Enzyme inactivation of tomato juice by ohmic heating and its effects on physico‐chemical characteristics of concentrated tomato paste

Fresh juice of fully ripe tomato was subjected to ohmic heat (OH) treatment (90°C for 1 min) and the effectiveness of treatment was compared with conventional hot break (CT) treatment (90°C for 5 min). PG (Polygalacturonase) and PME (Pectin methyl esterase) enzyme inactivation achieved by the OH (1 min.) was similar as compared to CT of 5 min. During the kinetic analysis it was observed that the inactivation of PME & PG enzyme and degradation of ascorbic acid followed first order trend in ohmic as well as conventional treatment of tomato juice, however total color change (DE) was found to follow least‐squares non‐linear parameter algorithm behavior. Thermal treatments leads to the increased release of phyto‐chemicals from the matrix which results in a significant (p<0.01) increase in lycopene content during the early phases of the treatments. The Paste (28±0.5 °Brix) obtained after pre‐treatment was analyzed for lycopene, ascorbic acid content and apparent viscosity and color. OH Paste was found more viscous than CT treatment with maximum viscosity of 2.33×103 mPa‐s. The color of OH treated paste was bright red as compared to CT treatment, however the lycopene and ascorbic acid content of paste were found similar in OH and CT. Based on results of present study it is concluded that the ohmic treatment may be applied as an efficient alternative to the conventional method of enzyme inactivation in tomato juice.     

苹果法的欧姆加热研究

研究了苹果汁的欧姆加热规律及其对果汁品质的影响,考察了温度(T)和可溶性固形物(SS)含量对电导率σ的影响,以及电场强度(E)、可溶性固形物(SS)和加热体积(液高 h)对加热速率的影响、同时考察了欧姆加热对果汁糖度、pH、透光率等的影响.结果表明,苹果汁的电导率随温度的升高而增大,且呈线性关系,随着可溶性固形物含量的增加,苹果汁的电导率和加热速率都是先增大然后减小,在26°Bx左右时最大.苹果汁的加热速率随电场强度的增加而增大,而在相同电场强度下,液高对加热速率没有影响.并且,欧姆加热对果汁品质影响很小,因此极具开发前景.     

猕猴桃浆欧姆加热特性及酶失活率数学模型的建立

利用欧姆加热技术对猕猴桃浆进行加热,探讨了加热过程中加热速率和电导率的变化规律,建立了多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶失活率的数学模型。结果表明,加热速率随着电场强度的升高而增大,电场强度对试样的电导率影响不大,随着温度的升高,电导率呈线性关系增大;回归方程在α=0.05水平显著,可用于欧姆加热工艺参数对多酚氧化酶和过氧化物失活影响的预测。研究结果可为猕猴桃浆的深加工提供理论基础。     

通电加热条件对豆浆中脂肪氧化酶活性的影响

采用通电加热和传统(油浴)加热两种方式处理豆浆样品,研究通电加热过程中电源电压、电源频率和保温时间对豆浆中脂肪氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:采用的电源电压越高,通电加热处理后的豆浆中脂肪氧化酶活性越高;较高的电源频率对脂肪氧化酶的钝化具有显著的促进作用,但是当电源频率超过500 Hz后,电源频率的提高对脂肪氧化酶的活性影响较小;延长保温时间会促进脂肪氧化酶的钝化,通电加热过程中电场的存在会促进脂肪氧化酶的钝化。各因素对脂肪氧化酶活性的作用规律,可以对通电加热设备的设计与生产产生积极的指导作用。     

Inactivation of pectin Methylesterase and Lactobacillus Plantarum by ohmic heating in pomelo juice

The use of ohmic heating (OH) to inactivate damaging elements in pomelo juice was evaluated. The work investigated the effect of frequencies (50–20 000 Hz) on pectin methylesterase (PME) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in pomelo juice at 30 V cm⁻¹ of electric field strength. The results show that frequency does not affect PME inactivation (P > 0.05) but affects bacterial reduction and has the most efficiency at 60 Hz, followed by 50 Hz, and in the frequency range at or higher than 500 Hz (P < 0.05). Additionally, the inactivation kinetics of PME and L. plantarum and the impact of nonthermal factors were given. The nonthermal element has contributed to the inactivation enhancement of L. plantarum and PME to reduce the necessary treatment temperature and time. The major spoilage bacteria and enzyme destruction in pomelo juice occurred faster under OH than under conventional heating (CH) suggesting that OH can be effectively used to pasteurise pomelo juice.     

果酒中多酚氧化酶及其性质的研究

对山楂酒中含有的六种分子量不同的多酚在多酚氧化酶作用下,测定氧化前后其涩度的变化.发现多酚物质的氧化作用能够加重果酒的苦涩味.并对山楂中的多酚氧化酶进行提取,测定其基本特性,确定了底物、温度、pH值对其活性的影响,并进一步测定其酶动力学曲线,发现多酚氧化酶催化的最适温度是25℃,其最适pH是6.5,其作用的最适底物是儿茶酚,其米氏常数是1.077×10-2M.     

鸡腿蘑多酚氧化酶特性研究

本文采用分光光度法对鸡腿蘑多酚氧化酶(PPO)的催化特性、最适温度、最适pH值、热稳定性等性质进行研究;同时考察了EDTA-2Na、NaHSO₃、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸四种抑制剂对鸡腿蘑多酚氧化酶活力的影响。结果表明:该酶的最适pH为6.0;最适温度为45℃,80℃水浴处理5min,95℃水浴处理90s该酶全部钝化。四种抑制剂对该酶均表现出不同的抑制效果,抑制效果强弱次序为抗坏血酸>柠檬酸>NaHSO₃>EDTA-2Na。     

小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的基因型、环境及其互作效应的分析

选用16个有代表性的小麦品种(系)，分别在山东8个地区进行小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的基因型与环境效应分析。结果表明，在随机效应中，小麦籽粒PPO活性的品种与试点互作效应最为显著。在对面团白度性状进行选择时，既要选择多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性低的品种，又要注意选择在PPO积累低的地区种植，以实现优质品种的优质生产。     

壳聚糖及柠檬汁对甘蔗汁保鲜效果的影响

利用单因素试验研究了壳聚糖质量分数、杀菌温度、杀菌时间和柠檬汁量对甘蔗汁保鲜的影响。通过L9(34)正交试验,以甘蔗汁的理化性质(pH、Vc含量、糖度、酸度和可溶性固形物)的变化及其感官评价来确定保鲜效果,并利用紫外光谱对样品进行表征。结果表明:在室温条件下,甘蔗汁保鲜的最优组合:壳聚糖质量分数1.5%,杀菌温度90℃,杀菌时间25min,柠檬汁量3.0 mL。该条件下甘蔗汁能有效地保鲜9d,与新鲜甘蔗汁相比,口感和粘度基本无变化,且在190~339nm时均有较强的吸收峰。在相同处理条件下保鲜效果好的甘蔗汁的紫外吸收峰范围较保鲜效果差的宽。     

多酚氧化酶的射频加热灭活效果及动力学分析

为了阐述多酚氧化酶(PPO)射频加热对灭活规律,本文研究了板间距和溶酶磷酸盐缓冲液电导率对加热速度及酶灭活效果的影响,进行了酶灭活动力学模型研究。结果表明:极板间距和电导率影响射频加热速度,极板间距越大升温越慢,电导率为0.1 S/m时,升温速度最快。在极板间距120 mm,电导率0.1 S/m时,射频加热105 s,PPO的灭活率为91.88%。对酶灭活的动力学曲线分别用一级动力学模型、Weibull模型和Log-Logistic模型进行拟合。通过对模型的拟合评价参数即精确因子Af、偏差因子Bf、根平均方差RMSE和决定系数R2进行比较,PPO的灭活动力学曲线不符合一级反应动力学模型,Weibull和Log-Logistic模型都能较好的拟合PPO失活曲线。通过衡量三种模型的预测值和实测值的一致性,Log-Logistic模型能最好地拟合射频加热条件下多酚氧化酶的失活曲线。     

In silico guided pre-treatment of sugarcane juice with natural inhibitors of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a new and effective strategy for development of spray-dried formulation

Sugarcane juice is a popular beverage and is also processed to produce sugar. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in sugarcane juice causes enzymatic browning and makes the process of sugar production complex and cumbersome. Storage of sugarcane juice is also hampered by the high sugar content and rapid microbial fermentation. The present research assessed the potential of lemon juice (LJ) and ginger extract (GE) as natural inhibitors of PPO. Enzyme kinetics and the mechanism of inhibition of LJ and GE were studied. Primary investigation was carried out using molecular docking approach to assess the inhibitory potential of LJ and GE and to determine the nature of interaction between the enzyme and inhibitors. Extracts were used as inhibitors and studies revealed that both reduced the PPO activity. Subsequently, pure bioactive inhibitors such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, and 6-shogaol present in these natural extracts were used to study the mode of inhibition of PPO. Citric acid decreased PPO activity by lowering pH, while ascorbic acid was found to be a competitive inhibitor of PPO with a K_i of 75.69 µM. The proportion of LJ and GE required in sugarcane juice was optimized on the basis of browning index and sensory acceptance. Further, the sugarcane cane juice after inhibition of PPO under optimized conditions was spray dried and evaluated for reconstitution properties. The product formulated in the present study is a new and effective approach to address quality-compromising issues associated with long-term storage of cane juice.     

PPO酶促诱发因素对苹果多酚非酶褐变的影响

为探究苹果多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶促诱发因素对苹果多酚参与的非酶褐变的影响,以绿原酸和根皮苷为底物,以磷酸缓冲液为苹果汁模拟体系,通过控制PPO酶促诱发条件,进行酶促诱发反应,然后钝化酶,模拟体系于60℃进行非酶聚合反应,每隔24 h用色差计测定L*值、a*值、b*值和ΔE*值。结果表明,酶促诱发因素对绿原酸和根皮苷参与的非酶褐变的影响存在较大差异。p H在3.5~6.0,含有绿原酸和根皮苷的模拟体系,其褐变程度随酶促诱发p H升高而增大;酶促诱发温度20~60℃,诱发体系温度对绿原酸参与的非酶褐变影响不显著,而根皮苷在40℃时褐变程度较大;酶促诱发时间分别为40 min和30 min时绿原酸和根皮苷参与的非酶褐变程度较大;酶活14.25~171 U,酶活的增大加速两种多酚参与的非酶褐变。结果同时表明,根皮苷非酶褐变与果汁后浑浊有关,且较高的p H、温度、PPO酶活以及较长的酶促诱发时间加速果汁后浑浊形成。     

The effects of concentration on electrical conductivity of orange juice concentrates during ohmic heating

Ohmic heating is an alternative heating technique, using an electrical current passing through the food product. It can be specially used in pumpable food lines as an alternative heating unit. In this study, orange juice concentrates having 0.20–0.60 mass fraction soluble solids were ohmically heated by using five different voltage gradients (20–60 V/cm). The dependence of electrical conductivity on temperature, voltage gradient and concentration were measured. The ohmic heating system performance coefficients were calculated by using the energies given to the system and taken by the orange juice samples. The mathematical model results, taking system performance coefficients into account, were compared with experimental ones. The predictions of the mathematical model were found to be very accurate.     

欧姆加热的电参数对杀菌效果的影响

采用欧姆加热杀菌与水浴加热杀菌对比的方法。以豆浆的总菌数为试验菌群,通过改变电源的电压和频率,得出电源的电压和频率与杀菌效果的关系。对比水浴加热杀菌的效果可知:当电压超过60V时,欧姆加热方法的杀菌效果明显好于水浴加热方法的杀菌效果,残菌率随处理电压的增加以指数规律减少;随着频率的增加,欧姆加热的杀菌好,但当频率超过一定值时杀菌效果降低;频率在30～300Hz时其杀菌效果明显优于水浴加热方法的杀菌。     

Effect of sonication on colour,ascorbic acid and yeast inactivation in tomato juice

Power ultrasound is recognised as a potential non-thermal technique to inactivate micro-organisms pertinent to fruit juices. In this study tomato juice was sonicated at different amplitude levels (24.4–61.0 μm) at a constant frequency of 20 kHz for treatment times (2–10 min) and pulse durations of 5 s on and 5 s off. Hunter colour values (L∗, a∗ and b∗), pH, °Brix, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and yeast inactivation were measured. No significant differences (p < 0.05) in pH, °Brix or titratable acidity were observed. Regression modelling was used to investigate the main effects of amplitude level and treatment time. Prediction models were found to be significant (p < 0.05) with low standard errors and high coefficients of determination (R²). Model predictions for critical quality parameters of Hunter colour values (L∗, a∗ and b∗), ascorbic acid and yeast inactivation were closely correlated with the experimental results obtained.     

Combined effect of microwave and ultrasonication treatments on the quality and stability of sugarcane juice during cold storage

The main objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of microwave (MW) treatment (2450 MHz for 120 s), ultrasonication (US) (24 KHz, 20 °C for 20 min) and combined treatment (MW-US) on the quality and stability of sugarcane juice (SCJ) during 21 days of storage at 4 °C. The effect of the treatments and storage time on physicochemical, bioactive compounds (total phenolic, flavonoids and ascorbic acid content) and microbial analysis of SCJ. No significant (P < 0.05) changes were observed in °Brix, while there was an increase in pH and a decrease in titratable acidity in all treatments. Compared to US and MW, MW-US treatments was more effective in preserving colour attributes, total phenolic and flavonoids contents, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacities of the SCJ during storage. The results regarding the microbial count indicate that more microbial safety and longer shelf life was achieved by MW-US. MW-US treatment is an effective technology for improving the safety and shelf life of SCJ by minimising quality changes, retaining bioactive compounds and reducing microbial growth during storage.