容器相媲美，受到了人们普遍重视。具有钙钛可结构的钛酸锡，掺杂Fe”、Sb5＋或V5＋时具有光致变色性质；色激和折射指数很高，几乎与宝石接近，因而又被用来制造人造宝石．1950年Nationalhad公司成功…     

我国东部蓝宝石的宝石学特征

我国东部蓝宝石为岩浆型原生矿床及与之有关的残坡积、冲积砂矿．对各矿区蓝宝石的宝石学研究表明，蓝宝石普遍特征是颜色较暗、透明度差，色彩鲜艳程度低，严重地影响了宝石的质量和经济价值．     

硅酸盐矿物中的重要宝石

在各类矿物中，硅酸盐矿物宝石种类和数量最多，其中绿柱石、黄玉、碧玺、石榴石、锆石、橄榄石和长石均为重要的宝石。从矿物学特征、主要品种、鉴别标志及产状和产地等方面对硅酸盐矿物中的重要宝石进行了详细的阐述，指出了这些宝石的经济价值及我国开发研究利用宝石资源的前景．     

宝石对矿物的质量要求

一个矿物能否作为宝石取决于它的外表是否美观、惹人喜爱。美观是指其形态特征、颜色、光泽、闪光性能、透明程度和纯洁无瑕。还必须具备化学稳定性,抗蚀和坚硬耐磨。不仅如此,对各种宝石还有一些专门的独特的要求。矿物结晶体作为宝石原石跻于宝石地位的最多。显微晶体集合体也能作为宝石,如翡翠。凝胶体的黑欧泊其价格甚至超过金刚石。鉴于宝石在绝大多数场台都是作装饰     

行业动态

2012年3月28日，中色奥博特铜铝业有限公司0．05mm×630mm超薄高导电子铜带研制成功。     

用CR—300色差计测定钛白粉油相白度

用颜色测定装置（ＣＲ－３００色差计）测量了钛白粉的颜色，并对仪器工作条件，色空间选择、计算公式等作了系统的研究，方法准确度高，重现性好，适用于颜料颜色的测定。     

耐酸管线钢板坯元素偏析的定量分析

偏析是耐氢致裂纹钢生产厂家必须解决的一个主要问题．一次偏析是凝固过程固有的、不可避免的特点。微观偏析取决于固态和液态间的结构关系，同时要受到钢的化学成分和冷却速度的影响．出现微观偏析钢液流动集中和转移，就形成宏观偏析．     

耐高温深棕色稀土陶瓷颜料的制备和表征

本试验合成了廉价的稀土深棕色陶瓷颜料。对颜料进行了物相鉴定及元素分析，绘制了吸收光谱。结果表明，颜料的析出结晶为Ｍｎ１．５Ｃｒ１．５Ｏ４和ＳｉＯ２。少量稀土元素进入晶格，它有加深颜色、提高鲜艳度和改进高温稳定性的特点。对发色机理进行了初步探讨。     

蓝色氧化钨,金属钨粉和碳化钨粉

1蓝色氧化钨、金属钨粉和碳化钨粉的特性1.1蓝色氧化钨工业用蓝色氧化钨（TBO）是一种由多种钨化合物组成的粉末状混合物。一般是由铵钨青铜、氢钨青铜、三氧化钨、β-氧化物（WO2.9）和γ-氧化钨（WO2.72）混合组成，其表观颜色随氧指数（O／W）从2．72～3．0紫色向黄色连续变化。它正在逐步取代传统的钨酸和黄色WO3而成为一种重要的钨中间化合物。1.2金属钨粉用还原法获得的钨粉粒度为0．3～30μm．其颜色随粒度粗细而改变，粉末颗粒越细，颜色越黑。粗粒度的钨粉呈灰色并具有金属光泽一亮点；中等粒度钨粉呈灰黑色；超细钨纷呈深黑…     

Calibrating screens for continuous colour displays

This paper focuses on two issues that are important to those who use colour monitors for research in vision. One is concerned with the measurement and calibration of colour screens. To this end the luminance and chromaticity readings of a tri-filter colorimeter and a spectroradiometer are compared (both commonly used to calibrate screens). The second is concerned with screen interactions, whereby colours can be distorted from their expected or calculated values by the colours displayed in neighbouring areas. This issue is crucial for those who use measurements of the light emitted from the red, green and blue phosphors of a monitor in isolation to specify other colours on screen, particularly in the research areas of colour contrast and colour constancy, since the specified colours may not actually be displayed. Finally, an alternative calibration method is described that uses an iterative measurement procedure to obtain screen specifications that are accurate regardless of the display complexity, so that researchers can be confident that the required colours are actually displayed on the screen.     

Low energy loss electron microscopy of chromophores

A novel prism-mirror-prism imaging electron spectrometer with 1 eV energy resolution for a transmission electron microscope permits imaging with spectral energies corresponding to light-optical colour absorptions. The instrument selects the molecular orbital excitations of natural chromophores or of specific dyes normally used in biological light microscopy for delineation and chemical identification, but images them with electron microscopic detail. Heavy atom contrast agents customarily used in electron microscopy are not required. The first results exploit the intrinsic red colour of hematin molecules to demonstrate the potential of the technique and address its spatial resolution. Glycosaminoglycans in cartilage stained with Alcian blue are selectively depicted in situ by means of the electron-induced molecular absorption of this chromophore. Thus, with the use of specific colours the direct or indirect analysis of local chemistry by electron microscopy is possible, and can be carried out with a depiction of spatial detail as small as 16 A, or at least 100-fold finer than observed by light microscopy.     

Mu gem2ts DNA integration is not necessary for induction of synchrony of cell division in Escherichia coli K12

The gem2ts mutant of bacteriophage Mu induced synchrony of cell division on bacteria surviving infection. Induction of synchronous growth could also be observed as a response to the entire infected bacterial population, as in the case of infection of hic mutants, a peculiar class of gyrB alleles. After Mu wild-type or Mu gem2ts infection of hic mutants, there was a lack of viral DNA integration and replication, while phage gene expression (including that of A gene, coding for the transposase) seemed to be quite normal. These data indicate that the mechanism of bacterial synchronization induced by Mu gem2ts does not require integration nor replication of the phage DNA.     

祁连县北山大乌一绿东陵矿地质特征及成因探讨

祁连县北山大乌一绿东陵矿体主要受寒武纪黑刺沟组下岩段岩层控制，其成因为硅质岩经中低温热液变质矿床，找矿标志为寒武纪黑刺沟组下岩性段灰白色硅质岩。     

Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions and branching morphogenesis of the lung

The establishment of the permissible levels for the use of additives in foods must be based on the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). A method that may be applied for this purpose is the Danish Budget Method which estimates the maximum amount of the additive that may be added to the food based on the functional properties of the additive, and on the categories of the food in which the additive will be used. Based on the latest information B?r and Würtzen propose some modifications to the original Budget Method, one of which is the addition of a correction factor which takes into account the competition between different food additives with the same functional properties. In the present paper, both the Budget Method and the B?r and Würtzen-modified method were applied to evaluate whether the maximum levels of food colours use exceeded their ADI or not. Applying the original Budget Method, the results showed that the colours Sunset Yellow, Amaranth, Erythrosine, Ponceau 4R and Cochineal possibly exceeded the ADI; while applying the modified method only the colours Erythrosine and Cochineal would exceed the ADI. Brazilian regulatory authorities should be advised to establish maximum limits of use for the following categories of colours: Caramel, Inorganic, Natural and Artificial Colours Identical to the Natural Ones, where ADIs have been evaluated by JECFA.     

Audit of an anticoagulant clinic: doctor and patient knowledge

Oral anti-coagulation with warfarin is increasingly required in the prophylaxis and treatment of vascular thrombosis and embolism. Unless the degree of anti-coagulation is maintained in the narrow therapeutic range either serious bleeding or failure to prevent thromboembolism may occur. Complications may occur in up to 31% of patients. We randomly sampled 50 patients attending an anticoagulant clinic and interviewed them. We found the PTR between 2.0-4.0 in 70% patients. Their records indicated that they attended 0.9 +/- 0.5 times per month, but the patients themselves said that they had 2.4 +/- 1.7 visits per month, lasting on average 1.9 +/- 0.7 hours per visit. The mean duration of therapy was 4.3 +/- 5.4 years [range 1 month to 26 years]. Many patients perceived that they had received no education about warfarin (23%) while the majority 67% of the remainder said their doctor had educated them. Concomitant aspirin was avoided by 74% patients but 14% considered it safe in combination with warfarin; 49% patients believed that alcohol was safe in combination with warfarin. When asked about the colours and strengths of warfarin tablets, 37% of our sample were completely correct, 9% were completely incorrect and 54% were partly correct. In 16% patients they could not describe their current therapy. As doctors may adjust warfarin dosage for patients in terms of tablet colour, we asked a sample of junior doctors about the colours or strengths of warfarin tablets: 10% were completely correct, one doctor knew none of the colours or strengths and the remainder had a partial knowledge. These studies suggest that the majority of patients on warfarin are cautious about therapy and are safe in their practices. However, we feel that a significant minority may be at risk from complications because of inadequate knowledge. We suggest that improving patient understanding by education may reduce complications and lead to more stable control of anticoagulant therapy.     

Assessment of skin types, skin colours and cutaneous responses to ultraviolet radiation in an Asian population

Ninety normal individuals were included in this study on skin types, skin colours and cutaneous responses to ultraviolet radiation. Skin types were recorded using Fitzpatrick's classification, skin colours were measured using the Minolta Chromameter CR-300, and cutaneous responses to UV radiation were measured in terms of minimal erythema dose (MED) to UVA, UVB and the immediate pigment darkening dose to UVA (IPDDA). Skin colour measurements were taken from the right cheek to represent facultative skin colours, and from the buttock to represent constitutive skin colours. The colours measured were expressed by the L x a x b colour space. Skin types and some colour parameters (L and b from covered parts of body) correlated fairly well with the minimal erythema doses (MED) to UVA and UVB. Skin colour measurements are more objective than skin type assessment and could be better markers of photosensitivity. However, there is still considerable overlap in MEDs for persons with different skin colours, and further studies of these parameters are warranted. Our MEDs are higher than other reports on similar skin types and skin colours. This could be due to differences in methodology, genetic make-up or acclimatization from chronic sun exposure. This illustrates the importance of local controls for each institution dealing with photosensitive disorders.     

Review of On being a psychotherapist--The journey of the healer.

Reviews the book, On being a psychotherapist--The journey of the healer by Carl Goldberg (1986). Although at first glance the title of Goldberg's book may suggest that the reader can look forward to some sort of mystical expedition, this is clearly not what follows. The book is a gem and bound to become a widely read classic among burgeoning and master psychotherapists. Goldberg states in the preface that the book has been written as a guideline for practitioners with varying degrees of clinical experience. He further proposes to examine core issues affecting the practitioner which cut across various schools of thought and theoretical orientations--a tall order, for sure. Yet the book's compelling content, organization, concise writing style, and optimal blend of case notes, references, and insightful reflections on Goldberg's own clinical practice make this volume highly respectable. Goldberg's book is comprehensive and substantial by any standard. Over 150 topics are identified in the Table of Contents, all of which are important for psychotherapists to attend to, regardless of experience or competency level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)