面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术

纳滤膜分离技术在饮用水制备方面具有独特的作用,是制备优质饮用水的有效方法．依据电荷效应,纳滤膜可以降低水质硬度,去除饮用水中对人体有害的硝酸盐、砷、氟化物和重金属等无机污染物;依据筛分效应,纳滤膜可以有效地去除农药残留物、三氯甲烷及其中问体、激素以及天然有机物等有机污染物．文章详细综述了国内外纳滤膜技术在饮用水制备中应用研究的最新进展,纳滤膜对地表水或地下水中存在的各种无机、有机污染物的分离特性及饮用水制备过程中的纳滤膜污染与防治对策．     

Removal of trihalomethanes from drinking water by nanofiltration membranes

Chlorine reacts with the natural organic matter (NOM) in waters and forms disinfection by-products (DBP). Major of these by-products are trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA). They have been known to cause cancer and other toxic effects to human beings. This study determined the removal efficiencies of THM by nanofiltration (NF) techniques with NF200 and DS5 membrane. The rejection of this chlorination by-products was studied at various feed concentration by changing transmembrane pressure. Experimental results indicated that in general increasing operating pressure produces a higher flux but does not have a significant effect on THM rejection. On the other hand, increasing the feed concentration produces a little change in the overall flux and rejection capacity. NF200 membrane removed more THM than DS5 membrane. The higher removal efficiency of dibromochloromethane (DBCM) was attributed to brominating characteristics (higher molecular weight (MW) and molecular size). As a consequence, the results of this study suggest that the NF membrane process is one of the best available technologies for removing THM compounds.     

Fluidisation characteristics of granular activated carbon in drinking water treatment applications

Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is an important unit operation in drinking water treatment. GAC filtration is widely used for its filtration and adsorption capabilities as a barrier for undesired organic macro- and micro-pollutants. GAC filtration consists of two successive phases: adsorption and filtration, capturing the impurities from the water in conjunction with a backwash procedure in which the suspended particles are flushed out of the system. Available literature predominantly focusses on adsorption. A less frequently discussed but nevertheless equally crucial aspect of this operation is the backwash procedure of GAC beds. To prevent accumulation of suspended particles and to avoid additional operation costs, optimal backwashing is required. Another factor is sustainability: water utilities are showing increasing interest in exploring new sustainable GAC media. As these have different bed expansion tendencies due to different GAC characteristics with varying geometries, operational developments are needed for prediction models to estimate the expansion degree during backwashing. The prediction of the bed expansion of GAC is complex as the particles are non-spherical, porous and polydisperse. Through a combination of advanced particle laboratory and fluidisation experiments, we demonstrate a new approach which leads to an improved expansion prediction model for the backwashing of GAC filters.     

饮用水处理用活性炭废炭的粉磨能耗

利用水厂活性炭废炭和行星式球磨机分别进行废炭干、湿法粉磨实验,激光粒径仪测定粉磨产物的粒径d_(50)值,在罗辛-拉姆勒粒径特性方程基础上研究干、湿法粉磨方式和磨机转速对产物d_(50)值和能耗的影响,建立废炭粉磨能耗模型,并用实际能耗值对模型进行验证。结果表明,干、湿法粉磨条件下,随能耗增加,产物d_(50)值和粒径模数均先减小后趋于平缓;在200~300 r/min转速范围内,浆料质量比为40%的湿法粉磨较干法粉磨易获得更小d_(50)值、比能耗更低、粒径分布范围更窄的粉磨产物;粉磨方式、磨机转速均影响废炭粉磨能耗;以罗辛-拉姆勒粒径特性方程为基础的能耗方程适用于行星式球磨机粉磨废炭过程。     

饮用水超滤膜处理中试中的膜污染控制

采用中试规模的压力式超滤膜系统处理水厂的沉淀池出水,对试验期间的膜污染控制技术进行研究.用物理反洗、化学强化反洗(CEB)、化学清洗和预氯化对膜污染进行控制.结果表明:物理反洗工艺对于膜污染的去除效果不明显;CEB是一种物理和化学方法相结合的在线清洗方法,能够有效地恢复膜比通量,平均恢复率达85％;采用草酸进行化学清洗效果较好,4次清洗膜比通量平均提高了265 L/(m2·h·0.1 MPa).对膜反洗水的成分分析表明:铁和溶解性有机物是导致中试系统膜污染的主要因素.预氯化可以有效地减缓膜污染速率.     

用生物测试评价臭氧-生物活性炭净水工艺

设计了一组基于生物标记物的生物测试方法,并用于评价南方某水厂臭氧-生物活性炭中试工艺对水中痕量有机有毒污染物的去除效果.测试方法包括检测类雌激素效应物质的重组基因酵母试验,检测遗传毒性物质的SOS/umu试验和检测芳烃(Ah)受体效应物质的EROD试验.研究表明,仅在水库原水中存在很低浓度水平的间接遗传毒性物质,水处理各工艺出水均为阴性.工艺对类雌激素效应物质和Ah受体效应物质的去除率分别为91.3%和90.6%,主要在臭氧工艺段得到有效去除.采用成组生物标记物方法可以对饮用水中的痕量有机污染物进行毒性筛选或测试,适用于对水处理工艺的风险评价.     

Aluminum drinking water treatment residuals (Al-WTRs) as sorbent for mercury: Implications for soil remediation

The potential of readily available and non-hazardous waste material, aluminum drinking water treatment residuals (Al-WTRs), to efficiently sorb and immobilize mercury (Hg) from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Al-WTR samples with average specific surface area of 48m(2)/g and internal micropore surface area of 120m(2)/g were used in a series of batch sorption experiments. Obtained sorption isotherms indicated a strong affinity of Hg for Al-WTRs. Using the Langmuir adsorption model, a relatively high maximum sorption capacity of 79mg Hg/g Al-WTRs was determined. Sorption kinetic data was best fit to a pseudo-first-order model, while the use of the Weber-Morris and Bangham models suggested that the intraparticle diffusion could be the rate-limiting step. Also, Al-WTRs effectively immoblized Hg in the pH range of 3-8. The results from these short-term experiments demonstrate that Al-WTRs can be effectively used to remove Hg from aqueous solutions. This ability points to the potential of Al-WTRs as a sorbent in soil remediation techniques based on Hg-immobilization.     

Partial demineralization of water by ion exchange using carbon dioxide as regenerant part iii field tests for drinking water treatment

The combined application of a weak-acid ion exchange resin in the free-acid form and of an anion exchange resin in the bicarbonate form allows a partial demineralization of water. The particular advantage of this process is that CO₂ can be used for the simultaneous regeneration of both resins. As a consequence, the effluent contains only the amount of salt which has been eliminated in the service cycle. The present paper discusses results of field tests of the process with a mobile pilot plant in the case of drinking water demineralization.     

Optimization models for operative planning in drinking water networks

The topic of this paper is minimum cost operative planning of pressurized water supply networks over a finite horizon and under reliable demand forecast. Since this is a very hard problem, it is desirable to employ sophisticated mathematical algorithms, which in turn calls for carefully designed models with suitable properties. The paper develops a nonlinear mixed integer model and a nonlinear programming model with favorable properties for gradient-based optimization methods, based on smooth component models for the network elements. In combination with further nonlinear programming techniques (Burgschweiger et al. in ZIB Report ZR-05-31, Zuse Institute Berlin, 2005), practically satisfactory near-optimum solutions even for large networks can be generated in acceptable time using standard optimization software on a PC workstation. Such an optimization system is in operation at Berliner Wasserbetriebe.     

The NitRem process for nitrate removal from drinking water

A. F. Miquel of Otto Oeko-Tech looks at potential water treatment technologies that are able to remove nitrates from drinking water and details the way in which the development of nitrate selective membranes has resulted in the adaptation of electrodialysis and the development of the Nitrem process.