HSLA钢组织—性能对应关系的预测模型

通过HSLA钢中各组成相的体积分数、铁素体晶粒尺寸、析出相的尺寸和体积分数等参数,分别考虑了细晶强化、相变强化和析出强化等强韧化机制对强度和韧性等机械性能的影响,建立了HSLA钢组织一性能对应关系的预测模型。模型的预测精度通过两种HSLA钢实验室控轧控冷的组织一性能实验数据获得验证。     

时效温度对HSLA100钢组织与性能的影响

研究了HSLA100钢轧态及时效过程中组织与力学性能的变化.结果表明:HSLA100钢轧态组织为高密度位错的板条贝氏体,板条间分布着少量M-A岛.经450℃时效处理后,大量球状ε-Cu相沉淀析出,此时钢板屈服和抗拉强度最高,而-40℃冲击功最低.在450～720℃时效时,随时效温度升高,高密度板条贝氏体发生回复,ε-Cu相粗化成短棒状,屈服强度连续下降,但在650℃时效时仍达到760 MPa的较高水平;抗拉强度在650℃时达到最低值后小幅上升:-40℃冲击功持续升高至700℃附近达到峰值.钢质纯净度是影响HSLA100钢低温韧性的一个主要因素,虽然通过升高时效温度可在一定程度上提高钢的低温冲击韧度,但增幅有限.     

Tensile strengthening in the nickel-base superalloy IN738LC

The tensile properties of superalloy IN738LC with different precipitate microstructures are evaluated at room temperature, 650 °C, 750 °C, and 85 °C at two different strain rates. The properties can be presented in two groups based on the comparable closeness of the values obtained—those of microstructures C and M, with coarse and medium size precipitates, and those of microstructures F and D, with fine and duplex size (medium + fine) precipitates. Preferred orientations, lattice parameters, and metallography are used to characterize the microstructure and tensile testing to determine the yield strength, tensile strength, and strain hardening coefficients. An anomalous increase in yield strength is observed, which occurs at temperatures about 100 °C higher with higher strain rate than with lower strain rate applied. The experimental results show that the yield strength is influenced by preferred orientations and precipitate size, while the tensile strength is effected by the size and morphology of precipitates.     

Effect of niobium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot rolled microalloyed steels after recrystallization-controlled rolling

Microalloyed steels with increased strength and ductility are of considerable interest for use in the ‘as-hotrolled’ condition. However, there is a lack of information on their microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties. Seven different microalloyed steels with variable Nb and C content were evaluated in this work. First, characterization of the microstructure by optical and scanning and transmission electron microscopy was performed. Different microstructural constituents and grain size distributions were observed, and three different groups of precipitates were identified. For all steels, tensile tests were performed and ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures were determined. Finally, the complex interplay between microstructural features and mechanical properties was analyzed to determine structure-property relations for the steels under evaluation.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ZM6 Alloy Prepared by Solid Recycling Process

ZM6 magnesium alloy was prepared by solid recycling process. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy was investigated. Cold pressing was employed to prepare extrusion billets of ZM6 chips, then the billets were hot extruded at 773 K with an extrusion ratio of 25:1. During hot extrusion, the grains refined and the particles were broken. The peak-aging materials showed fine plate-shaped β′ precipitates. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure of as-extruded rods was 232.2 MPa and 23%, respectively. After T5 and T6 heat-treatment, obvious improvement of the tensile strength was obtained because of dispersive particles or fine precipitates. The morphology of the fracture surfaces was examined by employing scanning electron microscope.     

Effect of precipitation from tweed matrix on the mechanical properties in a metastable beta alloy of Ti-15-3

The effects of aging treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3 (Ti−15V−3Al−3Sn-3Cr) have been investigated with hardness measurements, tensile test, and optical and electron microscopy. Precipitate-free beta structure with average grain size of about 56 μm was obtained after solution treatment at 800°C for 15 min followed by air cooling. Solution treated specimens were aged up to 800 h in the temperature range between 350 and 600°C. The morphology of the precipitates was varied significantly, depending on the aging temperature. The fine aggregates of α precipitates were dominant above 450°C. Peak hardness values were maintained up to 800 h at 500°C, which showed the superior thermal stability of α precipitates. Tensile strength increased up to 1600 MPa along with the decrease of elongation after aging at 350 and 400°C.     

Development of Cu-bearing bake-hardenable steel sheets for automotive exposed panels

Recently, newly developed bake-hardenable (BH) steel sheets strengthened by copper sulfide (CuS) have been successfully employed in commercial production lines that supply automotive outer panels. The metallurgical concepts governing fabrication of these new BH steel sheets require keeping carbon content as low as 0.0015 wt.% without any additional amount of titanium and/or niobium for solute carbon scavenging. The role of CuS precipitates has turned out to raise the yield strength acting as a barrier against dislocation movement. In this paper, we studied the effects of chemical compositions and manufacturing process variables on the microstructure and mechanical properties of newly developed BH steel sheets. We found that the control of carbon and nitrogen showed a good balance between bake-hardenability (BH) and yield point elongation (YP-El). We identified the crystallographic relationship between the nano-size CuS precipitates and the ferrite matrix of (001)_sulfide//(001)_α-Fe and [001]_sulfide//[001]_α-Fe. We also found that the BH and YP-El were affected by the formation of aluminium nitride (AlN) and the annealing temperature.     

Effect of Aging on Superelastic Behaviors of a Metastable β Ti-Mo-based alloy

Effect of aging on the tensile and superelasticity (SE) behaviors of Ti-9.8Mo-3.9Nb-2V-3.1Al (wt.%) alloy have been investigated. It is found that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength of aged alloy change with the aging temperature following a nonlinear relationship due to ω-phase and α-phase precipitates. The SE, especially elastic recovery behavior, is closely related with the morphology of α-phase precipitates, as well as ω-phase formed during aging. At a maximum tensile strain of 4%, the specimen aged at 673 K with ω + α-phase precipitates shows a superelastic recovery strain of 3.2%. Lots of α-phase precipitates, distributing homogeneously in specimen aged at 773 K, result in the lost of SE. A maximum recovery strain of 3.3% is obtained for specimens aged at 873 or 973 K for 30 min, with coarse short bar-like α-phase precipitates.     

Effect of the initial structure of 10Kh2GNM steel and the thermal welding cycle on the variation of the fatigue limit and crack resistance characteristics

Abstract

The weldability of HSLA steels is reviewed in relation to their microstructure in the heat‐affected zone (HAZ) when they are subjected to welding heat cycles using a simulation technique. The presence of precipitates of alloying elements is of the utmost importance for controlling grain size, on which the good mechanical properties of these steels depend.     

Effect of Microstructure and Environment on Static Crack Growth Resistance in Alloy 706

The relationship between thermo-mechanical processing, resultant microstructure, and mechanical properties has been of interest in the field of metallurgy for centuries. In this work, the effect of heat treatment on microstructure and key mechanical properties important for turbine rotor design has been investigated. Specifically, the tensile yield strength and crack growth resistance for a nickel-iron based superalloy 706 has been examined. Through a systematic study, a correlation was found between the processing parameters and the microstructure. Specifically, differences in grain boundary and grain interior precipitates were identified and correlated with processing conditions. Further, a strong relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties was identified. The type and orientation of grain boundary precipitates affect time-dependent crack propagation resistance, and the size and volume fraction of grain interior precipitates were correlated with tensile yield strength. It was also found that there is a strong environmental effect on time-dependent crack propagation resistance, and the sensitivity to environmental damage is microstructure dependent. Microstructures with η decorated grain boundaries were more resistant to environmental damage through oxygen embrittlement than microstructures with no η phase on the grain boundaries. An effort was made to explore the mechanisms of improving the time-dependent crack propagation resistance through thermo-mechanical processing, and several mechanisms were identified in both the environment-dependent and the environment-independent category. These mechanisms were ranked based on their contributions to crack propagation resistance.     

薄板坯连铸连轧高强度低合金钢的控轧控冷工艺

针对FTSR工艺生产的700 MPa级高强度低合金(HSLA)钢进行了控轧控冷(TMCP)工艺试验研究,分析了不同控制轧制和控制冷却工艺对钢带力学性能和组织的影响规律。结果表明:热轧钢带强度与精轧阶段控制轧制道次积累变形量呈现显著正相关;层流冷却方式对钢带性能影响不显著,但间隔冷却模式能够改善钢带通宽方向性能不均匀性;控制冷却终点温度由600 ℃提高至670 ℃,钢带显微组织随温度升高而发生粗化,但析出相析出更充分,钢带强度持续升高。     

Influence of sigma-phase formation on the localized corrosion behavior of a duplex stainless steel

Because of their austenitic-ferritic microstructures, duplex stainless steels offer a good combination of mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. However, heat treatments can lower the mechanical strength of these stainless steels as well as render them susceptible to intergranular corrosion (IGC) and pitting corrosion. In this study, a low-carbon (0.02%) duplex stainless steel is subjected to various heat treatments at 450 to 950 °C for 30 min to 10 h. The heat-treated samples then undergo ASTM IGC and pitting corrosion tests, and the results are correlated with the microstructures obtained after each heat treatment. In the absence of Cr₂₃C₆ precipitation, σ-phase precipitates render this duplex stainless steel susceptible to IGC and pitting corrosion. Even submicroscopic σ-phase precipitates are deleterious for IGC resistance. Longer-duration heat treatments (at 750 to 850 °C) induce chromium diffusion to replenish the chromium-depleted regions around the σ-phase precipitates and improve IGC resistance; pitting resistance, however, is not fully restored. Various mechanisms of σ-phase formation are discussed to show that regions adjacent to σ-phase are depleted of chromium and molybdenum. The effect of chemical composition (pitting resistance equivalent) on the pitting resistance of various stainless steels is also noted.     

Effect of copper on mechanical properties of high strength SMAW weld-metal

Mechanical properties of SMA W （shielded metal arc welding） weld metal （ yield strength higher than 900 MPa ） with systemazic additions of copper （ up to 1.48 wt% ） were tested, The microstructure and precipitates in different regions were analyzed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope, The results indicate that copper improves the low temperature toughness of weld metal when the copper content is low and reaches the peak value 48 J （ at - 50℃ ） with 0. 2 wt% copper additions. When the content is high the copper precipitates as 8-Cu phase in the reheat zone of middle beads. These precipitates improve the strength of the weld metal evidently （ yield strength up to 975 MPa） without obvious effect on the low temperature toughness. The copper within 1.1 wt% content can improve the strength without toughness loss.     

Double-peak age strengthening of cold-worked 2024 aluminum alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of a 2024 Al alloy subjected to different levels of cold-rolling at room temperature and their evolution upon ageing at 453 K were investigated by means of microhardness measurements, tensile tests and transmission electron microscopy. The cold-worked 2024 Al alloy showed double-peak age strengthening behavior. After ageing for 120 min, the samples reached the first peak strength with quite low ductility. However, simultaneous high strength and ductility were achieved by prolonged ageing of 720 min. The first strengthening peak is due to the precipitation of fine S′ precipitates. The optimized mechanical properties of high strength and suitable ductility are attributed mainly to the precipitation of Ω-phase particles at the expense of S′ precipitates after ageing for 720 min. The Ω precipitates are effective in dislocation pinning and accumulation, and they can undergo plastic deformation to some extent, leading to simultaneously improved tensile strength, work-hardening ability and ductility. The present finding sheds light on the development of processing techniques to optimize the mechanical properties of 2024 Al alloy.     

Correlation of the aging characteristics and deformation behavior of A357 alloy

The mechanical properties, microstructures, and deformation behavior for a cast Al-7Si-Mg casting alloy A357 under various aging conditions have been investigated in the present paper. It is shown that the combination of strength properties and elongation varies with aging parameters. Aging at 165 °C gives the optimum balance of strength and ductility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation shows that, in the underaged conditions in which Guinier-Preston (GP) zones are formed, the tensile deformation involves dislocations, which cut through the GP zones. Planar slip bands can be seen in the deformed substructures, and the slip bands coarsen with increasing aging temperature or time. In the overaged conditions in which β phases precipitate, the dislocations bypass precipitates and distribute uniformly, except some dislocation tangles around coarser precipitates. When the interaction mode between dislocations and particles changes from shearing to bypassing, the deformation homogeneity greatly increases for the castings with fine β precipitates, which may explain the significant secondary elongation behavior. Based on these studies, a step overaging treatment has been used to improve the overall tensile properties.     

The effect of thermal cycling on the mechanical properties of sic whisker reinforced magnesium alloy-based composites

The effect of thermal cyclings on mechanical properties at room and some elevated temperatures of SiC whisker-reinforced magnesium-matrix composites produced by squeeze casting and hot extrusion are clarified. Subsequent thermal cycling produces internal stress at the matrix/SiC whisker interfaces causing fatigue. The mechanical properties of composites are more influenced by the low thermal cycling of 298 K— 77 K than the high thermal cycling 673 K—298 K. The high thermal cycling of 673 K—298 K has only a slight affect on such mechanical properties as tensile strength and proof stress at temperatures lower than 473 K. However, at 473 K and 573 K, the thermal cyclings there almost no influence on the mechanical properties of SiC whisker reinforced AE42 alloy-matrix composites.     

Microstructure-properties relationship in two Al-Mg-Si alloys through a combination of extrusion and aging

Aluminum alloys containing magnesium and silicon as the major solutes are strengthened by precipitation of the metastable precursors (β″) of the equilibrium β (Mg₂Si) phase. In this study, dynamic aging of two Al-Mg-Si alloys—the 6061 (Al-1.34% Mg₂Si) and 6069 (Al-2.25% Mg₂Si) alloys—was conducted through equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Equal channel angular extrusion-assisted dynamic aging provides the potential for improving mechanical properties. The aging time scale is reduced from ∼1,000 min. for conventional static peak aging to ∼10 min. by using ECAE-assisted dynamic aging. Compared to the significant strengthening effect in static aging treatment, a notable further increase in ultimate tensile strength is achieved by dynamic aging: over 40 MPa for the 6061 alloy and 100 MPa for the 6069 alloy. Microstructures of both aged alloys were characterized using transmission electron microscopy; dislocation-assisted precipitation was observed to be the primary precipitate nucleation and growth mechanism during the dynamic aging process. It is concluded that ECAE-assisted dynamic aging is controllable and efficient in executing aging treatment that could result in superior mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloys.     

Carbonitride Precipitates in HSLA

This work reviews factors affecting the composition, structure and crystallography of niobium carbonitride precipitates formed in high strength low alloy steels (HSLA). A series of isomorphous compounds can form with a precise composition and structure that depends on steel chemistry and work schedule. Precipitation in steels made from pure materials was studied using electron diffraction techniques for identifying and calculating lattice parameters.     

(Sn-Ag)<Subscript>eut</Subscript>+Cu soldering materials,part II: Electrical and mechanical studies

Electrical (solder resistivity and solder joint resistance) and mechanical (tensile strength and shear strength of solder joints) parameters of the binary eutectic Sn-Ag and two alloys close to the ternary eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu composition were investigated. The four-probe technique was used for the measurement of electrical parameters. Special equipment was constructed for the tensile strength measurements and also for determination of the shear strengths of solder joints between a typical circuit component and a Cu contact on a printed circuit board (PCB). It was found that electrical and mechanical properties of the three alloys studied are comparable to data in the literature for traditional Pb-Sn solders. A joint resistance below 0.3 mΩ (Ω=ohm) and shear strength of above 20 MPa were found for an individual solder joint between a circuit component (in the current study a “jumper” resistor) and a copper surface on a PCB.     

Deformation-plastic behavior of highly irradiated stainless steels 12Kh18N10T and 08Kh16N11M3 at cryogenic and elevated temperatures

In the temperature range from −115 to +120°C, mechanical tests of samples of austenitic stainless steels 12Kh18N10T and 08Kh16N11M3—materials for the casings of spent fuel assemblies of a reactor BN-350 irradiated by neutrons to damaging doses of 11–55 dpa—have been carried out. In the range of cryogenic temperatures, in these highly irradiated steels there was discovered and investigated a new phenomenon—a “wave of plastic deformation,” which consists in the initiation, development, and propagation of a deformation band over the length of the sample, which leads to a possibility of reaching total relative deformation of 20% and greater, instead of 3–5% usually observed at given damaging doses. The role of a martensitic γ → α′ transformation in the formation of the “wave” and in the improvement in the mechanical properties of the metastable steel irradiated by neutrons is discussed.