Effects of Crystal Orientations on the Low-Cycle Fatigue of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy at 980 °C

The influence of crystal orientations on the low-cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of a 3Re-bearing Ni-based single-crystal superalloy at 980 °C has been investigated. It is found that the orientation dependence of the fatigue life not only depends on the elastic modulus, but also the number of active slip planes and the plasticity of materials determine the LCF life,especially for the [011] and [111] specimens. The [011] and [111] specimens with better plasticity withstand relatively concentrated inelastic deformation caused by fewer active slip planes, compared to the [001] specimens resisting widespread deformation caused by a higher number of active slip planes. Additionally, fatigue fracture is also influenced by cyclic plastic deformation mechanisms of the alloy with crystal orientations, and the [001] specimens are plastically deformed by wave slip mechanism and fracture along the non-crystallographic plane, while the [011] and [111] specimens are plastically deformed by planar slip mechanism and fracture along the crystallographic planes. Moreover, casting pores,eutectics, inclusions and surface oxide layers not only initiate the crack, but also reduce the stress concentration around crack tips. Our results throw light upon the effect of inelastic strain on the LCF life and analyze the cyclic plastic deformation for the alloy with different orientations.     

Fatigue crack propagation in single-crystal CMSX- 2 at elevated temperature

The fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-2 in single-crystal form was investigated. Tests were conducted for two temperatures (25 and 700 °C), two orientations ([001][110] and [001][010]), and in two environments (laboratory air and ultra-high vacuum 10^-7 torr). Following FCP testing, the fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FCP rates were found to be relatively independent of the temperature, environment, and orientation when correlated with the conventional mode I stress-intensity factor. Examination of the fracture sur-faces revealed two distinct types of fracture. One type was characterized by 111 fracture surfaces, which were inclined relative to both the loading and crack propagation directions. These features, al-though clearly a result of the fatigue process, resembled cleavage fractures along 111 planes. Such fea-tures were observed at 25 and 700 °C; they were the only features observed for the 25 °C tests. The second type had a macroscopically dull loading appearance, was microscopically rough, and grew normal to the loading axis. These features were observed on the specimens tested at 700 °C (in both air and vacuum) and appeared similar to conventional fatigue fractures. Although in this region the crack plane was mac-roscopically normal to the loading direction, it deviated microscopically to avoid shearing the y ’ precipi-tates. In view of the complex crack growth mechanisms, mixed fracture modes, and lack of any difference in FCP rates, it is hypothesized that the correlation between FCP rates and the stress-intensity parameter is probably coincidental. The implications for life prediction of higher temperature turbine components based on conventional fracture mechanics are significant and should be investigated further.     

Torsional Fatigue Cracking and Fracture Behaviors of Cold-Drawn Copper:Effects of Microstructure and Axial Stress

The fatigue cracking and fracture behavior of cold-drawn copper subjected to cyclic torsional loading were investigated in this study.It was found that with increasing stress amplitude,the fracture mode of cold-drawn copper gradually changes from a shear fracture on transverse maximum shear stress plane to a mixed shear mode on both transverse and longitudinal shear planes and finally turns to the shear fracture on multiple longitudinal shear planes.Combining the cracking morphology and the relationship between torsional fatigue cracking and the grain boundaries,the fracture mechanism of cold-drawn copper under cyclic torsional loading was analyzed and proposed by considering the effects of the microstructure and axial stress caused by torsion.Because of the promotion of the grain boundary distribution on longitudinal crack propagation and the inhibition of axial stress on transverse crack grown,the tendency of crack propagation along the longitudinal direction increases with increasing stress levels.     

Fracture of ECAP-deformed iron and the role of extrinsic toughening mechanisms

The fracture behaviour of pure iron deformed by equal-channel angular pressing via route A was examined. The fracture toughness was determined for different specimen orientations and measured in terms of the critical plane strain fracture toughness, K_IC, the critical J integral, J_IC, and the crack opening displacement for crack initiation, COD_i. The results demonstrate that the crack plane orientation has a pronounced effect on the fracture toughness. Different crack plane orientations lead to either crack deflection or delamination, resulting in increased fracture resistance in comparison to one remarkably weak specimen orientation. The relation between the microstructure typical for the applied deformation route and the enormous differences in the fracture toughness depending on the crack plane orientation will be analyzed in this paper.     

C250钢缺口扭转疲劳断裂特征研究

采用体视显微镜和扫描电镜对不同应力比、不同循环寿命下的C250钢缺口扭转疲劳断裂特征进行研究。结果表明:C250钢缺口扭转疲劳断口宏观可分为斜面状、棘轮状、锯齿状和平面状等4类断口形貌。斜面状和棘轮状断口一般出现在R>0、循环周次在105级以上的断口上；锯齿状断口一般出现在应力比R<0、循环周次在105级以上的断口上；平面状断口一般出现在循环周次在104级以下的断口上。在斜面状断口和棘轮状断口上，与轴向呈45°的扩展斜断面上为类解理特征，微观可见典型的疲劳条带特征；与轴向垂直的扩展断面主要为扭转磨损特征；瞬断区为韧窝断裂特征。斜面状断口、棘轮状、锯齿状断口疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展主要受切应力的作用。而平面状断口裂纹的萌生和扩展主要受平面拉应力作用。     

Micromechanisms of multistage fatigue crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy

This study reveals the micromechanisms of fatigue damage formation and evolution with respect to particle topology and grain size and orientation in a rolled 7075-T651 Al alloy. Systematic observations were made of the variations in the fracture surfaces and damage micromechanisms, which were characterized in three fatigue stages: fatigue crack formation, microstructurally/physically small cracks and long cracks. The fatigue crack was formed exclusively at the fractured Fe-rich intermetallic constituent particles preferably located at or near the specimen surface. Large impurities, such as metallic oxides, were also observed to influence the crack nucleation mechanisms. The presence of these impurities close to the nucleation sites was correlated with an approximate 30% reduction in fatigue life. In the microstructurally and physically small crack regimes, the crack front showed a rough localized brittle fatigue fracture along the crack propagation direction in addition to some localized ductile fatigue fracture. Changes in striation size across grain boundaries were clearly observed. In the long crack regime, the fracture surface became rougher but the overall surface tended to be perpendicular to the loading direction, indicating a Mode I fracture. The ramification of the results for a microstructure-based multistage model that comprises crack incubation, small crack growth and long crack growth is discussed in detail.     

单晶高温合金断裂特征

对单晶高温合金高温拉伸、低周疲劳、高周疲劳和持久断裂特征进行试验研究。结果表明：单晶高温合金高温拉伸断口具有类解理断裂与韧窝断裂的混合特征,断裂机制为中心微孔聚集型断裂。低周疲劳断裂在高应变幅下为多疲劳源,裂纹扩展初期断口与主应力方向垂直,随后疲劳裂纹沿特定晶体学平面扩展;在低应变幅下为单疲劳源,疲劳裂纹沿特定晶体学平面扩展。高周疲劳断裂为单疲劳源,在大应力下断口由多个相交的特定晶体学平面组成,应力较小时,断口由一个大的晶体学平面和瞬断区组成。疲劳裂纹在晶体学平面上扩展形成的疲劳条带间距很宽。高温持久断裂机制为微孔聚集型断裂,显微缩孔成为持久断裂的主要裂纹源。表面再结晶对高温持久断裂机制影响较小,但会使持久性能降低。     

The effect of grain orientation on fracture morphology during high-cycle fatigue of Ti–6Al–4V

Three different product forms of Ti–6Al–4V, unidirectionally rolled and cross-rolled plate and forged bar, have been cyclically loaded within the high-cycle fatigue regime to investigate fatigue crack initiation. The fracture surfaces of fatigued specimens contained large regions of neighbouring facets. The majority of facets examined had a near-basal fracture plane. It was shown that grains favouring crack initiation were primarily those with misorientations between 15° and 40° from the loading direction, whereas other orientations served as crack growth paths. This implies that the formation of a facet requires a combination of a moderately high Schmid factor for basal slip coupled with a tensile component perpendicular to the basal plane. The large regions of neighbouring facets on the fracture surface were found to be a consequence of cracking within a macrozone unfavourably oriented for slip found within the microstructure, i.e. one with its c-axis near to the loading direction.     

解理裂缝过界扩展模型

根据对低碳钢解理断裂显微特征分析的结果,以相邻解理系统失配作为裂纹过界扩展的阻力源,建立了解理裂纹过界扩展的临界条件,并根据解理系统的空间分布的统计特性,对裂缝试样的解理断裂行为进行了计算模拟。计算结果与实验结果一致。     

The role of localized deformation in hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in 21Cr–6Ni–9Mn stainless steel

Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics experiments were conducted on three heats of 21Cr–6Ni–9Mn austenitic stainless steel (two forgings and one annealed material), emphasizing the effects of high concentrations of thermally precharged hydrogen as well as crack-growth orientation and ferrite content. Hydrogen was the dominant variable in this study, causing a reduction in fracture initiation toughness of greater than 80% in the forgings independent of crack-growth orientation and ferrite content. Reflecting the fracture toughness measurements, hydrogen also caused dramatic changes in fracture modes. Microscopy evidence indicated that fracture in hydrogen-precharged materials was governed by localized deformation. The impingement of deformation bands on obstacles such as boundaries or intersecting deformation bands caused stress concentrations, leading to void or microcrack formation at these sites. It is postulated that void or microcrack formation can be solely attributed to hydrogen-enhanced localized deformation without invoking any mechanism where hydrogen directly lowers the fracture resistance.     

Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness properties of 304 stainless steel pipe for LNG transmission

The fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness tests of type 304 stainless steel were studied over a temperature range of −162°C to room temperature. Girth weld metal specimens were fabricated using a combination of gas-tungsten-arc-welding and shielded-metal-arc-welding. The seam weld metal was made with submerged arc welding. Fatigue crack growth rate tests were conducted using compact tension specimens in accordance with ASTM E647. Fracture toughness was evaluated through CTOD tests with three point bend specimens. The CTOD values were affected by crack orientation with respect to the rolling direction, but orientation had no influence on fatigue crack growth rates. The fatigue crack growth rates and the CTOD values decreased with decreasing test temperature.     

Statistical modeling of crack growth and reliability assessment of high-density polyethylene

In this work, a statistical evaluation of the crack-growth process in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out. The specimens were compression molded from virgin, molding-grade HDPE. Edgenotched specimens for replicate fatigue testing were prepared from compression-molded sheets. Fatigue test results were then analyzed, and it is shown that if the crack-growth process can be characterized as a random process following a power-law-type behavior, then the time to reach a critical crack length will be distributed according to an inverted lognormal model.     

7B04铝合金疲劳断裂性能研究

研究了新型的7B04铝合金预拉伸厚板不同热处理状态的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展性能变化,试验结果表明,该合金T7451状态的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展性能明显优于T651状态的性能。     

High-temperature cyclic fatigue-crack growth behavior in an in situ toughened silicon carbide

The growth of fatigue cracks at elevated temperatures (25–1300°C) is examined under cyclic loading in an in situ toughened, monolithic silicon carbide with Al–B–C additions (termed ABC–SiC), with specific emphasis on the roles of temperature, load ratio, cyclic frequency, and loading mode (static vs cyclic). Extensive crack-growth data are presented, based on measurements from an electrical potential-drop crack-monitoring technique, adapted for use on ceramics at high temperatures. It was found that at equivalent stress-intensity levels, crack velocities under cyclic loads were significantly faster than those under static loads. Fatigue thresholds were found to decrease with increasing temperature up to 1200°C; behavior at 1300°C, however, was similar to that at 1200°C. Moreover, no effect of frequency was detected (between 3 and 1000 Hz), nor evidence of creep cavitation or crack bridging by viscous ligaments or grain-boundary glassy phases in the crack wake. Indeed, fractography and crack-path sectioning revealed a fracture mode at 1200–1300°C that was essentially identical to that at room temperature, i.e. predominantly intergranular cracking with evidence of grain bridging in the crack wake. Such excellent crack-growth resistance is attributed to a process of grain-boundary microstructural evolution at elevated temperatures, specifically involving crystallization of the amorphous grain-boundary films/phases.     

7050铝合金FSW接头微区低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为

对5 mm厚铝合金7050搅拌摩擦焊接头微区进行了低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究了焊核区、前进侧及后退侧热力影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展行为. 结果表明,焊核区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最快,前进侧热力影响区次之,后退侧热力影响区最慢. 焊核区疲劳裂纹呈沿晶与穿晶混合方式扩展,热力影响区的裂纹主要以穿晶方式进行扩展. 裂纹偏转或裂纹产生分支是热力影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低的原因. 疲劳裂纹扩展初期,焊核区断口有疲劳辉纹出现;热力影响区断口并没有找到疲劳辉纹,而是出现了轮胎压痕花样. 疲劳裂纹稳态扩展期,焊核区和热力影响区断口均有疲劳辉纹.     

AZ31镁合金及其TIG焊接接头断裂机理研究

对AZ31镁合金及其焊接接头进行拉伸、冲击和疲劳试验,分析了镁合金的断裂机理及疲劳裂纹扩展方向.母材拉伸试验结果表明,试样几乎没有缩颈,抗拉强度为236.29 MPa;焊接接头的抗拉强度为185.68 MPa,拉伸断裂从焊接接头焊趾部位启裂,抗拉强度为母材的78%.冲击试验在-80～340 ℃进行,结果表明,在较低温度下AZ31镁合金冲击韧性较小,断口为准解理形貌的脆性断裂;随着温度的增加,断裂形式由准解理+韧窝形貌的混合断裂过渡为韧性断裂;在常温下焊缝中心的冲击韧性比母材的高,但热影响区的冲击韧性较差.AZ31B镁合金母材的疲劳强度为66.72 MPa,对接接头的疲劳强度为39.00 MPa;母材疲劳断口由解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂;焊接接头疲劳断口由解理和准解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂.     

Relationship between banding and susceptibility to environment-assisted cracking in a quenched and tempered low alloy steel

The effect of a banded microstructure on sustained-load environment-assisted cracking in D6ac steel has been investigated. In material quenched and tempered at 290°C, sub-critical crack propagation is predominantly intergranular and independent of the banded dendritic segregation. After tempering for 2 h at 550°C, sub-critical crack propagation, while still intergranular, is now confined to the solute-rich bands. This anisotropic cracking behaviour is reflected in a ten-fold greater crack-growth rate and a 50% lower K_Th for the S-L orientation compared with the T-L orientation. At longer tempering times (200 h), however, susceptibility to intergranular sub-critical cracking in the T-L orientation is eliminated resulting in a hundred-fold reduction in crack-growth rate and a 100% increase in K_Th.The different tendencies for the solute-rich and solute-depleted bands to crack intergranularly in the 550°C temper steel are explained in terms of the driving force present within these bands to induce segregation of solute and impurity elements to grain boundaries.     

前期工艺状态对不锈钢油管的疲劳影响研究

对3种不同成型工艺制得的304不锈钢油管进行了压力脉动实验,在油管失效破裂后通过金相分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)能谱仪(EDS)分析和X射线显微镜分析等手段对关键破裂部位进行了微观组织分析,并确定了失效原因.结果 表明,3个样品失效形式均为疲劳断裂,但裂纹源产生原因不同,样品1断裂处存在氧化铝夹杂,断裂源是由夹杂物引...     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION AND ELEMENTAL SEGREGATION OF FLAKES IN STEELS

利用电子光学仪器(扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子探针和Auger能谱仪)对钢中白点的晶体取向和元素偏析进行了综合研究。结果表明:白点断口以晶内的准解理和沿晶的波状撕裂条纹的混合断裂形态为特征;白点断裂面的晶体学取向主要是沿铁素体{112}晶面的准解理断裂,显徽空隙内枝晶表面为{111}自由面;白点断口上有P和Cr,Mo,Mn的正偏析,其中以P最为明显。     

Analytical solution for an arbitrarily oriented void/crack and fracture of piezoceramics

The solutions for a piezoelectric plane with an arbitrarily oriented elliptical void and a crack are derived by the method of extended Lekhnitskii's formalism. Analytical solutions are obtained for all electroelastic field variables around the void and at the crack tip. The generalized solutions presented in this study can be reduced to the results reported in the literature for special cases of defect orientation, i.e. defects parallel or perpendicular to the poling direction. It is found that the effect of defect orientation on the electroelastic fields around a void and at the crack tip is rather subtle. Solutions for defects oriented parallel or perpendicular to polarization cannot be always considered as the critical case. A change of crack orientation may alter the trend of toughness variation, and initiate failure along different planes or cause crack closure depending on the direction of electrical field and ratio of electrical to mechanical loading. It is shown that a positive electric field may retard or enhance crack growth depending on the orientation of a crack with respect to the polarization direction, and a negative one tends to close a crack except for the crack parallel to the poling direction.