The uses of naming and the origin of the myth of mental illness.

"When we say that someone has or suffers from a mental illness, we assert a logically highly dubious proposition. It is virtually impossible to ascertain whether this proposition is true or false, because of the wide range of meaning that may be assigned to the term 'mental illness.' " Certain psychologists have used "the expression 'mental illness' to depreciate and injure others (particularly fellow professionals), but they also used its converse, 'mental health,' to promote the good fortune of those whom they liked and respected." It is desirable "to examine carefully the precise nature of the present status of our scientific (as well as everyday) attitudes toward problems of so-called mental illness." From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2JA59S. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental illness and mental retardation: Message from the President of the United States relative to mental illness and mental retardation.

2 health problems of critical size and tragic impact are mental illness and mental retardation. "There are now about 800,000 such patients in this Nation's institutions—600,000 for mental illness and over 200,000 for mental retardation." A 3-fold attack is proposed: (a) Ascertain causes and eradicate them. (b) Strengthen underlying resources of knowledge and of skilled manpower. (c) Strengthen and improve facilities serving the mentally ill and mentally retarded. A national program for mental health is proposed which emphasizes comprehensive community mental health centers, improved care in state mental institutions, and expansion of research activities and increase in professional manpower. A national program to combat mental retardation emphasizing prevention, community services, and research is also proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The myth of mental illness.

"My aim in this essay is to raise the question 'Is there such a thing as mental illness?' and to argue that there is not." Major sections are: Mental Illness as a Sign of Brain Disease; Mental Illness as a Name for Problems in Living; The Role of Ethics in Psychiatry; Choice, Responsibility, and Psychiatry; and Conclusions. Mental illness "is a myth, whose function it is to disguise and thus render more palatable the bitter pill of moral conflicts in human relations." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ecological constraints on mental health services.

Proposes 4 principles for community mental health programing that are consistent with an ecological thesis: (1) Assessment methods are focused on the total population rather than on those persons who presently receive a mental health service. (2) Mental health services are designed to reduce a high risk for community service. (3) Professional and research services are created as local community resources. "By initiating the informal coordination of current services, the community mental health program helps to create specific new community services as needed." (4) The program plans for change; this involves mobilizing anticipatory problem-solving resources not only for clients but for professionals as well. A "conception of community mental health work based upon the ecological thesis that adaptive programs change" is presented. (39 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of Rosenhan's "On being sane in insane places".

Argues that D. L. Rosenhan's (see record 1973-21600-001) report on normal persons who posed as psychiatric patients is pseudoscience presented as science. Just as his pseudopatients were diagnosed at discharge as "schizophrenia in remission," so a careful examination of this study's methods, results, and conclusion leads to a diagnosis of "logic in remission." Rosenhan's study proves that pseudopatients are not detected by psychiatrists as having simulated signs of mental illness. This rather unremarkable finding is not relevant to the real problems of the reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnosis and only serves to obscure them. A correct interpretation of these data contradicts the conclusions that were drawn. In the setting of a psychiatric hospital, psychiatrists seem remarkably able to distinguish the "sane" from the "insane." (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Mental Illness.

Two official position papers of our APA seem to contradict each other with respect to whether mental illness is a myth or not. The APA official position paper, "The Community and the Community Mental Health Center," questions the appropriateness of the term "illness." The APA official position paper, "The Psychologist and Voluntary Health Insurance." identifies psychology in some of its roles as a health profession. Is psychology in some of its roles supposed to be a health profession that regards illness as a myth in some of its other roles? The answer seems to be, "Yes." If psychologists would switch hats as they changed roles from clinician to social science consultant, the contradiction would be resolved easily. Instead, the contradiction is denied by one role player or the other. Somehow, the medical model is supposed to be absolutely evil and to stand in the way of social progress. At the same time, psychiatrists seem to expect to exercise leadership in matters of social science. I believe that mental illness exists. Psychiatrists have primary responsibility for its treatment, and there is a very large and honorable role for clinical psychologists in the struggle against mental illness. Social disorganization exists. I doubt very much that psychologists deserve primary responsibility for the amelioration of social disorganization, but psychologists can make important contributions. Let us not overdefend against the boundless ambitions of our medical colleagues as social science experts by denying the legitimacy of mental illness and of the medical model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Research survey: State mental health programs.

"In preparation for the 1959 meeting of chief psychologists in state mental health programs a questionnaire on research was prepared and sent to 77 psychologists who were either functioning as chief psychologists in state programs" or in similar positions. Replies were received from 39 individuals, representing 30 states. "Evaluation of treatment was listed most frequently as an area in need of research." At least 45 different types of ongoing research projects were listed. "Three factors were emphasized as the main obstacles to research in the state programs: lack of personnel… lack of funds… emphasis on service, with subsequent lack of time for research." Psychologists were "seen as the individuals most involved in mental health research in state programs." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Statement on report of Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health.

An "endorsement of Action for Mental Health [see 35: 6705], the final report of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health." The report cites the very substantial cost of adequate care for mental patients, hidden costs of mental illness, gross inadequacy of present measures, and presents a pattern of increased federal financial support to deal with the problem. It recommends the demise of the large custodial "mental hospital" and calls for "invention and trial of novel approaches." Reservations about the report are also made explicit: the report emphasized improved treatment of mental illness at the expense of other facets of the problem area; it says little about promoting more effective personal development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beliefs about mental illness as a functon of psychiatric status and psychiatric hospitalization.

Beliefs about mental illness were assessed among psychiatric inpatients at a VA hospital, the mental health staff responsible for their treatment, and a group of medical and surgical (control) patients. Results indicated that: (a) Psychiatric and nonpsychiatric patients generally hold similar opinions regarding mental illness. Severely disturbed psychiatric patients, however, view mental illness in more moralistic terms than do "normals." (b) Psychiatric hospitalization is generally accompanied by a change in the patient's beliefs concerning mental illness, toward those held by the staff. (c) Psychiatric patients whose beliefs about mental illness are most strikingly influenced by the staff tend to respond most favorably to treatment, as measured by length of hospital stay and gains in self-esteem during the 1st month of treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Statement on mental illness and mental retardation.

The statement made on behalf of the American Psychological Association is in support of Senate Bills 755 and 756 developed by Congress in response to President Kennedy's message on mental illness and mental retardation. "The psychologist is vitually concerned with the problems of mental disorders and of mental retardation. He is especially interested in research, and in the provision of services to people through the organized agencies of society, such as the public schools, community mental health centers, hospitals, institutions for the retarded, and rehabilitation agencies of many kinds." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preparedness for progress.

The extensive problems of mental illness are reviewed. "Either we must develop new kinds of mental health personnel or we must develop new skills in the personnel we already have. This is no longer a pious statement; it is an absolute necessity in the imminence of approaching events." Problems involved in training specialists are considered. Efforts must be made "to identify those areas in which our skills… can be useful." Efforts should be made "to find answers to social needs where our contribution can be effective" and we must "accept responsibility for handling the wide range of truly psychiatric problems, whether or not they fit our individual preferences." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Religious experience and psychological conflict.

"I shall center my attention upon the constructive aspects of the profounder variety of psychological conflict to which we give the name of 'schizophrenia.' I shall submit and defend the position that psychological conflict, even in its schizophrenic manifestations, has religious significance." There are "forms of mental illness which are manifestations of healing power analogous to fever or inflammation of the body." An illustrative case history is presented. "Fundamental mental disorder is best understood as an attempt to deal with an intolerable sense of personal failure and guilt… . Other things being equal, the outcome of an acute schizophrenic episode is likely to be constructive insofar as it represents an honest attempt on the part of the patient to grapple with his real difficulties… . In order to understand either mental disorder or religious experience, the one should be studied in the light of the other." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The environment of personality.

Discusses the implications of the sociocultural environment for the study of personality. Two issues are considered. The first concerns the effects of the sociocultural environment on experimental findings obtained at the situational level. The trait–situation controversy is used as an example of a basic personality datum that is markedly affected by sociocultural environmental variables. The data yielded by studies of the interaction between sex and aggression provide another instance of a research issue that has been investigated without adequate consideration of the environmental context. A second issue involves the effects of the sociocultural environment on theoretical models and modes of interpretation of experimental findings. The degree of emphasis given to biological social antecedents of aggression provides one example of a theoretical interpretation and research strategy that is particularly vulnerable to variations in the sociocultural environment. More profoundly, social forces in the environment may affect the theoretical importance ascribed to internal psychological states and personality processes. Empirical investigation of the role of the sociocultural environment in shaping personality organization and in affecting psychological research and theory may help reduce the effects of these cultural "blinders." (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy.

The Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest confers the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy on a psychologist who has made a distinguished empirical and/or theoretical contribution to research in public policy, either through a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of work. The 2001 winner is Susan D. Cochran, who won for "her outstanding research and writing on the psychosocial variables that affect the mental and physical health of stigmatized and ethnic minority populations." This document provides Cochran's citation, biography, and selected bibliography, as well as her award address, entitled "Emerging Issues in Research on Lesbians' and Gay Men's Mental Health: Does Sexual Orientation Really Matter?" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Basic behavioral science research for mental health: Sociocultural and environmental processes.

Provides a selective overview of sociocultural research investigating the role of culture in the course of mental illness and suggests promising directions for future research. Sociocultural variation in basic psychological processes and experiences including identity, self-esteem, attribution, and motivation are discussed. The role of race, ethnicity, SES, changing work roles, and communities in mental health across the life span are also explored. Possible directions for future research include cross-cultural research on universal vs culturally specific aspects of behavior, the expression and effects of ethnic discrimination, and factors mediating the effects of SES on the mental health of children and adults (0 ref). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of independent living on persons with chronic mental illness: an assessment of the Section 8 certificate program

The feasibility of the Section 8 certificate program for individuals with chronic mental illness (CMI) and the outcomes associated with independent housing are examined. The analysis is based on data from a longitudinal survey of Section 8 certificate users in Baltimore and Hamilton County (Cincinnati) and on information from Section 8 application forms in each site. A pre-post research design was used to examine changes in hospitalization, residential stability, and mental health service outcomes. Four key dimensions of the CMI certificate program are examined: affordability, housing conditions, neighborhood conditions, and service gaps. Results suggest that the certificate program has a positive effect on independent living, that certificate use is associated with positive mental health outcomes, and that there is no evidence of "creaming" among program applicants.     

The role of the psychologist in the disability evaluation of emotional and intellectual impairments under the social security act.

"Psychological examinations are frequently required for the evaluation of emotional and intellectual impairments in order to establish the degree of loss of function in workers who apply for disability benefits as well as in adults who are disabled in childhood… . The presence of severe and persistent illness should be associated with objective evidences of regression substantial enough to preclude vocational activity… . Psychological evaluations serve to pinpoint the specific functional capacities of the applicant so as to serve as a basis for the evaluation as well as for rehabilitation." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality disorder is disease.

There is no inconsistency in maintaining, on the one hand, that man is morally accountable for most of his misdeeds and that psychological rather than medical training is basic to competence in the personality disorders, "and affirming, on the other hand, that the latter disorders are genuine manifestations of illness." On these points, issue is taken with the positions of Szasz (1960) and Mowrer (1960). "Szasz' (1960) contention that the concept of mental illness 'now functions merely as a convenient myth' is grounded on four unsubstantiated and logically untenable propositions" which are specified and criticized. "Definition of behavior disorder in terms of sin or difficulties associated with ethical choice and responsibility would substitute theological disputation and philosophical wrangling about values for specifiable quantitative and qualitative criteria of disease." From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2JA69A. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental illness, milieu therapy, and social organization in ward groups.

"It was concluded that as degree of mental illness increases, there is a decrease in social organization and social relationship involving positive or negative feelings. This process appears to be reversed by milieu therapy." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)