Analysis of reactive power strategies in HVDC‐connected wind power plant clusters

Offshore wind power plants (WPPs) built near each other but far from shore usually connect to the main grid by a common high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission system. In the resulting decoupled offshore grid, the wind turbine converters and the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter share the ability to inject or absorb reactive power. The overall reactive power control dispatch influences the power flows in the grid and hence the associated power losses. This paper evaluates the respective power losses in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters when applying 5 different reactive power control strategies. The case study is made for a 1.2‐GW–rated cluster comprising 3 WPP and is implemented in a combined load flow and converter loss model. A large set of feasible operating points for the system is analyzed for each strategy. The results show that a selection of simulations with equal wind speeds is sufficient for the annual energy production comparison. It is found that the continuous operation of the WPPs with unity power factor has a superior performance with low communication requirements compared with the other conventional strategies. The optimization‐based strategy, which is developed in this article, allows a further reduction of losses mainly because of the higher offshore grid voltage level imposed by the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter. Reactive power control in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters change significantly the overall power losses of the system, which depend rather on the total sum of the injected active power than on the variance of wind speeds inside the cluster.     

Co‐ordinated voltage control of DFIG wind turbines in uninterrupted operation during grid faults

Emphasis in this article is on the design of a co‐ordinated voltage control strategy for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines that enhances their capability to provide grid support during grid faults. In contrast to its very good performance in normal operation, the DFIG wind turbine concept is quite sensitive to grid faults and requires special power converter protection. The fault ride‐through and grid support capabilities of the DFIG address therefore primarily the design of DFIG wind turbine control with special focus on power converter protection and voltage control issues. A voltage control strategy is designed and implemented in this article, based on the idea that both converters of the DFIG (i.e. rotor‐side converter and grid‐side converter) participate in the grid voltage control in a co‐ordinated manner. By default the grid voltage is controlled by the rotor‐side converter as long as it is not blocked by the protection system, otherwise the grid‐side converter takes over the voltage control. Moreover, the article presents a DFIG wind farm model equipped with a grid fault protection system and the described co‐ordinated voltage control. The whole DFIG wind farm model is implemented in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The DFIG wind farm ride‐through capability and contribution to voltage control in the power system are assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a DFIG wind farm equipped with voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride‐through control strategy in the active stall wind farm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

地区电网无功电压优化运行集中控制系统

地区电网无功电压优化运行集中控制系统能在确保电网与设备安全运行的前提下,从全网角度进行无功电压优化控制,实现无功补偿设备投人合理和无功分层就地平衡与电压稳定,主变分接开关调节次数最少和电压合格率最高,输电网损率最小,从而进一步提高电网调度自动化水平,提高电力系统运行的稳定性和安全性,全面改善和提高电网电压质量,降低电网损耗,提高设备出力.对该系统功能及技术方案进行了介绍.     

Technical aspects of status and expected future trends for wind power in Denmark

The power system of Denmark is characterized by significant incorporation of wind power. Presently, more than 20% of the annual electricity consumption is covered by electricity‐producing wind turbines. The largest increase in grid‐incorporated wind power is expected to come from large (offshore) wind farms operating as large wind power plants with ride‐through solutions, connected to the high‐voltage transmission system and providing ancillary services to the system. In Denmark there are presently two offshore wind farms connected to the transmission system: Horns Rev A (160MW rated power in the western part of the country) and Nysted (165MW rated power at Rødsand in Eastern Denmark). The construction of two more offshore wind farms, totalling 400MW by the years 2008–2010, has been announced. This article presents the status, perspectives and technical challenges for wind power in the power system from the point of view of Energinet.dk, Transmission System Operator of Denmark. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.     

Reactive power management and control of distant large-scale grid-connected offshore wind power farms

Reactive power management and control of distant large-scale offshore wind power farms connected to the grid through high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission cable are presented in this paper. The choice of the transmission option is based on the capacity of the considered wind farm (WF) and the distance to the onshore grid connection point. The WF is made up of identical doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs). Modelling and improved analysis of the effective reactive power capability of DFIGs as affected by various operational constraints are provided. In addition, modelling and analysis of the reactive power demands, balance, and control are presented. The minimum capacity and reactive power settings for reactive power compensation required for the system are determined. Possibility of unity power factor operation suggested by the German electricity association (VDEW) is investigated. A summary of the main outcomes of the work presented in this paper is provided in the conclusions section.     

大规模光伏并网电站接入系统若干问题的探讨

结合光伏并网发电的发展趋势,分析了大规模光伏并网电站的特点．对其接入电力系统时的防孤岛效应、谐波控制、无功功率调节能力、光伏电站接入点的短路电流、并网电压及升压变压器的选择等方面做了研究和探讨。     

三明电网AVC技术应用研究

保障电能质量,建设智能电网,是电网发展的必然趋势。评估电网的无功调控能力以确定关口无功功率控制范围,是电网自动电压控制的关键。采用平均功率因数限值,建立省地电网接线模型,得到功率因数与省级电网下送负荷水平的相关性曲线。并介绍分级电压控制方案,以系统网损最小为目标的最优潮流计算,并进行工程验证自动电压控制的有效性。     

Modeling and analysis of reactive power in grid‐connected onshore and offshore DFIG‐based wind farms

The analysis of reactive power for offshore and onshore wind farms connected to the grid through high‐voltage alternating‐current transmission systems is considered in this paper. The considered wind farm is made up with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). Modeling and improved analysis of the effective reactive power capability of DFIGs are provided. Particularly, the optimal power‐tracking constraints and other operational variables are considered in the modeling and analysis of the DFIG reactive power capability. Reactive power requirements for both overhead and cable transmission systems are modeled and compared with each other as well as with the reactive power capability of the wind farms. Possibility of unity power factor operation suggested by the German Electricity Association (VDEW) is investigated for both types of installations. Aggregate reactive power demands on both wind farms are assessed such that the bus voltages remain within an acceptable bandwidth considering various operational limits. The reactive power settings for both types of wind farm installations are determined. In addition, the minimum capacity and reactive power settings for reactive power compensation required for cable‐based installations are determined. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the reactive power characteristics and capability of DFIGs, performance of transmission lines and reactive power analysis for DFIG‐based grid‐connected wind farms. A summary of the main outcomes of the work presented in this paper is provided in the conclusions section. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

10kV交流配电电缆直流化改造供电能力研究

为满足大城市日益增长的用电需求,对10kV双回、直埋敷设电缆进行直流化改造,分析了交流电缆线路改为直流运行后的供电能力。首先确定改造后的直流接线方式为单极对称接线和双极接线;然后用ANSYS仿真软件对两种接线方式下的电缆进行热电耦合仿真,以确定电缆直流载流量和运行电压,并分析了电缆水平间距对载流量和运行电压的影响;最后以仿真结果为基础,考虑电压损失约束和线路损耗,分析了交、直流线路供电能力。结果表明,直流化改造后两种接线方式下的最大传输功率与供电距离均有一定的提升,且单极对称接线方式提升效果更加明显。     

大型海上风电项目中的集电海缆研究

目的 从2017年开始广东省海上风电进入了高速发展的时期,随着近海浅水区风电场开发的趋于饱和,近海深水区大型海上风电场的建设即将开始。在整个海上风电的设计过程中集电海缆是极为重要的一环,连接风机与升压站的集电线路通过合理的设计可以有效降低电能损耗,减少项目初始投资,提高运行的可靠性。针对海上风电从常规化向大型化的转变,集电海缆的设计亦需要同步做出调整。 方法 基于此,通过技术经济分析,论述了在大型海上风电项目中采用66 kV集电海缆的可能性。 结果 经过对比分析当风机容量达到10 MW及以上,风电场整体装机容量达到1 000 MW时,66 kV集电系统的技术、经济效果明显好于目前采用的35 kV系统。 结论 虽然目前国内海上风电领域暂无66 kV集电海缆投运的实际案例,但随着海上风电开发容量的不断增加,中国海上风电的集电系统势必会像英国、德国一样,向着更高电压等级的方向迈进。     

特高压电网对福建电网安全稳定影响研究

分析了交、直流特高压电网对福建电网安全稳定的影响,研究了特高压交流电网、特高压直流系统发生故障时福建电网的安全稳定性以及受端换流站附近交流电网单一或严重故障对直流系统的影响及系统安全稳定水平。分析了特高压电网对福建电网短路电流和无功补偿的影响以及1000kV／500kV电磁环网的解环等问题。结果表明：大容量直流输电系统单极／双极闭锁后主要问题是引起局部500kV网架过载：交流特高压线路单一乃至个别多重故障情况下福建电网均能保持稳定运行。福建电网具有较大的抗扰动能力。     

Grid support of a wind farm with active stall wind turbines and AC grid connection

One of the main concerns in the grid integration of large wind farms is their ability to behave as active controllable components in the power system. This article presents the design of a new integrated power control system for a wind farm made up exclusively of active stall wind turbines with AC grid connection. The designed control system has the task of enabling such a wind farm to provide the best grid support. It is based on two control levels: a supervisory control level, which controls the power production of the whole farm by sending out reference signals to each individual wind turbine, and a local control level, which ensures that the reference power signals at the wind turbine level are reached. The ability of active stall wind farms with AC grid connection to control the power production to the reference power ordered by the operators is assessed and discussed by means of simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design and coordination of a capacitor and on‐load tap changer system for voltage control in a wind power plant of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines

Larger percentages of wind power penetration into the grid translate to more demanding requirements coming from grid codes; for example, voltage support at the point of connection has been introduced recently by several grid codes from around the world, thus making it important to analyse this control. Voltage control is actuated by reactive power injection, and for a wind power plant of doubly fed generator turbines, reactive power capability can be a challenge, which typically is overcome by installing reactive power compensators. The integration and the interaction between all these reactive power sources and the on‐load tap changer of the main substation transformer need to be analysed and taken into account in the control design. In this paper, a novel coordination and control strategy for capacitor banks and on‐load tap changer for a wind power plant is introduced. The capacitor banks are controlled in such way that the steady‐state usage of the converters for reactive power injection is driven below to a maximum desired value of 0.1 pu. Additionally, the control transients because of the capacitor bank switching are minimized by using a suitable control structure. The tap changer control is coordinated with the plant control to decrease the impact of the capacitors reactive power in the line drop calculation, thus reducing the amount of tap operations and improving the accuracy of the line drop voltage estimation. The coordination of the central controller with the plant components is analysed and tested through electromagnetic transient program simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

可再生能源交流孤网转并网运行中的电压控制策略

柔性直流远距离输送有仅通过直流送出模式和交直流混联送出模式。两种送出模式下,系统的运行点存在较大差异,直接切换会对电网产生较大冲击。文章首先分析了两种送出模式下系统的调压控制特点,指出并网点电压幅值偏差是切换过程的关键点,设计了以可再生能源集群并网点电压偏差最小为主目标,换流站综合无功裕度最大为次目标的柔性切换策略。最后,基于某柔直电网可再生能源送端规划系统进行仿真,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

基于PR控制的海上风电场并网VSC-HVDC系统

提出了一种新的适用于海上风电场并网的新型高压直流输电(Voltage Source Converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC)系统的比例谐振(Proportional Resonant,PR)控制策略。该方法充分利用PR控制器能够在αβ坐标系下对交流输入信号无静差控制的特点,将矢量控制策略下的有功电流和无功电流分量转换到αβ坐标系下进行调节,实现风电场和电网侧换流器维持直流电压稳定以及有功、无功功率的解耦控制。与常用的双闭环PI控制相比,该策略无需多次坐标变换和前馈解耦控制,且易于实现对系统谐波电流的补偿,降低了实现难度,提高了系统的鲁棒性和并网电能质量,为海上风电场并网VSC-HVDC系统提供了一种优化的控制方案。     

Grid connection of large offshore wind farms using HVDC

This article describes the use of high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems for connection of large offshore wind farms using doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) to the main grid. HVDC systems based on voltage source converters (VSC transmission) and on line‐commutated converters (LCC HVDC) are discussed. The article describes proposed system configurations, operating principles and controls for the two technologies. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations are presented to demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed systems during variation of generation and onshore AC fault conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reactive power market management considering voltage control area reserve and system security

This paper presents a new algorithm to optimize reactive power procurement through commercial transactions considering system voltage security. The proposed algorithm minimizes reactive power provision and transmission loss costs in addition to maximizing system voltage security margin through a multiobjective function. In order to maintain the voltage profile of power system during sever contingencies or due to load uncertainty, all voltage control areas (VCA) of the system are detected and then optimal reactive power reserve is provided for each VCA during the market settlement. A four-stage multiobjective mathematical programming method is proposed to settle the reactive power market. The proposed algorithm has been applied on IEEE-RTS test system. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for reactive power market management.     

区域电压无功控制系统在地区电网中的应用

区域电压无功控制系统以电压无功的分级控制思想为指导，在调度自动化主站实现集中的、以保证负荷母线电压质量为首要目标的变电站一级控制；以220kV变电站的供电范围进行动态分区，实现区域内的二级协调控制；以基子全网实时潮流的网损灵敏度对可控设备进行在线寻优，实现准三级控制。二三级拉制中充分地考虑了电网运行的经济性要求。实践表明应用该系统是即时控制电压在合格范围、供应优质电能、降低电力服务成本度降损节能的有效措施。