Individual differences in drivers’ cognitive processing of road safety messages

Using Gray and McNaughton's (2000) revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST), we examined the influence of personality on processing of words presented in gain-framed and loss-framed anti-speeding messages and how the processing biases associated with personality influenced message acceptance. The r-RST predicts that the nervous system regulates personality and that behaviour is dependent upon the activation of the behavioural activation system (BAS), activated by reward cues and the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), activated by punishment cues. According to r-RST, individuals differ in the sensitivities of their BAS and FFFS (i.e., weak to strong), which in turn leads to stable patterns of behaviour in the presence of rewards and punishments, respectively. It was hypothesised that individual differences in personality (i.e., strength of the BAS and the FFFS) would influence the degree of both message processing (as measured by reaction time to previously viewed message words) and message acceptance (measured three ways by perceived message effectiveness, behavioural intentions, and attitudes). Specifically, it was anticipated that, individuals with a stronger BAS would process the words presented in the gain-frame messages faster than those with a weaker BAS and individuals with a stronger FFFS would process the words presented in the loss-frame messages faster than those with a weaker FFFS. Further, it was expected that greater processing (faster reaction times) would be associated with greater acceptance for that message. Driver licence holding students (N = 108) were recruited to view one of four anti-speeding messages (i.e., social gain-frame, social loss-frame, physical gain-frame, and physical loss-frame). A computerised lexical decision task assessed participants’ subsequent reaction times to message words, as an indicator of the extent of processing of the previously viewed message. Self-report measures assessed personality and the three message acceptance measures. As predicted, the degree of initial processing of the content of the social gain-framed message mediated the relationship between the reward sensitive trait and message effectiveness. Initial processing of the physical loss-framed message partially mediated the relationship between the punishment sensitive trait and both message effectiveness and behavioural intention ratings. These results show that reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity traits influence cognitive processing of gain-framed and loss-framed message content, respectively, and subsequently, message effectiveness and behavioural intention ratings. Specifically, a range of road safety messages (i.e., gain-frame and loss-frame messages) could be designed which align with the processing biases associated with personality and which would target those individuals who are sensitive to rewards and those who are sensitive to punishments.     

Fear, threat and efficacy in threat appeals: Message involvement as a key mediator to message acceptance

In a sample of 170 youngsters, the effect of two versions of a public service announcement (PSA) threat appeal against speeding, placed in four different contexts, on evoked fear, perceived threat (severity and probability of occurrence), perceived response efficacy and self-efficacy, message involvement and anti-speeding attitude and anti-speeding intention is investigated. Evoked fear and perceived threat and efficacy independently influence message involvement. Message involvement is a full mediator between evoked fear, perceived threat and efficacy perception on the one hand, and attitudes towards the message and behavioral intention to accept the message on the other. Speeding experience has a significantly negative impact on anti-speeding attitudes. Message and medium context threat levels and context thematic congruency have a significant effect on evoked fear and to a lesser extent on perceived threat.     

Effects of color scheme and message lines of variable message signs on driver performance

The advancement in variable message signs (VMS) technology has made it possible to display message with various formats. This study presented an ergonomic study on the message design of Chinese variable message signs on urban roads in Taiwan. Effects of color scheme (one, two and three) and number of message lines (single, double and triple) of VMS on participants’ response performance were investigated through a laboratory experiment. Results of analysis showed that color scheme and number of message lines are significant factors for participants’ response time to VMS. Participants responded faster for two-color than for one- and three-color scheme. Participants also took less response time for double line message than for single and triple line message. Both color scheme and number of message lines had no significant effect on participants’ response accuracy. The preference survey after the experiment showed that most participants preferred two-color scheme and double line message to the other combinations. The results can assist in adopting appropriate color scheme and number of message lines of Chinese VMS.     

Reducing air-pollution: A new argument for getting drivers to abide by the speed limit?

Speeding is one of the main factors of car crash-risk, but it also contributes to increasing air-pollution. In two studies we attempted to lead drivers to abide by speed limits using “reducing air-pollution” as a new argument. We presented prevention messages that highlighted the role of speeding in increasing “crash-risk”, “air-pollution”, or both (Studies 1 and 2). The messages were also positively or negatively framed (Study 2). Given that women are more concerned with environmental issues than are men, we expected the following hypotheses to be validated for women. The message with the “air-pollution” argument was expected to be evaluated more positively than the “crash-risk” message (H1). The “air-pollution” and “crash-risk and air-pollution” messages were expected to be more effective than the “crash-risk” message on the behavioral intention to observe speed limits (H2a) and on the perceived efficacy of speed-limit observance in reducing air-pollution (H2b; Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, positive framing was expected to be more effective than negative framing (H3), and presenting a message to be more effective than presenting no message (H4; Study 2).Broadly, our results argue in favor of our hypotheses. However in Study 2, the effects of message framing did not allow us to conclude that negative or positive framing was superior. All in all, messages with the “air-pollution” argument were more effective at leading drivers to observe speed limits. Thus, environmental protection may be a fruitful route to explore for increasing road safety.     

Can anti-speeding messages based on protection motivation theory influence reported speeding intentions?

The study investigated the effects of anti-speeding messages based on protection motivation theory (PMT) components: severity, vulnerability, rewards, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and response cost, on reported speeding intentions. Eighty-three participants aged 18–25 years holding a current Australian driver's license completed a questionnaire measuring their reported typical and recent speeding behaviors. Comparisons were made between 18 anti-speeding messages used on Australian roads and 18 new anti-speeding messages developed from the PMT model. Participants reported their reactions to the 36 messages on the perceived effectiveness of the message for themselves and for the general population of drivers, and also the likelihood of themselves and other drivers driving within the speed limit after viewing each message. Overall the PMT model-derived anti-speeding messages were better than jurisdiction-use anti-speeding messages in influencing participants’ reported intention to drive within the speed limit. Severity and vulnerability were the most effective PMT components for developing anti-speeding messages. Male participants reported significantly lower intention to drive within the speed limit than did female participants. However, males reported significantly higher intention to drive within the speed limit for PMT-derived messages compared with jurisdiction-based messages. Third-person effects were that males reported anti-speeding messages to be more effective for the general driving population than for themselves. Females reported the opposite effect – that all messages would be more effective for themselves than for the general driving population. Findings provided support for using a sound conceptual basis as an effective foundation for anti-speeding message development as well as for evaluating proposed anti-speeding messages on the target driver population.     

威胁诉求对驾驶安全的影响:有效与无效

目的 为探讨威胁诉求策略在各国道路交通安全活动中的应用现状,厘清威胁诉求对驾驶安全的影响。方法 采用文献分析法对关于威胁诉求与驾驶安全有效性与无效性争论的实证研究进行了对比;重点梳理文献结果不一致的地方,并分析了导致不一致的原因;归纳了现有研究的局限性,指出未来研究的趋势。结果 威胁诉求起作用的关键在于威胁唤醒程度、严重性、可感知性、诱导的情绪体验以及有效的可执行的建议与措施,要综合考虑各种因素来评估其效果。结论 未来研究可综合这些因素来确定道路安全活动中威胁诉求的最佳类型。     

何种交通安全广告更有效:认知需要和情感需要的调节作用

目的探讨反酒驾交通安全公益广告的诉求方式对个体酒驾态度的影响,以及认知需要和情感需要在广告说服过程中的调节作用。方法采用实验法操纵广告诉求类型,使用认知需要和情感需要问卷分别测量被试的认知需要和情感需要。结果在控制了社会称许性的影响后,恐惧诉求广告的说服效果显著优于理性诉求广告,且认知需要和情感需要均显著调节广告诉求与酒驾态度之间的关系。结论理性诉求广告对高认知需要的个体更有效;恐惧诉求广告对高情感需要的个体更有效。     

Persuasive appeals in road safety communication campaigns: Theoretical frameworks and practical implications from the analysis of a decade of road safety campaign materials

Communication campaigns are employed as an important tool to promote road safety practices. Researchers maintain road safety communication campaigns are more effective when their persuasive appeals, which are central to their communicative strategy, are based on explicit theoretical frameworks. This study's main objectives were to develop a detailed categorization of persuasive appeals used in road safety communication campaigns that differentiate between appeals that appear to be similar but differ conceptually, and to indicate the advantages, limitations and ethical issues associated with each type, drawing on behavior change theories. Materials from over 300 campaigns were obtained from 41 countries, mainly using road safety organizations’ websites. Drawing on the literature, five types of main approaches were identified, and the analysis yielded a more detailed categorizations of appeals within these general categories. The analysis points to advantages, limitations, ethical issues and challenges in using different types of appeals. The discussion summarizes challenges in designing persuasive-appeals for road safety communication campaigns.     

The impact of hands-free message reception/response on driving task performance

A series of closed-course driving experiments were conducted in which 41 drivers ranging in age from 19 to 70 were put through a series of increasingly challenging driving performance tasks both in the presence and absence of audible messages. The messages required specific responses and these, along with driving performance measures based on driver/vehicle response characteristics, were recorded. The results clearly showed a negative impact of the message task on driver decision-making performance when this involved the more complex tasks of weaving and especially left-turning. Such decision-making decrements in the presence of the messages were exacerbated by adverse pavement surface conditions.     

Message Authentication with a New Quantum Hash Function

To ensure the security during the communication, we often adopt different ways to encrypt the messages to resist various attacks. However, with the computing power improving, the existing encryption and authentication schemes are being faced with big challenges. We take the message authentication as an example into a careful consideration. Then, we proposed a new message authentication scheme with the Advanced Encryption Standard as the encryption function and the new quantum Hash function as the authentication function. Firstly, the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm is used to encrypt the result of the initial message cascading the corresponding Hash values, which ensures that the initial message can resist eavesdropping attack. Secondly, utilizing the new quantum Hash function with quantum walks can be much more secure than traditional classical Hash functions with keeping the common properties, such as one-wayness, resisting different collisions and easy implementation. Based on these two points, the message authentication scheme can be much more secure than previous ones. Finally, it is a new way to design the message authentication scheme, which provides a new thought for other researchers in the future. Our works will contribute to the study on the new encryption and authentication functions and the combination of quantum computing with traditional cryptology in the future.     

An XML Model for Use Across Heterogeneous Client–Server Applications

Applications that use directory services or relational databases operate in a client–server model, where a client requests information from a server, and the server returns a response to the client. These client–server applications typically have a specific message protocol that is unique to that application. Systems with multiple client–server applications require that there are separate client programs that individually communicate with their respective server programs. A need exists to access information from heterogeneous systems in a standard message request–response format. A generic eXtensible Markup Language (XML) model was developed to obtain data from diverse measurement systems. The objective of this paper is to describe the XML model that abstracts the differences in the underlying heterogeneous client–server message formats and provides a common XML message interface. The XML messages are parsed through a common XML gateway that decides to which application server to forward the messages. The generic XML messages are translated to the correct application server format before being sent to the application server.      

The influence of ethical judgements on acceptance and non-acceptance of wearables and insideables: Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

The rise of intelligent technological devices (ITDs)—wearables and insideables—provides the possibility of enhancing human capabilities and skills. This study contributes to the literature on the impact of ethical judgements on the acceptance of ITDs by using a multidimensional ethical scale (MES) proposed by Shwayer and Sennetti. The novelty of this study resides in using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) instead of correlational methods to explain human behaviour (in this case, attitudes towards ITDs) from an ethical perspective. fsQCA evaluates the influence of ethical variables on the intention to use ITDs (and the non-use of these technologies). Positive ethical evaluations of technology do not always ensure ITD acceptance—unfavourable ethical perceptions may lead to its rejection. We find that for wearables: (1) positive perceptions from a utilitarian perspective are key in explaining their acceptance. Likewise, we identify configurations leading to acceptance where positive judgements on moral equity, egoism and contractualism are needed. Surprisingly, only the relativism dimension participates in configurations that cause acceptance when it is negated; (2) We found that a single unfavourable perception from a contractualism or relativism perspective causes non-use. Likewise, we found that coupling of negative judgements on moral equity, utilitarianism and egoism dimensions also produce resistance to wearables. For insideables, we notice that: (1) an MES has weak explanatory power for the intention to use ITDs but is effective in understanding resistance to use; (2) A negative perception of any ethical dimension leads to resistance towards insideables.     

良品铺子包装受众消极感知因素的挖掘与修正

目的 挖掘包装受众消极情绪产生的原因,寻找修正受众消极情绪的方法。方法 利用RostCM6软件对良品铺子包装网络评论文本的高频词、语义网络和情感倾向进行分析,阐明受众消极情绪与积极情绪的共存关系,提取受众消极情绪结果文本,采用扎根理论对消极情绪结果文本进行研究,归纳受众消极情绪产生的原因类属,建构包装设计受众情感反应模型。结果 良品铺子包装在视觉形象、明星代言、品牌理念、品牌体验、品牌责任和品牌安全等方面存在的问题,是引起受众消极情绪的主要原因。结论 良品铺子包装要消除受众消极感知,绝不仅仅是视觉设计层面的事,应从受众的认知反应和情感体验两个维度双向共进,将包装设计纳入品牌美誉度建设的系统中去考量。     

Digital wellbeing tools through users lens

There is a growing recognition of excessive, compulsive, and hasty use of technology as an emerging form of problematic behavior affecting individuals' emotional, social, and occupational wellbeing. Smartphone overuse, in particular, has been linked to negative effects on users' quality of life, such as anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance and loss in productivity. One strategy to help regulate digital usage and, potentially, increase digital wellbeing is to devise smartphone applications to collect data about usage and increase users' awareness of it and enable them to set limits and alert users accordingly. However, such applications have not been extensively evaluated from the users' perspective and whether they help the basic requirements for digital wellbeing. In this paper, we examine the quality of the emerging family of digital wellbeing smartphone applications from the users' perspective and based on persuasive design and established behavioral change theories. We performed a thematic analysis on the users’ reviews on two popular applications, SPACE Break Phone Addiction and Google Digital Wellbeing (GDW). We report on the factors influencing user acceptance and rejection towards digital wellbeing applications and identify possible challenges and opportunities to improve their design and role in future releases.     

基于认知发展理论的儿童科普类APP界面交互设计研究

目的 引入认知发展理论,基于儿童的认知能力和接受特点,归纳儿童科普类APP的界面交互设计原则,并通过设计实践加以验证,以改善儿童的使用体验,使儿童科普类APP更好地发挥科学启蒙的教育功能。方法 通过案例分析法结合问卷调查法对儿童科普类APP的发展与使用现状进行分析,总结儿童在使用过程中所存在的痛点,结合儿童的认知能力与接受特点提出儿童科普类APP的界面设计策略并应用于设计实践,最后通过访谈法对设计效果加以验证和分析。结论 通过设计实践及其设计评价可以看出,将认知发展理论融入儿童科普类APP的界面交互设计中,对改善相关设计问题和增强儿童的使用效果有着积极的促进作用,可在一定程度上降低儿童的不适感以及误操作的概率,同时还能够提高儿童的参与感和情感体验。     

Online Burst Events Detection Oriented Real-Time Microblog Message Stream

The rapid spread of microblog messages and sensitivity of unexpected events make microblog become the public opinion center of burst events. Online burst events detection oriented real-time microblog message stream has become an important research problem in the field of microblog public opinion. Because of the large amount of real-time microblog message stream and irregular language of microblog message, it is important to process real-time microblog message stream and detect burst events accurately. In this paper, an online burst events detection framework is proposed. In this framework, abnormal messages are detected based on sliding time window and two-level hash table. Combined with event features, an online incremental clustering algorithm is used to cluster abnormal messages and detect burst events. Experimental results in the real-time microblog message stream environment show that our framework can be used in online burst events detection and has higher accuracy compared with other approaches.     

劝导设计在互联网产品设计中的应用研究

目的通过对现有互联网产品改变用户行为的方式进行分析,提炼劝导设计在互联网产品中的具体应用策略。方法以FBM行为模型理论为指导,结合心理学相关的理论,通过分析用户心理因素和动机产生之间的关联性,来诠释劝导设计的作用原理。结果劝导设计在改变用户行为和提高用户粘性方面起到了重要作用。结论通过对大量互联网产品案例的梳理和分析,总结劝导设计在互联网产品中应用的设计原则和介入策略,旨在为互联网产品的用户体验设计提供新的思路和解决方案。     

Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol with Mutual Authentication Based on Single Photons and Bell States

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can transmit secret messages directly from one user to another without first establishing a shared secret key, which is different from quantum key distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum secure direct communication protocol based on signal photons and Bell states. Before the execution of the proposed protocol, two participants Alice and Bob exchange their corresponding identity IDA and IDB through quantum key distribution and keep them secret, respectively. Then the message sender, Alice, encodes each secret message bit into two single photons (| 01〉or|10〉) or a Bell state , and composes an ordered secret message sequence. To insure the security of communication, Alice also prepares the decoy photons and inserts them into secret message sequence on the basis of the values of IDA and IDB. By the secret identity IDA and IDB, both sides of the communication can check eavesdropping and identify each other. The proposed protocol not only completes secure direct communication, but also realizes the mutual authentication. The security analysis of the proposed protocol is presented in the paper. The analysis results show that this protocol is secure against some common attacks, and no secret message leaks even if the messages are broken. Compared with the two-way QSDC protocols, the presented protocol is a one-way quantum communication protocol which has the immunity to Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, our proposed protocol can be realized without quantum memory.     

基于用户体验地图的竹编体验设计

目的针对初次体验竹编的年轻消费者设计竹编体验,促进竹编工艺的活态传承,推动竹编文创由设计产品向设计体验的模式转变,从而实现可持续发展。方法构建用户体验地图,从全局视角探究用户体验过程,根据用户行为和用户满意度,分析用户与竹编体验的接触点,定位并描述体验过程中的痛点、寻找机会点和罗列用户需求,总结竹编体验的设计诉求。结论用户体验地图是归纳设计诉求的有效方法。通过分析目标用户各个阶段的竹编体验情况,辅助设计决策,提供设计诉求要点。例如体验时长不超过三个小时,竹编工艺种类为2～3种,竹篾色彩为天然本色,以基础纹样为主,满足网络社交需要等。以餐桌果盘竹编体验设计为例,验证用户体验地图的可行性与有效性,从而为竹编工艺创造性的转化和传统手工艺的活态传承提供新的启示。     

Driver performance while text messaging using handheld and in-vehicle systems

This study presents an evaluation of driver performance while text messaging via handheld mobile phones and an in-vehicle texting system. Participants sent and received text messages while driving with an experimenter on a closed-road course, using their personal mobile phones and the vehicle's system. The test vehicle was an instrumented 2010 Mercury Mariner equipped with an OEM in-vehicle system that supports text messaging and voice control of mobile devices via Bluetooth, which was modified to allow text message sending during driving. Twenty participants were tested, 11 younger (19–34) and 9 older (39–51). All participants were regular users of the in-vehicle system, although none had experience with the texting functions.Results indicated that handheld text message sending and receiving resulted in higher mental demand, more frequent and longer glances away from the roadway, and degraded steering measures compared to baseline. Using the in-vehicle system to send messages showed less performance degradation, but still had more task-related interior glance time and higher mental demand than baseline; using the system's text-to-speech functionality for incoming messages showed no differences from baseline. These findings suggest that using handheld phones to send and receive text messages may interfere with drivers’ visual and steering behaviors; the in-vehicle system showed improvement, but performance was not at baseline levels during message sending.