热处理工艺对疏浚工程用船体钢组织及磨粒磨损性能的影响

为了提高疏浚工程船用低碳低合金耐磨钢的耐磨性能,分别采用淬火+200 ℃低温回火、淬火+250 ℃配分、循环热处理3种热处理工艺对试验钢进行热处理,并借助扫描电镜与透射电镜分析组织与析出相,磨粒磨损试验机测试磨损质量损失,硬度计测试热处理钢的硬度。结果表明,试验钢淬火+200 ℃回火后得到回火马氏体,基体中有少量碳化物,回火马氏体仍呈板条状;淬火-配分试验钢得到马氏体加较多残留奥氏体;经循环热处理后,试验钢中马氏体板条消失,基体中有颗粒状(Nb,Ti)C析出相。试验钢淬火-回火后硬度为39.5 HRC,淬火-配分试验钢硬度为40.5 HRC,循环热处理试验钢硬度30.8 HRC。试验钢耐磨性与硬度成正比,试验钢经循环热处理后,磨损量最大,耐磨性能最差,淬火-回火试验钢次之,淬火-配分钢耐磨性能最好。3组试验钢磨粒磨损后试样表面均出现大量犁沟,磨损机制主要是塑性变形。     

常用模具材料热处理的显微组织及性能分析

通过对T8、CrWMn、9SiCr、Cr12MoV和GCr15五种模具材料在常规热处理工艺下的力学性能比较,并利用金相、扫描电子显微镜对其显微组织和断口形貌进行分析,优化了它们的热处理工艺.结果表明,这五种材料热处理后的断口形貌均为解理或准解理脆性断裂,组织结构为回火马氏体、残余奥氏体和碳化物.且Cr12MoV经1010℃淬火、200℃回火后的硬度为63HRC;T8钢经785℃淬火、200℃回火后的硬度为61HRC:CrWMn经835℃淬火、200℃回火后的硬度为60.2HRC;9SiC经865℃淬火、200℃回火后的硬度为61HRC:GCr15钢在835℃淬火200℃回火后的硬度为61.5HRC.     

淬火温度对Cr5支承辊用钢组织和摩擦磨损性能影响

运用扫描电子显微镜和洛氏硬度计研究了Cr5支承辊用钢不同热处理状态下的显微组织和洛氏硬度。结果表明,调质处理后Cr5钢组织得到明显改善(回火索氏体),细小弥散分布的碳化物取代尺寸较大不规则的碳化物;淬火后试样组织为马氏体,碳化物几乎全部溶入基体,硬度随淬火温度提高而增加(由51.6 HRC增加到58.1 HRC);回火后,Cr5钢中有细小碳化物析出,且弥散分布,淬火温度较高(1050℃、1025℃)时,组织依然保留马氏体结构(回火马氏体),温度较低(1000℃)时,组织为回火索氏体,其硬度与回火前变化趋势相同(由51.4 HRC增加到54.4 HRC)。在所选定的淬火温度下,随着淬火温度的升高,硬度值增大,磨损量减小,磨损严重程度降低,耐磨性较好。     

热处理对30CrMo锯片用钢组织及力学性能的影响

对轧制态30CrMo锯片用钢在830～890℃范围内保温10 min油淬后,在380～500℃温度范围内保温60min后水冷处理。采用光学显微镜、冲击试验机及洛氏硬度计分别分析其金相显微组织、硬度、冲击韧性等。结果表明:淬火组织为淬火马氏体+残余奥氏体;随着淬火温度的升高,淬火马氏体组织数量增多,尺寸长大;硬度随淬火温度的升高由830℃的48 HRC逐渐提高到890℃的54 HRC。随着回火温度的升高,试样的组织由淬火马氏体逐渐转化为回火马氏体、回火马氏体+回火屈氏体、回火马氏体+回火索氏体组织;硬度逐步降低,韧性相应提高。最佳热处理工艺为860℃(保温10 min)淬火+440℃(保温60 min)回火。     

60Mn-20钢复合钢管的热处理

对淬火温度、淬火介质、搅拌等因素对60Mn-20钢复合钢管热处理后的组织及硬度的影响进行了研究。结果表明,复合钢管经保温后在搅拌的4%Na NO2溶液中淬火后,140~180℃回火,其60Mn钢内管淬火后组织为马氏体及少量珠光体,硬度高于55 HRC的厚度大于5 mm,耐磨层较厚;20钢外管淬火后组织为铁素体和少量珠光体,硬度约20~30 HRC,韧性很好。     

4340钢与40CrNiMo钢的热处理特点

4340钢与40CrNiMo钢为相似的两种材料,但4340钢中的Ni、Mo元素含量略高于40CrNiMo钢,不同的合金元素含量使材料具有不同的临界冷却速度,两种材料的热处理性能也有明显的差别。4340钢完全退火硬度为32.0 HRC,40CrNiMo钢完全退火硬度<180 HB;4340钢正火后得到马氏体组织,正火硬度为49.0 HRC,40CrNiMo钢正火硬度为31.0 HRC;两种材料在780～870℃淬火,加热温度对淬火硬度没有影响;在相同淬、回火工艺下,4340钢的硬度略高于40CrNiMo钢。     

Cr含量对65Mn钢淬透性的影响

为研究Cr对65Mn钢淬透性的影响,进行了Cr含量0%～0.5%(质量分数)的四组试样的末端淬火试验,对淬火试样进行了洛氏硬度和组织检验。试验结果表明：随着与试样淬火端部距离的增加,即淬火冷却速度的降低,末端淬火试样组织中马氏体含量由100%降低到0%,硬度由62 HRC降低到23 HRC;Cr元素明显提高65Mn钢的淬透性,0.1%的Cr含量添加约提高50%的淬硬层深度。     

热处理工艺和渗氮处理对H13模具钢硬度的影响

研究热处理工艺和渗氮处理对H13钢硬度的影响规律。结果表明,H13钢的硬度随淬火温度的升高而增加,随回火温度的升高而减小。在1 100℃淬火+540℃回火处理后,H13钢的硬度为53⁵7 HRC。渗氮处理后,H13钢的硬度从表层到中心变化平缓。     

新型高强韧热作模具钢的性能研究

研制了一种新型高强韧热作模具钢,其主要成分为0.39%C,5.3%Cr,0.63%V和2.10%Mo。对新研制的钢进行了不同温度的淬火和回火处理,随后检测了钢的显微组织和硬度,并与H13钢进行了比较。结果表明,新研制的热作模具钢淬火、回火后的硬度比H13钢的高0.5～1.0 HRC,其组织和性能达到了国内先进水平。推荐的新型模具钢的热处理工艺为1020～1050℃油淬、560～620℃回火,硬度为46～50 HRC。     

锻热—亚温淬火改善20CrMnTi钢插齿光洁度的研究

本文分析研究了一种提高20CrMnTi钢渗碳齿轮插齿光洁度的热处理方法-锻热淬火后再亚温加热淬火。即齿坯锻打成型后,即予40～80℃的清水中冷却,再进行750～765℃亚温加热油冷淬火。得到低碳马氏体,铁素体及屈氏体组成的组织,硬度为HB189～229,个别点硬度不超过HRC24～25,齿坯切削性良好,插齿光洁度可提高到(?)6,刀具使用寿命也可得到延长。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。