猪牛混合脂肪的物化性质和感官特性分析

运用热性质分析、诱导氧化分析和流变分析,对牛脂肪部分替代猪脂肪后复合脂肪的物化性质及加工产品感官性质的变化进行研究。结果表明:替代添加牛脂肪后,猪牛混合脂肪的物化性质和感官性状均发生了不同程度的变化,相对于猪脂肪4.37 h的氧化反应诱导期(induction period,IP),替代10%、20%、30%猪脂肪的猪牛混合脂肪的IP值分别为4.98、5.62、6.22 h;替代10%、20%、30%猪脂肪后猪牛混合脂肪熔融时热流越来越大,晶型转换所需要的能量随着替代量的增加明显增加,总体表现为猪牛混合脂肪熔融时需要的能量变小;同时,相比于单纯的猪脂肪,猪牛混合脂肪的黏性模量和弹性模量均有一定的上升,结果也显示牛脂肪部分替代猪脂肪明显影响到乳化肠的感官品质,总体可接受性受到明显影响(P0.05)。     

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Dehydrated Bean Paste Products as Related to Bean Varieties

The objective was to compare physicochemical properties of bean paste products from six bean varieties to determine whether there were significant differences in the resulting product. Crude protein in the dried bean pastes ranged from 23% to 29% and ash 1.1% to 1.8%. Fiber ranged from 16% to 6.3% soluble. 10.6% to 22.7% insoluble. and 12.3% to 28.3% total dietary fiber. Nonstarch polysaccharide contents varied from 12% to 32%. Only 7.5% to 13.8% of total raflinose and stachyose were retained in the paste products. Trypsin inhibitor activity in the bean pastes was 1% to 2% of that detected in raw beans. Mung bean paste had lowest overall sensory quality. Navy and pinto bean pastes had good smoothness, aroma, and acceptance and could be used as substitutes for preparing traditional bean paste products.     

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Instant Kunun-Zaki Flour Blends from Sorghum and Mango Mesocarp Flours

Instant Kunun-zaki, a fermented non-alcoholic sorghum beverage, was prepared by mixing different per cent blend ratios of unmalted sorghum flour: mango mesocarp flour (90:0, 75:15, 70:20, 65:25, and 60:30) with 10% malted sorghum. Proximate compositions, chemical and functional properties of the blends were analyzed. Addition of mango mesocarp flour significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the ash (1.31 to 1.75%), crude fibre (2.57 to 3.39%) and decreased significantly (p < 0.05) the energy content (368.21 to 354.67 kcal/100 g) of the blends. The β-carotene content also increased from 95.65 to 139.13 μg/100 g with increased mango mesocarp flour. Hygroscopicity increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 6.10 to 10.28% while viscosity of the blends decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 1715 to 1195.46 cP. Mango mesocarp flour addition increased the ash, crude fibre and introduced β-carotene into the product.     

葡萄果渣酵素的发酵工艺优化及其理化特性

以果酒及果醋酿造过程中废弃的葡萄果渣、糖蜜为原料,利用酵母菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌多菌种共酵过程中物质间的转化与利用从而得到营养价值更高的酵素保健饮品。在确定基本超声条件（超声频率40 kHz、超声功率50 W、超声温度30 ℃）的前提下,考察活菌接种量、初始pH值、糖添加量、超声时间对超氧化物歧化酶活力及活菌数的影响;并探究因素间交互作用的影响,利用响应面法设计4因素3水平试验,对葡萄果渣酵素发酵工艺进行优化,优化后得到初始pH 5.0、糖添加量8%、活菌接种量12%、超声时间60 min,并将该条件用于5 L罐的工艺放大,对补料方式进行改进,发酵终点时pH值为3.5,可滴定酸度为2.89%,总酚质量浓度为5.5 mg/mL。检测得到功能性成分如原花青素质量浓度为3.78 mg/mL,SOD活力达到988 U/mL。采用总抗氧化能力试剂盒测定得到该酵素对2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力（以Trolox当量计）为（44.5±2.5）μg/g。经检测,该葡萄果渣酵素含有丰富的酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸,发酵过程中散发葡萄特有的醇、酚、萜类香气,葡萄果渣酵素香气独特且绵密。得到的葡萄果渣酵素上清液色泽透明亮丽,香气绵柔,口感、滋味评价均较高。     

Physicochemical,Nutritional, and Sensory Qualities of Wine Grape Pomace Fortified Baked Goods

Wine grape pomace (WGP) as a source of antioxidant dietary fiber (DF) was used to fortify baked goods, including breads, muffins, and brownies. Pinot Noir WGP (RWGP) and Pinot Grigio WGP (WWGP) substituted wheat flour at concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% for bread, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% RWGP for brownies, and 5%, 10%, and 15% RWGP or 10%, 15%, and 20% WWGP for muffins. The finished products were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and total DF, as well as physicochemical and sensory properties. WGP flour blends were also tested for solvent retention capacity (SRC). The highest TPC and RSA values for bread and muffins were achieved in 15% RWGP fortified samples with TPC and RSA values of 68.32 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/serving and 80.70 AAE mg/serving, respectively for bread, and 2164 mg GAE/serving and 1526 mg AAE/serving, respectively for muffins. Brownies fortified with 10% RWGP had the highest RSA value (115.52 mg AAE/serving) while the control had the highest TPC value (1152 mg GAE/serving). Breads and muffins with 15% RWGP and brownies with 25% RWGP had the highest amount of DF (6.33, 12.32, and 7.73 g/serving, respectively). Sensory evaluation concluded that there is no difference in overall liking of 5% and 10% RWGP breads and muffins or 15% and 20% WGP brownies compared to the controls. This study demonstrated that WGP is a viable functional ingredient in bakery goods to increase TPC, RSA, and DF in consumer's diets.     

Response Surface Methodology Study for Optimization of Effects of Fiber Level, Frying Temperature, and Frying Time on Some Physicochemical, Textural, and Sensory Properties of Wheat Chips Enriched with Apple Fiber

In this study, wheat chips enriched with apple fiber were produced, and response surface methodology was used for the determination of the simultaneous effects of processing variables selected as fiber level (0–15 %), frying temperature (160–180 °C), and frying time (40–60 s) on some physicochemical, textural, and sensorial properties of chips. Ridge analysis was conducted to determine the optimum levels of processing variables. Predictive regression equations with high coefficient of determination (R ²?≥?0.728) were constructed. Addition of apple fiber increased the dry matter; ash content; L, a, and b values of samples, while increase of frying temperature caused decrease of the hardness values. Overall acceptability of chips enriched with apple fiber decreased with the increase of frying temperature, but wheat chips enriched with apple fiber and fried at low temperatures received highest sensory score. Ridge analysis showed that maximum taste score would be attained at fiber level?=?15 %, frying temperature?=?170 °C and frying time?=?40 s.     

Stability, Physico-Chemical, Microbial and Sensory Properties of Sweetener/Sweetener Blends in Lassi During Storage

Storage studies of artificially sweetened lassi samples revealed that the binary sweetener aspartame × acesulfame-k blend (0.05% equivalence, 50:50, 0.05%*) was the best blend as it resembled control in all the sensory attributes up to 5 days of storage. Increase in acidity and viscosity and decrease in pH of artificially sweetened lassi samples was similar to control lassi during storage and was not influenced by the addition of sweetener/sweetener blends. The decrease in lactic and increase in yeast and mold counts obtained during storage of lassi were highly influenced by sucrose. Analysis of aspartame, acesulfame-k, saccharin, and sucralose added, either singly or in blends in lassi, showed their stability throughout the storage period as analyzed over high performance liquid chromatography/high pressure thin layer chromatography plates.     

Determination of Rheological Behavior,Emulsion Stability,Color, and Sensory of Sesame Pastes (Tahin) Blended with Pine Honey

In this research, rheological properties of blends of pine honey (3%, 6%, and 9%) with sesame pastes (tahin) produced from hulled roasted sesame seeds, called simply tahin, and from unhulled roasted sesame seeds, so-called Bozkir tahin, were determined at temperatures ranging from 10°C to 60°C and at speeds ranging from 0.5 to 100 rpm. Tahin and Bozkir tahin blends with pine honey were found to exhibit non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behavior at all temperatures. Apparent viscosities versus speed data were successfully fitted to the power law model. The flow behavior index, n, varied in the range of 0.4226–0.6228 for the tahin–pine honey blends, and in the range of 0.4661 to −0.7266 for the Bozkir tahin–pine honey blends. The consistency index, K, was in the range of 9.34–36.42 Pa·sⁿ for tahin–honey blends, and in the range of 9.92–37.53 Pa·sⁿ for Bozkir tahin–honey blends. The consistency index (K) increased with increasing honey levels in both tahin types. According to statistical analysis, the exponential model was a better model to describe the effect of the soluble solids on the viscosity of tahin samples represented by the pine honey percentage. The emulsion stability of both tahin types improved with the addition of pine honey. It was also correlated with activation energy (E _a), Arrhenius constant, some sensory properties such as spreadibility, firmness and overall acceptance, and color parameters such as the C and h. Temperature sensitivity of the consistency index was assessed by applying an Arrhenius type equation, and E _a value appeared in the range of 7.61–10.05 kJ/mol for tahin–honey blends and in the range of 9.02–10.50 kJ/mol for Bozkir tahin–honey blends.     

采摘时期对菊花茶汤感官及理化属性的影响

选取市面上常见的8种茶用菊花,探究不同采摘时期对其茶汤感官属性及挥发性、非挥发性物质的影响。通过定量描述性分析、气相色谱质谱联用、高效液相色谱以及紫外分光光度法对感官及理化属性进行测定。结果表明,采摘时期主要影响菊花茶汤的滋味和口感,利用偏最小二乘回归分析,确定总酚、游离氨基酸质量浓度与感官滋味正相关。此外,采摘时期也会对菊花茶汤的挥发性物质产生影响,但远不及品种和生长种植条件的差异,进一步利用气味活度值推测正壬醛和桉叶油醇为传统菊花香气的主要物质来源,该研究为菊花茶产业的市场推广以及定向调控菊花品质满足消费者需求提供依据。     

Effect of Salt and Liver/Fat Ratio on Viscoelastic Properties of Liver Paste and Its Intermediates

The effect of salt and liver/fat ratio on the viscoelastic characteristics of liver paste and its intermediates (liver batter and liver paste batter) were evaluated by applying dynamic oscillatory tests in order to obtain detailed insight into the structural organisation of those products and how the characteristics of the intermediates are related to those of the end product. Liver paste batters were prepared at liver/fat ratios of 35/35 (w/w) and 20/50 (w/w). Salt was added at 0 and 1.8 % at each ratio. Stress sweeps and frequency sweeps were executed to characterise the viscoelastic properties of liver batter, liver paste batter and liver paste. Both intermediates and liver paste were characterised as weak gel-like emulsions with G′ greater than G″. G′ and G″ of liver paste were higher in magnitude compared with both intermediates due to structure building during pasteurisation and cooling. Generally, the values of the viscoelastic parameters of liver paste batter and liver paste increased with the addition of salt. With salt, a stronger and more stable liver paste was obtained. This effect may be attributed to solubilisation of salt soluble proteins, making more liver proteins available to act as emulsifier. However, salt affected the viscoelastic properties of liver batter in the opposite way: a weaker structure was formed with salt. A higher liver/fat ratio (35/35 versus 20/50) only increased the viscoelastic properties of liver paste batter while liver paste was not affected. This is probably due to the crystallisation of the fat in the liver paste with a high fat/liver ratio, which besides the liver proteins, also aid to structure building of liver paste. However, a higher liver/fat ratio did increase the critical stress (σ _c) in both liver paste batter and liver paste with the formation of a more stable structure.     

Physicochemical Properties,Minerals, Trace Elements,and Heavy Metals in Honey of Different Origins: A Comprehensive Review

Honey is a popular natural food product with a very complex composition mainly consisting of both organic and inorganic constituents. The composition of honey is strongly influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, which vary based on its botanical and geographical origins. Although minerals and heavy metals are minor constituents of honey, they play vital role in determining its quality. There are several different analytical methods used to determine the chemical elements in honey. These methods are typically based on spectroscopy or spectrometry techniques (including atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). This review compiles available scientific information on minerals and heavy metals in honey reported from all over the world. To date, 54 chemical elements in various types of honey have been identified and can be divided into 3 groups: major or macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Cl), minor or trace elements (Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, Tl, Co, Ni, Rb, Ba, Be, Bi, U, V, Fe, Pt, Pd, Te, Hf, Mo, Sn, Sb, La, I, Sm, Tb, Dy, Sd, Th, Pr, Nd, Tm, Yb, Lu, Gd, Ho, Er, Ce, Cr, As, B, Br, Cd, Hg, Se, Sr), and heavy metals (trace elements that have a specific gravity at least 5 times higher than that of water and inorganic sources). Chemical elements in honey samples throughout the world vary in terms of concentrations and are also influenced by environmental pollution.     

响应面试验优化复凝聚法制备槲皮素微胶囊工艺及其理化性质

以槲皮素为芯材,壳聚糖、海藻酸钠为壁材,采用复凝聚法制备槲皮素微胶囊。以包埋率和载药量为综合评价指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验分析各因素,并对槲皮素微胶囊的理化性质进行研究。结果表明：壁材比（壳聚糖-海藻酸钠质量比）1∶3.34（g/g）、芯壁比4.34∶1（g/g）、京尼平用量18.44 g/100 g壳聚糖、固化温度41.56 ℃时,包埋率为69.53%。制备的槲皮素微胶囊水分含量为3.26%,休止角为40.39°,溶解度为256.44 μg/mL,粒径大小较为均匀,平均粒径为1 362 nm,具有较好的溶解性和稳定性。     

Physicochemical Properties of Soybean Proteins Related to Flow, Viscoelastic, Mechanical and Water-holding Characteristics of Gels

Initial viscosity, the thixotropic relaxation time, hardness, fracturability and water-holding capacity showed a positive correlation with the water absorption capacity of commercial soy protein isolates. However, cohesiveness was negatively affected. Springiness and the degree of elasticity were correlated to the oil absorption capacity, indicating that the degree of elasticity would be enhanced by an increase in the hydrophobic character of the protein. Initial viscosity of gels was highly correlated to the fracturability and cohesiveness to water-holding properties. The degree of elasticity correlated to flow parameters.