两级填充床式压缩空气储能系统充放电行为研究

基于两级填充床式压缩空气储能系统运行原理,建立了压缩机、透平、填充床蓄热器及储气洞穴的非稳态分析模型,对两级填充床式压缩空气储能系统充放电行为进行了模拟,分析了系统在给定充电功率下的整体热力学性能和各部件的运行特性。结果表明：相比于完整充放电循环,在给定的充电功率下系统的充放电效率仅为54.33%,下降了约8.07%;受到储能功率的影响,压缩机的效率变化范围较大,仅有77.13%的电能转化为压缩空气的内能,而高/低压透平因为进口处空气温度逐渐降低而偏离设计工况导致效率下降;压缩机和透平的火用损之和占总火用损的81.51%。     

大型空气压缩机变工况性能试验研究

压缩空气储能系统压缩机受系统自身特性影响,长期处于变工况运行状态。对某多级压缩空气储能系统大型空气压缩机变工况条件下级间性能开展试验研究,即利用压缩机管网特性试验平台,开展排气压力6.5～9.5MPa范围试验测试,对压缩机各级吸气和排气压力、吸气和排气温度、压缩机排气量、电机电流、电压等参数进行实时采集。通过对压缩机实时变工况下各项参数分析,具体研究压缩机的容积效率、循环指示功率、等温效率、各级压比分配和各级压损随出口负荷变化而变化的规律。研究结果表明:压缩机的容积效率基本不随工况的变化而变化,平均为0.96;循环指示功率随出口负荷的增加而增加;压缩机的多变效率从74.02%上升到78.14%,多变效率随着排气压力的增加而增加;低压级压比增大速度较快,易达到额定状态,高压级压比达到额定状态较缓;一～四级的相对压力损失基本保持不变,五级出口排气到集气汇管的相对压力损失随着出口负荷的增大而减小。     

柱状颗粒填充床的储能性能分析

填充床储能是一种很有发展前景的热能储存技术,它具有可降低存储成本和提高太阳能热系统开发效率等优点。研究人员多采用球形的储能单元,而圆柱体在储能填充床换热中有其独特的优势,因此基于圆柱形和拉西环形两种柱状颗粒,建立了一种潜热储能填充床的三维模型,采用数值模拟的方法分别研究两种柱状颗粒组成的填充床的储能性能,分析了储能填充床的直径比对其性能的影响。研究表明,填充床直径比越大,其储能性能越好。同时研究了圆柱形储能单元高度和拉西环形储能单元孔径对储能性能的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,由高度为3 mm的圆柱形储能单元和孔半径1.50 mm的储能单元分别组成的填充床储能速率最高。     

基于正交设计的压缩空气储能系统效率分析

根据压缩空气储能系统的结构特性,采用正交设计和数值模拟方法对压缩空气储能系统的压缩机绝热效率、级间冷却温度、储气室最低工作压力、回热度、膨胀透平绝热效率和燃烧室效率等6个参数进行实验设计和数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行效率分析.通过对实验结果的方差进行分析,得到设计参数对系统效率的影响程度.结果表明:在压缩空气储能系统中,压缩机绝热效率、级间冷却温度、回热度、压缩机绝热效率与级间冷却温度的交互作用、级间冷却温度与回热度的交互作用以及压缩机绝热效率与膨胀透平绝热效率之间的交互作用为影响压缩空气储能系统总过程效率的显著因素;在现有技术水平下,降低压缩机级间冷却温度和提高回热度是提高压缩空气储能系统效率的最佳选择.     

基于TC-CCES的冷热电联供系统热力性能分析

为了更好地理解CO2作为储能工质在热力学方面的特性,基于跨临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统(TC CCES),结合CO2易液化的特性,采用Aspen Plus软件构建了冷热电联产(CCHP)系统热力学模型,分析了回热器热水流量、低压节流阀压降及第一级压缩机出口压力对CCES CCHP系统性能的影响。结果表明：在基础运行工况下,CCES CCHP系统电效率为41%,能量效率为1.16;当回热器热水流量、第一级压缩机出口压力变化时,系统电效率与能量效率变化趋势相反;当低压节流阀压降增大时,系统电效率和能量效率均呈下降趋势;CCES CCHP系统与TC CCES系统相比,能量利用效率提升19.50%。     

基于两级全钒液流电池的风电储能系统的功率优化分配控制

为更好地利用储能系统平抑风电功率波动,采用了两级全钒液流电池(VRB)储能的功率优化分配及控制策略。基于直驱型永磁同步风电系统的工作原理及系统变流器的控制策略,建立了全钒液流电池等效电路模型,采用基于VRB组荷电状态(SOC)的双模式切换的双闭环控制策略,通过比较每级电池组荷电状态值确定优选目标,以VRB组最大充放电功率为电池组安全充放电的约束条件,提出两级VRB组的功率优化分配控制策略,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,在变风速条件下对不同荷电状态的两级VRB储能系统平抑风电功率波动进行仿真,并与功率平均分配策略作对比。结果表明,两级VRB储能系统功率优化分配控制策略能有效平抑风电机组功率波动,同时,还确保了电池组工作于安全运行区域,有效地减少了VRB组的充放电次数,延长了电池组的寿命。     

基于EBSILON的压缩二氧化碳储能系统仿真分析

基于EBSILON软件建立了100 MW/1 000 MWh两级压缩、两级膨胀二氧化碳储能系统模型,研究工质流量和膨胀机、压缩机入口温度对系统效率的影响。结果显示：储能系统模型的发电量与设计值的相对偏差为1.72%,电转电效率为65.61%。工质流量与发电量呈正相关,年泄露工质量5%,则发电量将降低3.15%。第一级膨胀机入口温度每提升2℃,发电量提升0.47 MW。第一级压缩机入口温度每提升5℃,压缩功耗平均降低1.63 MW。在资本金内部收益率为8%的前提下,项目作为用户侧储能时,峰谷电价差需达到1.46元/kWh。     

多区相变材料填充床储热性能数值分析

为进一步提高相变储能填充床储热性能,运用计算流体力学软件Fluent采用DEM-CFD数值模拟方法对轴向填充不同熔点颗粒的填充床进行了储热过程的数值分析。在分别填充了240和480个相变材料颗粒的直径为200 mm的相变储能填充床内,探究沿热流体流动方向分层逐级排布更低熔点相变材料的排布方式对填充床的储能速率、储能效率、热流体和相变储热材料温度分布的影响。研究表明：在轴向分层排布不同相变点的相变材料会对床内轴向温度场有显著影响;分层排布的方式使填充床的储能速率、储能效率均得到了提高,240和480颗粒填充床平均储能速率分别提升约31.0%和25.1%。     

叶片厚度分布对流道式叶片性能的影响分析

基于三维可压缩流体N-S方程和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,对多级离心压缩机中间级进行数值计算,研究了不同叶片厚度分布规律对流道式叶片性能的影响。通过分析不同模型级设计工况和变工况的特性及压力场、速度场分布,获得流道式叶片效率和损失分布的变化规律。结果表明:0.6倍厚度(即9.00 mm)的叶片有最高的级效率82.82%和最大压比1.483,同原有叶片厚度的模型级相比较,整级效率增加1.46%。流道式叶片厚度的变化对压缩机稳定工况的范围影响不大。从近喘工况到堵塞工况,薄叶片在总体性能上优于厚叶片。在近喘工况下,旋涡区分布于叶片进口吸力面;近堵工况下,旋涡区分布于叶片压力面。     

基于能量梯度理论的离心压缩机回流器子午面改型研究

为了提高离心压缩机的效率和改善回流器内的流动稳定性,应用能量梯度理论分析了离心压缩机内部流动特性,并获得回流器内的能量梯度函数K值的分布.根据K值分析结果,提出将原先轮毂侧倾斜的回流器改进为轮盖侧倾斜的改型方法.在回流器轮盖侧倾斜的基础上对5种不同轮盖侧倾斜角度进行了模拟,结果表明:改型后的模型在额定工况下的多变效率比原模型提升了约1%,在流量系数为0.85~1.16的变工况范围内,模型级性能均有所提高;适度增大倾斜角度能进一步增大离心压缩机模型级的多变效率和级压比.     

Comparison of energy and exergy efficiencies of an underground solar thermal storage system

In this experimental study, solar energy was stored daily using the volcanic material with the sensible heat technique. The external heat collection unit consisted of 27 m² of south‐facing solar air collectors mounted at a 55° tilt angle. The dimensions of the packed‐bed heat storage unit were 6 × 2 × 0.6 m deep. The packed‐bed heat storage unit was built under the soil. The heat storage unit was filled with 6480 kg of volcanic material. Energy and exergy analyses were applied in order to evaluate the system efficiency. During the charging periods, the average daily rates of thermal energy and exergy stored in the heat storage unit were 1242 and 36.33 W, respectively. Since the rate of exergy depends on the temperature of the heat transfer fluid and surrounding, the rate of exergy increased as the difference between the inlet and outlet temperatures of the heat transfer fluid increased during the charging periods. It was found that the average daily net energy and exergy efficiencies in the charging periods were 39.7 and 2.03%, respectively. The average daily net energy efficiency of the heat storage system remained nearly constant during the charging periods. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the heat storage system were 52.9 and 4.9%, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于潜热填充床的双向变粒径结构热性能分析

为改善潜热填充床的储/释热性能，提出了一种优化的双向变粒径球形储热单元填充结构，并基于实验室搭建的中高温相变储热实验系统，模拟分析了该结构相较于传统结构对填充床储/释热效率和时间的影响。结果表明，在保证相同储热量下，双向变粒径结构能够有效的提升储/释热效率，延长有效热流输出的时间。其中20:30:20（体积比1:1:1）的双向变粒径结构输出有效热流的时间为6685 s，放热功率为846.1 W，相对于其他的填充结构，综合热性能最好。该研究能够为进一步实现储热系统能量的高效稳定与梯度利用做铺垫。     

Thermal characteristics of packed bed storage system

The thermal behaviour of a packed bed storage system charged with hot air is modelled using two partial differential equations representing the energy conservation in the air and solid phases constituting the bed. These two equations are coupled through the heat exchange process between the two phases. A fully implicit numerical scheme based on forward, upwind and central differencing for the time, first and second space derivatives, respectively, is used to solve the modelling equations. Marching technique is used for the air equation and a tri-diagonal matrix solver is employed to solve the solid equation. The solution yields the thermal structure of the bed, namely the air and solid temperature distribution inside the bed at any particular time, and the variation of total energy stored in the bed with time. The effect of bed length, solid diameter and void fraction on the thermal characteristics of the packed bed is studied. Further, the performance of the bed under variable inlet air temperature and mass flow rate is investigated.     

Experimental results of a sensible heat storage system for residential and light commercial application

This paper presents the performance results for a sensible heat storage system. The system under study operates as an air source heat pump which stores the compressor heat of rejection as domestic hot water or hot water in a storage tank that can be used as a heat source for providing building heating. Although measurements were made to quantify space cooling, space heating, and domestic water heating, this paper emphasizes the space heating performance of the unit. The heat storage system was tested for different indoor and outdoor conditions to determine parameters such as heating charge rate, compressor power, and coefficient of performance (COP). The thermal storage tank was able to store a full charge of heat. The rate of increase of storage tank temperature increased with outdoor temperature. The heating rate during a charge test, best shown by the normalized rate plots, increased with evaporating temperature due to the increasing mass flow rate and refrigerant density. At higher indoor temperature during the discharge tests, the rate of decrease of storage tank temperature was slower. Also, the discharge heating rate decreased with time since the thermal storage tank temperature decreased as less thermal energy became available for use. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental investigation on a combined sensible and latent heat storage system integrated with constant/varying (solar) heat sources

The objective of the present work is to investigate experimentally the thermal behavior of a packed bed of combined sensible and latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) unit. A TES unit is designed, constructed and integrated with constant temperature bath/solar collector to study the performance of the storage unit. The TES unit contains paraffin as phase change material (PCM) filled in spherical capsules, which are packed in an insulated cylindrical storage tank. The water used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) to transfer heat from the constant temperature bath/solar collector to the TES tank also acts as sensible heat storage (SHS) material. Charging experiments are carried out at constant and varying (solar energy) inlet fluid temperatures to examine the effects of inlet fluid temperature and flow rate of HTF on the performance of the storage unit. Discharging experiments are carried out by both continuous and batchwise processes to recover the stored heat. The significance of time wise variation of HTF and PCM temperatures during charging and discharging processes is discussed in detail and the performance parameters such as instantaneous heat stored and cumulative heat stored are also studied. The performance of the present system is compared with that of the conventional SHS system. It is found from the discharging experiments that the combined storage system employing batchwise discharging of hot water from the TES tank is best suited for applications where the requirement is intermittent.     

Hydrogen release from a metal hydride tank with phase change material jacket and coiled-tube heat exchanger

Hydrogen fuel cells are received increasingly wide attention in order to develop green ships and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the field of waterway transportation. Metal hydrides (MHs) can be used to store hydrogen for green ships due to their high volumetric storage capacity and safety. Various measures should be considered in the design and manufacture process of the MH reactor to strengthen its performance of heat and mass transfer and obtain an acceptable hydrogen storage capacity. In this work, LaNi₅ hydride is used as the hydrogen storage material and packed in the reactor. A basic axisymmetric numerical model for the hydrogen storage system without a heat exchanger has been developed and proved to be effective through the comparison between its simulation results and the published data during dehydriding. A hybrid heat exchanger, which is consisted of a phase change material (PCM) jacket and a coiled-tube, has been applied into the hydrogen storage system to relieve the thermal effect of MH in the dehydriding process on system performance. Effects of the heat transfer coefficient between the circulating heating water in the coil-tube and the MH bed, the temperature of circulating heating water and the pressure at the outlet on the dehydriding performance have been investigated. Based on parametric study, the relationships among the average dehydriding rate, the heat transfer coefficient, the heating water temperature and the outlet pressure have been found and fitted as simple equations. These fitted equations can be considered as a reference, which provides an important method to effectively control the dehydriding rate in order to satisfy the fuel requirement of the power unit and ensure the safe navigation of green ships in the future.     

Thermal performance analysis of a phase change thermal storage unit for space heating

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive numerical study on the thermal performance of an air based phase change thermal storage unit (TSU) for space heating. The unit is designed for integration into space heating and cooling systems. The unit consists of a number of one dimensional phase change material (PCM) slabs contained in a rectangular duct where air passes between the slabs. The numerical analysis was based on an experimentally validated model. A parametric study has been carried out including the study on the effects of charge and discharge temperature differences, air mass flow rate, slab thicknesses, air gaps and slab dimensions on the air outlet temperatures and heat transfer rates of the thermal storage unit. The paper introduces and discusses quantities called charge and discharge temperature differences which play an important role in the melting and freezing processes.     

Thermal performance of PCM thermal storage unit for a roof integrated solar heating system

The thermal performance of a phase change thermal storage unit is analysed and discussed. The storage unit is a component of a roof integrated solar heating system being developed for space heating of a home. The unit consists of several layers of phase change material (PCM) slabs with a melting temperature of 29 °C. Warm air delivered by a roof integrated collector is passed through the spaces between the PCM layers to charge the storage unit. The stored heat is utilised to heat ambient air before being admitted to a living space. The study is based on both experimental results and a theoretical two dimensional mathematical model of the PCM employed to analyse the transient thermal behaviour of the storage unit during the charge and discharge periods. The analysis takes into account the effects of sensible heat which exists when the initial temperature of the PCM is well below or above the melting point during melting or freezing. The significance of natural convection occurring inside the PCM on the heat transfer rate during melting which was previously suspected as the cause of faster melting process in one of the experiments is discussed. The results are compared with a previous analysis based on a one dimensional model which neglected the effect of sensible heat. A comparison with experimental results for a specific geometry is also made.     

高温肋板式蓄热器蓄/放热特性的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学方法对高温不锈钢肋板式相变蓄热器的蓄/放热特性进行了数值模拟。分析了多孔肋片和锯齿肋片对蓄热器蓄/放热特性的影响以及载热体入口温度和流量对相变材料熔化和凝固速度的影响,计算结果表明:在该新型肋板式相变蓄热器中,多孔翅片的性能优于锯齿肋片;随着蓄热器传热温差的增大和载热体流量的增加,蓄热器的蓄/放热性能越好;肋片作为换热元件可以很好的提高蓄热器的蓄/放热性能。所得结论可为高温肋板式蓄热器的优化设计提供有益的参考。