高大空间中太阳辐射对热舒适的影响及室内参数设计

选取航站楼和客站中典型的高大空间,实测夏季太阳辐射的分布情况;根据太阳辐射对人体表面的传热量,采用等效辐射温度来定量刻画太阳辐射对室内人员热舒适的影响,进而利用该参数提出适用于高密度太阳辐射环境的室内热环境设计方法。以典型高大空间为例,比较常规全空气空调方式和辐射地板供冷方式在太阳辐射情况下适宜的室内设计参数。通过分析和实测表明,辐射地板供冷能有效处理高密度太阳辐射热量、提高室内人员热舒适性。     

突变热环境中桌面风扇作用下的热舒适研究

为了研究温度突变工况下使用风扇对人体热舒适的影响,在人工环境实验室内,营造了不同的温度突变环境(34℃-26℃-34℃、34℃-28℃-34℃、34℃-30℃-34℃)对20名青年受试者开展了人体热反应的实验研究。实验对比分析不同工况下受试者心理和生理反应的变化。实验结果表明,温度突降时,会出现“冷感超越”现象,且温差越大,超越现象越明显,热感觉稳定时间更长。使用桌面风扇可以使热感觉更快地达到稳定。皮肤温度也随温度突变发生显著变化。同时得到受试者在三种不同温度工况下的偏好风速,发现使用风扇能显著改善热湿环境中受试者的热舒适。     

一种基于太阳能热浮力的新型观瞄平台载体热数值分析

提出了一种基于太阳能热浮力的新型战场信息观瞄平台,根据辐射传热理论建立了太阳能热气球的热力学模型,使用FLUENT对太阳能气球的热特性进行了数值计算,获得了气球的蒙皮、内部空气的温度场,着重分析了在太阳辐射下达到平衡状态时热气球直径对蒙皮表面及其内部空气温度分布的影响。结果表明,当气球在太阳辐射下达到平衡状态时,气球蒙皮最高温度为348 K,内部空气的平衡温度为334 K,蒙皮最大温差为25K左右,气球蒙皮温度分布沿竖直方向梯度较大。     

室内动态热舒适的影响因素分析

析了室内动态热环境下人体热舒适的主要影响因素,并探讨了不同因素的影响程度,指出室内动态热环境下人体热舒适性是各种因素综合作用的结果,室内空气温度、气流速度、空气相对湿度、平均辐射温度、人体生理心理特点、人体活动量、服装参数等均对动态热舒适有影响,其中空气温度及气流速度的动态化是其影响的主要客观因素,人体条件及服装参数是主要主观因素。     

基于性别的严寒地区高校教学楼自然通风热舒适性研究

严寒地区夏季采用自然通风作为被动式降温手段,改善空气品质的同时减少能耗,其热舒适性会受到多因素影响。对严寒地区夏季自然通风条件下两种建筑布局的高校教学楼热环境进行实测,对影响热舒适的三种因素,温度、湿度以及受试者体重指数(bady mass index,BMI)进行调查研究,基于在室人员不同性别,进行差异性、相关性和显著性对比分析。结果表明:内廊式教学楼较中庭式教学楼有更好的热舒适性;操作温度与热舒适性密切相关,中性温度为27.96℃,其中男性为27.51℃,女性为28.26℃;相对湿度与操作温度负相关,且对热舒适性有较大影响;BMI与热舒适性呈现较低的相关性,其并不能明显影响热舒适性,但相同BMI下,男性热感觉略高于女性;利用Griffiths评价模型能准确预测严寒地区夏季舒适温度。     

室内自然通风环境热舒适性研究

通过建立室内自然通风模型,研究了系统在不同温度、不同进风口风速及不同外窗开度情况耦合工况下,人体热舒适感受能够承受的温度上限和空气流速与外窗开度的适用范围。结果表明,室内热舒适性会随室外温度升高而明显恶化,温度达28.5℃时超过热舒适性指标国家标准推荐值;各因子中,风速及温度对室内热舒适性影响比重相对较轻,外窗开度的影响最大;20%为外窗开度下限,随开度的增大室内热舒适性增强;风速增加带来的不适"吹风感"也需考虑,该个体差异性感受会使得室内热舒适性迅速下降。     

250型柴油机活塞热负荷特性分析

本文通过确定活塞关键部位的换热系数和温度边界条件,计算得出250型柴油机活塞的温度场,活塞的最高温度为384℃在钢顶喉口部位,并与活塞实测平均温度比较,温度相吻合。并计算和分析了在该温度负荷下的活塞热应力和热变形情况,最大热应力为246MPa在钢顶拱顶部位,径向最大热变形在钢顶顶面边缘部位,变形量为0.49mm。     

太阳能中温集热利用制蒸汽系统性能研究

构建了一套供热功率为310kW的太阳能中温集热利用制蒸汽系统,建立了系统主要模块——太阳能集热器与热変换器的热力学模型,研究了变工况下太阳辐射强度、凝水回收比、环境温度对系统效率和供热功率的影响,探讨了不同运行参数条件下集热温度与系统性能之间的关系。研究结果表明:增大辐射强度对系统性能提升显著;回收凝水对系统效率的影响不大,但对制热功率的提升较为明显;系统性能随环境温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势;系统存在最佳集热温度,最佳集热温度随辐射强度和环境温度的增大而升高。     

多孔体太阳空气集热供暖系统热性能实验研究

设计一种多孔体型太阳空气集热器建筑供暖系统。实验研究不同孔径集热板形式和空气循环流动方式对建筑供暖系统热性能及其室内热环境的影响。实测结果表明,集热器进、出风口空气平均温差达24.0℃以上;强制循环方式下孔径1.6mm、孔间距12mm的集热板较孔径5.0mm、孔间距25mm的集热板中心点和出风口温度高6.0℃和4.7℃,集热效率仅相差0.045～0.060;增大孔径对提高集热效率作用不明显;单台1.85m2集热面积晴好天气可使实验房白天室内温度较对比房高约7.0℃,可满足冬季室内温度要求。     

基于改进贪心算法的温差电器件电-热耦合效应研究

温差电器件实际工作时由于内电阻的存在不可避免地会产生焦耳热,传统的温差电研究中虽注意到温差发电过程中的焦耳热现象,但只是在等效计算热功率时消去焦耳热部分,而忽略了焦耳热对温差电器件热、冷端温度分布的影响。针对传统研究的不足,考虑实际应用中的电-热耦合效应,运用理论推导的方法建立了第三类边界条件下的温差发电负载模型,并利用改进贪心算法迭代求解,最后以SP1848-21745型温差发电片为例,通过试验验证了模型与算法的正确性。模型的数值求解与发电片实测结果对比表明,考虑了电-热耦合效应的温差发电负载模型的热电输出值更接近实测值。     

A model for managing and evaluating solar radiation for indoor thermal comfort

Thermal comfort of people occupying indoor spaces depends, to a large extent, on the direct component of solar radiation incident on the human body. In turn, even the diffuse component of the solar radiation could affect the thermal sensations of people. Despite this evidence, at the present there is a lack in the availability of simple and reliable methods capable of taking into account the influence of the solar radiation on thermal balance in the human body. In this work a comprehensive method is presented for the computation of the mean radiant temperature of people in thermal moderate indoor environments in the presence of solar radiation. The effects produced on the amount of solar radiation entering rooms in the presence of shadowing devices are also analysed. Finally, an application of the method is provided for a non-parallelepiped room equipped with a south window: results are shown in terms of the mean radiant temperature. A simple evaluation of thermal comfort conditions, referring to the present international standards, is also provided.The model can be easily linked to the computerized methods for analyzing the thermal behaviour of buildings, and is intended as a support for the thermal comfort evaluation methods.     

强化导热相变材料对PV/PCM热控特性影响研究

文章建立了光伏/相变材料(PV/PCM)太阳能热控系统二维模型,并根据模拟结果研究了相变材料热导率对太阳电池热控特性的影响。模拟结果表明,当PCM热导率由0.3 W/(m·K)逐渐增加至1.1 W/(m·K)时,相变材料对太阳电池的热控效果越来越好。此外,文章设计了PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的PV/PCM太阳能热控系统实验装置,在模拟光源和自然光条件下,对太阳能热控系统实验装置的输出功率以及太阳电池的温度进行测试。实验结果表明:在模拟光源下,与无PCM太阳电池相比,PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的太阳电池的最高温度分别降低了4.6,10.8℃,平均输出功率分别提高了2.2%,4.1%;在自然光条件下,与无PCM太阳电池相比,PCM热导率分别为0.8,1.1 W/(m·K)的太阳电池的最高温度分别降低了9.7,12℃,平均输出功率分别提高了3.1%,5.98%。     

A preliminary experimental investigation on characteristics of natural convection based on solar thermal collection using supercritical carbon dioxide

In this paper, an experimental work is carried out to investigate the characteristics of solar thermal collection using supercritical CO₂. This solar thermal conversion is based on supercritical CO₂ natural convection, which is much easily induced because a small change in temperature can result in large change in density close to the critical point. In addition, its critical temperature is 31.1°C and low enough to be easily reached in the low‐temperature solar thermal conversion system. The obtained results show that the supercritical CO₂ flow rate is smooth curve and not affected by the sudden variation of the solar radiation. The solar thermal conversion operation process can be divided into three periods: starting‐up, transition, and stable period. When the system reaches the stable period, the CO₂ flow rate will keep at a high value even if the solar radiation stays at a low level. It is also found that the smaller local solar radiation variation is, the better ability of keeping the flow rate near the peak level the supercritical CO₂ fluid owns. It is also found that a small pressure difference can drive a supercritical CO₂ flow with high flow rate. Furthermore, high solar thermal conversion efficiency is found at a high mass flow rate and under operation pressure near the critical point. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction on effects of absorptivity and emissivity for surface temperature distribution using an improved thermal network model

The conventional thermal network model for satellite surface temperature distribution is directly solved by a new solution method on the basis of the Monte Carlo Ray Tracing (MCRT) method. The solar direct incidence area, the solar radiation transfer coefficient, the infrared radiation transfer coefficient, and the network conduction and radiation coefficients are calculated by Monte Carlo statistical analysis rather than the Gebhart approach. The advantage of the MCRT method is that the surface material characteristics are taken into account in the solving process. The effect of absorptivity and emissivity for temperature distributions is analyzed in detail. Numerical simulation is carried out for the temperature distribution of the satellite surface with different solar incidences of round angle and zenith angle. In the steady stage, the maximum temperature difference reaches up to 200 K and increasing the absorptivity‐emissivity ratio will lead to a rapid temperature rise. In the unsteady stage, the cooling velocity of the main body surface is always smaller than that of the solar array surface and the maximum temperature of the main body is larger than the solar arrays. Under the same absorptivity‐emissivity ratio, the solar incidence angle has a great effect on the uniform character of temperature distribution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 39(7): 539–553, 2010; Published online 16 July 2010 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20316     

Prediction of thermal sensation based on simulation of temperature distribution in a vehicle cabin

Thermal comfort in an automobile is predicted with numerical simulation. The flow field and temperature distribution are solved with a grid system based on many small cubic elements which are generated automatically with cabin and passenger configuration. Simulation of temperature is combined with simulation of cooling cycle and calculation of heat transfer at the wall including solar radiation to treat transient and actual driving conditions of the vehicle. In order to evaluate thermal comfort, transitional effective temperature is calculated from simulated thermal conditions and physiologic values which are calculated by a simple model of a human thermal system. This system can well predict thermal sensation of passengers in a short period of time. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(3): 195–212, 2001     

分级相变储放热系统在日光温室中的应用效果

针对北方日光温室夜间室内低温问题,该文以收集利用温室内白天富余太阳能为目标,在理论分析相变材料特性的基础上,开发基于管材封装方式的两级相变储放热系统,并通过对比试验,在北京地区的日光温室中开展冬季应用效果试验。结果表明,所开发系统对冬季室内空气温度和土壤温度均有良好的增温效果。其中,空气温度方面,在试验周期内,试验温室夜间（17:00—次日08:00期间）平均室内气温比对照温室平均提高1.0 ℃,最低气温平均提高1.2 ℃;在晴天、多云不同天气条件下,试验温室的夜间平均气温分别提高1.3、1.2 ℃,最低气温分别提高1.5、1.7 ℃;在两天一夜未盖保温被的阴雪天气条件下,试验温室的室内气温全程高于对照温室,最大温差仍有1.9 ℃。在土壤温度方面,晴天和多云天气下,试验温室10和15 cm处的土壤温度平均提高0.6和0.8 ℃,研究表明所开发系统具有良好的持续储放热能力,能改善日光温室的冬季热环境。     

太阳辐射对混凝土结构温度应力的影响

根据太阳辐射和气温的日变化规律,采用二维有限元方法建立了混凝土浇筑模型,仿真分析了大体积混凝土结构施工期和运行期的温度场和温度应力分布情况。结果表明,考虑太阳辐射和气温变化后,混凝土温度和应力均有明显增加,从而导致混凝土开裂的几率增大,因此在实际施工计算混凝土温度场和温度应力时应考虑太阳辐射的影响。     

Thermal model for the optimization of a solar rotary kiln to be used as high temperature thermochemical reactor

The present study focuses on a thermal model describing a rotary kiln reactor. Several applications can be foreseen for this reactor, for example high temperature heat storage for thermal solar power plants. The energy is provided by concentrated solar radiation that heats up the cavity walls. A thermal model, describing the reactor behavior, is developed and validated. Particular attention is given to the radiation model, which constitutes the most important heat transfer. An innovative way of modeling the reactor aperture through a fictive surface at an imposed equivalent temperature leads to a significant decrease of the simulation time, without decreasing the precision of the solution. The model is validated by comparison first with other models, which make different assumptions and second with experimental results. After the validation, the model can be used for simulating the behavior under different operating condition or to define the possible improvements by a change of the reactor geometry such as the insulation’s thermal conductivity or thickness.     

Modeling additional solar constraints on a human being inside a room

Sun fluxes induce additional heterogeneous thermal constraints in buildings and may also lead to discomfort for the inhabitant. To calculate the local thermal sensation of a human being totally or partially situated in the sunlight, the solar radiation inside a room and its detailed distribution on parts of the human body are modeled. The present study focuses on the solar gains part of a complete modeling tool simulating an occupied building.The irradiated areas are calculated with a ray tracing method taking shadow into account. Solar fluxes are computed. Fluxes can be absorbed by each surface or reflected. The reflected fluxes are then absorbed at the next impact. A multi-node thermoregulation model (MARCL) represents the thermal behavior of the human body and all its heat exchanges with the environment. The thermal transient simulation of the whole occupied building is performed in TRNSYS simulation software. In the case presented here, the results show that, when a person is inside the building, the skin and clothing temperatures of the irradiated segments increase more or less depending on the segments but the global thermal equilibrium of the body is maintained thanks to strong physiological reactions.