胶囊微机电无线能量传输系统设计与试验研究

首先介绍了胶囊微机电无线电能传输系统的原理和系统的基本构成,然后设计了以松耦合变压器为基础的无线电能供给系统,采用互相正交的二维线圈来接收能量并进行试验研究.结果表明:不管体内微机电系统处在何种位置和姿态,都可以有效接收能量,特别在初级绕组窗口宽度内,次级绕组接收能量可以高达110～240 mW.最后研制了胶囊微机电无...     

全球无线充电产业发展现状分析

简要介绍了无线充电技术的产业化应用,通过对全球三大无线充电企业联盟——WPC、A4WP、PMA的统计分析,研究了三大企业联盟的规模以及联盟成员企业的国家、地区分布和行业性质,以此反映全球以三大企业联盟为核心的无线充电行业的的发展现状。研究表明,中国的成员企业众多,但在无线充电领域的产业布局不够完善,应该从终端产品代工向上游核心技术研发生产转移,不断推进无线充电技术的发展扩大和应用领域。     

Design and manufacture of a toroidal-type SMES for combination with real-time digital simulator (RTDS)

The authors designed and manufactured a toroidal-type superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. The toroidal-type SMES was designed using a 3D CAD program. The toroidal-type magnet consists of 30 double pancake coils (DPCs). The single pancake coils (SPCs), which constitute the double pancake coils, are arranged at an angle of 6° from each other, based on the central axis of the toroidal-type magnet. The cooling method used for the toroidal-type SMES is the conduction cooling type. When the cooling method for the toroidal-type SMES was designed, the two-stage Gifford–McMahon (GM) refrigerator was considered. The Bi-2223 HTS wire, which was made by soldering brass on both sides of the superconductor, is used for the magnet winding. Finally, the authors connected the toroidal-type SMES to a real-time digital simulator (RSCAD/RTDS) to simulate voltage sag compensation in a power utility.     

New absolute vector error correction technique for a transmitter/receiver module

The authors demonstrate how a transmitter (Tx), a reciprocal transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) signal path and two unidirectional receiver (Rx) paths can be used together with short, open, and load standards for the absolute vector error correction (AVEC) of a Tx/Rx module. Once calibrated, this Tx/Rx module can then provide accurate vector measurements of the signals that are flowing into and/or out of the test port. This novel AVEC technique is one of the key concepts in the design of a wideband absolute vector signal measurement system, which overcomes the limitations of traditional measurement instruments by combining the features of vector signal analysers, spectrum analysers, and vector network analysers. The AVEC method is validated using numerical simulation data for a simplified baseband test circuit. The AVEC technique is then extended to the calibration of wideband, high-frequency Tx/Rx modules that involve frequency up/down conversion mixers in a follow-on paper     

Coil geometry models for power loss analysis and hybrid inductive link for wireless power transfer applications

This paper presents a hybrid inductive link for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) applications. Achieving better power transfer efficiency over a relatively wider distance across coils is the prime objective in most of the WPT systems, but often suffers from power loss in the near field area of inductively coupled coils. One of the reasons for this power loss is the pattern of the magnetic field produced by the source coil used in the WPT system. Mostly the nature of magnetic field produced by the source coil is distributed radially over the coil, in which the produced magnetic field is not fully utilized. Achieving better efficiency and load current by reducing power loss is the main driving force of this work. One of the viable methods to reduce the power loss is by increasing the field intensity thereby redirecting the flux lines flow to be directional. With this aim, three coils such as solenoid, spiral and conical are designed and simulated to determine the magnetic field strength using Finite Element Method. The conical coil produces the highest self-inductance of 8.63 µH and a field strength of 1.542 Wb with the coil thickness of 3.20 mm. Then, WPT system is demonstrated with the inclusion of Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm for improving efficiency. The schematic of flux generation of both in the transmitter and receiver sections are demonstrated and analyzed graphically. The efficiency of both simulation and experimental measurements are matched well with similar progression. The effect of parameters (angle, distance, and load resistance) on the efficiency is explored. The outcomes conclude that the inductive coupling has achieved 73% (average case) power transfer wirelessly over a distance of 5 cm with an input voltage of 5 V and 5 MHz frequency.     

Extension of an absolute vector error correction technique to wideband, high-frequency measurements

The authors have previously demonstrated how a transmitter (Tx), a reciprocal transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) signal path and two unidirectional receiver (Rx) paths can be used together with short, open and load standards for the absolute vector error correction (AVEC) of a Tx/Rx module. Once calibrated, this Tx/Rx module can then provide accurate vector measurements of the signals that are flowing into and/or out of the test port. In order to simplify the analysis, the AVEC technique was applied to a simplified baseband circuit that did not include frequency conversion mixers in a previous paper. Now, in this paper the authors first show how the AVEC technique can be extended to the vector calibration of high-frequency receivers that involve frequency conversion mixers. The authors then show how to calibrate a system that allows for wideband absolute phase relationship measurements of periodic modulated signals, provided that the same local oscillator is employed for the two down-conversion receivers, and different radio frequencies and intermediate frequencies are employed in these receivers. This novel AVEC technique is one of the key concepts in the design of a wideband absolute vector signal measurement system, which overcomes the limitations of traditional measurement instruments by combining the features of vector signal analysers, spectrum analysers and vector network analysers.     

An Energy-Efficient Wireless Power Transmission-Based Forest Fire Detection System

Compared with the traditional techniques of forest fires detection, wireless sensor network (WSN) is a very promising green technology in detecting efficiently the wildfires. However, the power constraint of sensor nodes is one of the main design limitations of WSNs, which leads to limited operation time of nodes and late fire detection. In the past years, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has been known as a proper solution to prolong the operation time of sensor nodes. In WPT-based mechanisms, wireless mobile chargers (WMC) are utilized to recharge the batteries of sensor nodes wirelessly. Likewise, the energy of WMC is provided using energy-harvesting or energy-scavenging techniques with employing huge, and expensive devices. However, the high price of energy-harvesting devices hinders the use of this technology in large and dense networks, as such networks require multiple WMCs to improve the quality of service to the sensor nodes. To solve this problem, multiple power banks can be employed instead of utilizing WMCs. Furthermore, the long waiting time of critical sensor nodes located outside the charging range of the energy transmitters is another limitation of the previous works. However, the sensor nodes are equipped with radio frequency (RF) technology, which allows them to exchange energy wirelessly. Consequently, critical sensor nodes located outside the charging range of the WMC can easily receive energy from neighboring nodes. Therefore, in this paper, an energy-efficient and cost-effective wireless power transmission (ECWPT) scheme is presented to improve the network lifetime and performance in forest fire detection-based systems. Simulation results exhibit that ECWPT scheme achieves improved network performance in terms of computational time (12.6%); network throughput (60.7%); data delivery ratio (20.9%); and network overhead (35%) as compared to previous related schemes. In conclusion, the proposed scheme significantly improves network energy efficiency for WSN.     

HTS SMES Application for the Frequency Stabilization of?Grid-Connected Wind Power Generation System

Output power of the wind power generation system (WPGS) fluctuates due to wind speed variation and affects the frequency and voltage fluctuations of the utility. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) can overcome these fluctuations because of fast response time for energy charging and discharging. To stabilize the frequency fluctuation, HTS SMES should be connected to the terminal of the WPGS. Ulleung island power network in Korea was modeled to demonstrate the effectiveness of SMES for frequency stabilization. Based on the simulation results using EMTDC, a toroidal-type HTS SMES cooled by conduction cooling method and a DC/DC chopper for current charging and discharging were fabricated for experiment. Power network including WPGS was implemented through a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The simulation and experimental results for frequency stabilization using real HTS SMES and RTDS are discussed in detail.     

小型复合空调器的研制和实验研究

提出了一种新型蓄冷和热水器复合空调器装置.蓄冰槽在低谷电和夜晚室外温度较低时蓄冷,然后利用蓄冷提高冷凝器出口制冷剂的过冷度,不但增大空调器的制冷量,而且充分利用蓄冰槽内的显热量.放冷结束后,通过调节阀门,蓄冰槽可转换成水冷冷凝器,复合空调器变成热泵热水器,提供生活热水的同时,可以提供一定的制冷量.通过对普通空调器改造的样机进行了夏季工况下运行的实验研究,研究了蓄冰槽盘管不同结构和位置对蓄冰的影响.同原来空调器比较,复合空调器制冷量平均增加28.2%,性能系数平均增加21.5%.复合机组提供热水时平均性能系数为2.77.即提供相同热量热水,复合机组用电量仅为电热水器的36%.提供热水期间平均的制冷量为2325.39w.     

Thermal characteristics of conduction cooled 600 kJ HTS SMES system

A 600 kJ HTS SMES is developed and tested in Korea. The HTS SMES consists of 22 double pancake coils wound on each aluminum alloy bobbin. It is cooled by two GM cryocoolers down to around 6 K and current is charged through HTS current leads up to 275 A. Beside the heat penetration from room temperature structures, heat generation in the HTS coil is inevitable because of the joint resistances and the intrinsic property of the HTS tape such as index loss. Moreover, during the charging and discharging operation, AC loss of the HTS conductor and eddy current loss in the coil bobbin and metallic structures are generated. Therefore, the heat generation should be effectively removed by the cryocooler to ensure the stable operation of the coil. In the HTS SMES, aluminum alloy conduction plates outside the each coil are used as thermal paths to the cryocoolers. This paper describes the thermal characteristics of the HTS SMES for the charging and discharge operation.     

Detailed characterisation of an indoor MIMO channel in the double directional spatial domain

The spatial domain characteristics of an indoor multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system are examined in detail. Using a high-resolution algorithm, the authors were able to effectively estimate multipath parameters on the joint azimuth of arrival/azimuth of departure (AoA/AoD) domain. The analysis showed dense clustering phenomena at the vast majority of considered locations and a strong correlation between the azimuth spreads of the two angular domains with the presence of line-of-sight (Los) specular components or when the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) is low. The authors also noticed higher azimuth dispersions, compared with those reported in the literature, which can be attributed to low antenna heights and local scattering interactions in the vicinity of both the transmit and receive arrays. Finally, the impact of the spatial global parameters on the ergodic MIMO capacity was tested revealing a direct relation between them.     

CtFD-based correlations for the thermal–hydraulics of an HTS current lead meander-flow heat exchanger in turbulent flow

The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology is responsible for the design, construction and testing of the high temperature superconductor (HTS) current leads for the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator and for the JT-60SA tokamak. These HTS current leads mount a heat exchanger of the meander-flow type, in which the helium flows between the fins and is forced to cross flow with respect to the central Cu bar, which actually carries the current. Since an important issue in the operation of the HTS current lead is the optimization of the cooling power consumption, the helium thermal–hydraulics in such complex geometry becomes rather important.In this paper we extend a computational thermal fluid dynamics (CtFD) technique, previously introduced by the same authors and validated on short samples of meander flow heat exchanger and on the W7-X HTS current lead prototype, to a systematic analysis of the helium thermal-fluid dynamics inside different meander flow geometries. The first aim is to clarify under what operative conditions the flow regime can be considered turbulent and how the pressure drop as well as the heat transfer are related to the geometrical parameters and to the flow conditions. From the results of this analysis, correlations for the pressure drop and the heat transfer in the meander flow geometry have also been derived, which are applicable with good accuracy for the design of HXs over a broad range of geometries.     

Parametric study for the cooling of high temperature superconductor (HTS) current leads

The analysis of cooling of a binary HTS 20 kA current lead (CL) operating between 4.5 and 300 K has been carried out. Assuming that the HTS module is conduction-cooled, two cooling options for the copper heat exchanger (HEX) part of the CL have been considered, i.e. (1) cooling with a single flow of gaseous helium and (2) cooling with two flows of gaseous helium. The ideal refrigerator power required to cool the whole HTS CL has been calculated for both cooling scenarios and different values of input parameters and the thermodynamic optimization has been performed for both cooling options. The obtained results indicate that the cooling Option 2 cannot provide significant savings of the refrigerator power, as compared to the Option 1. However, it has been observed that at the same helium inlet temperature the temperature at the warm end of the HTS part, and the resulting number of HTS tapes, can be reduced in the Option 2 with respect to the Option 1.     

Inkjet-Printed Metal Oxide/PEDOT:PSS-Based Diodes and Rectifiers for Wireless Power Transfer

Printed electronic circuits are beginning to attract commercial success in different areas of applications that include low-cost wearables, biosensors, biomedical tags, packaging, e-textiles, etc. However, the major part of the research in this domain has always been focused on developing high-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs), while the other essential circuit elements, that are required, for example, for low-loss conversion of the input power, have rarely been reported. In this regard, inkjet-printed amorphous oxide-based diodes on glass, and flexible polyimide substrates with rectification ratio >10⁴ and operation frequency up to 25 and 15 MHz, respectively, are demonstrated. Next, using the printed diodes’ full-wave and double half-wave rectifiers are fabricated to convert input AC signals to DC supply. In addition, wireless power transfer (WPT) is demonstrated, where the input AC signal is wirelessly transmitted from a distance of 3 cm, at 125 kHz. The demonstrated WPT technology can be suitable for invasive implantable devices and standalone systems in multiple mediums. Finally, bending fatigue tests are carried out with the printed diodes on flexible substrates, down to a bending radius of 2.5 mm to demonstrate tensile strain tolerance up to 2.5%.     

Operating characteristics of a single-stage Stirling cryocooler capable of providing 700 W cooling power at 77 K

High cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler generally has hundreds to thousands watts of cooling power at liquid nitrogen temperature. It is promising in boil-off gas (BOG) recondensation and high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications. A high cooling capacity Stirling cryocooler driven by a crank-rod mechanism was developed and studied systematically. The pressure and frequency characteristics of the cryocooler, the heat rejection from the ambient heat exchanger, and the cooling performance are studied under different charging pressure. Energy conversion and distribution in the cryocooler are analyzed theoretically. With an electric input power of 10.9 kW and a rotating speed of 1450 r/min of the motor, a cooling power of 700 W at 77 K and a relative Carnot efficiency of 18.2% of the cryocooler have been achieved in the present study, and the corresponding pressure ratio in the compression space reaches 2.46.     

Comparison of AC Losses of YBCO Circular Pancake Coils and Infinitely Long Stack Approximation

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils are key parts of many large-scale AC applications, such as transformers, superconducting magnetic energy storage, and motors. The estimation of AC losses of pancake coils is necessary for optimizing the design of HTS devices and cryogenic systems. To speed up the computation of AC losses, the numerical model of an infinitely long HTS stack is often utilized. An HTS stack is a good approximation of the circular coil only if the coil radius is sufficiently large, since AC losses will exhibit a stronger asymmetry along the radial direction for small values of coil radii. To assess the validation of an infinitely long stack approximation, the comparisons of AC losses between infinitely long stacks and circular coils with different radii are presented. The turn number varies from 10 to 80. We find that the AC losses of HTS circular coils will gradually increase to the same value as an infinitely long stack with increasing coil radii. A new parameter is proposed to quantitatively describe the correctness of infinitely long stack approximation. Finally, a method of AC loss estimation of HTS pancake coils is proposed.     

基于镍钛片的弹热冰箱设计与仿真研究

弹热制冷通过单轴应力驱动弹热工质发生相变而产生制冷作用,由于其具有较高的理论制冷效率且温室效应为零,因此被认为是一种替代传统蒸气压缩式制冷的新型固态相变制冷技术。本研究团队从提升弹热原型机紧凑型角度出发,已研发了两代基于拉伸镍钛丝的弹热冰箱。为进一步提升弹热冰箱的制冷性能,本文使用镍钛片替换镍钛丝作为弹热工质,设计了第三代弹热冰箱,并构建系统仿真模型。通过仿真预测了第三代弹热冰箱的性能,结果表明：相较于前两代弹热冰箱,性能均有提升。在绝热工况下,第三代弹热冰箱将能够实现12℃的制冷温差,在热端散热工况下,弹热冰箱能实现11.4℃的冷端温降以及零温差下0.59 W/g的制冷功率。通过增加拉伸应变、更换潜热更大厚度更薄的弹热工质以及增大电机转速,弹热冰箱在32℃环温条件下能够维持10.7℃的冷藏温度。     

Electrical Design of a 17 MW Class HTS Motor for Ship Propulsion

A superconducting motor shows several advantages, such as smaller size and higher efficiency, over a conventional motor, especially utilized in ship propulsion applications. However, the size reduction merit appears for large capacity, more than several MW. We develop a large capacity synchronous motor with a rotating high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil, that is aimed to be utilized for ship propulsion, so it has a low rotating speed of about 200 rpm. The ship propulsion motor must generate high electromagnetic torque instead of low speed. Therefore, the rotor (field) coils have to generate a large magnetic flux that results in a large amount of expensive HTS conductor for the field coil. In this paper a 17 MW HTS motor for ship propulsion is designed with a cost-effective method because the HTS conductor cost is a critical factor in the construction of an HTS motor. Unlike conventional rotating machines, the superconducting motor consists of an iron-coreless structure. Most conventional motors can be designed with small error based on two-dimensional magnetic field analysis. However, the superconducting motor shows an even larger error between the two- and three-dimensional based designs. Thus, in order to improve the design accuracy, we have calculated the back electromotive force (EMF) using 3D magnetic field analysis. An output performance evaluation has also been carried out to obtain a design with higher efficiency.     

单元式空调机冷却除湿技术分析

系统地介绍广泛应用于单元式空调机的冷却除湿技术。根据冷凝盘管再热技术在单元式空调机应用方式的不同,归纳4种代表性的方案,并分析每种方案的性能和成本。最后针对这几种不同的设计方案及应用,分别提出不同的技术设计要点和注意事项。     

Japanese activities in refrigeration technology

This paper reviews recent activities in refrigeration technology in Japan. The projects described are stimulated by growing industrial needs or form part of large national projects. The JNR project on the MAGLEV train is currently the most powerful activity and it demands knowledge in all the different disciplines of cryogenics in particular on various scales of refrigeration. Research activities are also directed towards the development of Stirling cycle and magnetic refrigerators for applications in a wider area.