再制造热喷涂层的残余应力与显微特征的对应关系

利用高效能超音速等离子喷涂(HEPS)、爆炸喷涂(DGS)和高速电孤喷涂(HVAS)三种热喷涂技术制备了不同厚度的Fe-Cr-B-Si和Fe-Cr-B-Si-Mo涂层,利用X射线应力测定仪测定了涂层表面残余应力,并得出表面残余应力与涂层厚度的关系曲线,进一步采用电解剥层法+X射线应力测定法研究了涂层应力沿厚度方向的分布...     

等离子喷涂纳米结构与传统结构热障涂层的残余应力对比研究

热障涂层的残余应力是影响其服役寿研究不多.在45钢基体上,用超音速火焰喷涂NiCocrAlY打底层,再用大气等离子喷涂ZrO2-8%(质量分数)Y2O3(8YSZ)工作层,制备了纳米结构与传统结构2种类型的热障涂层(TBC).采用SEM、XRD对这2种涂层的粉末及涂层进行了组织结构分析,用纳米压痕仪测得了2种涂层的弹性模量.用X射线衍射应力测试仪测得了2种涂层的表层残余应力.结果表明:喷涂工艺参数相同条件下,对于打底层及工作层的厚度均相同的2种涂层,纳米结构热障涂层的表层残余应力比传统结构热障涂层约低24.7%;相同打底层的纳米结构热障涂层表层残余应力随着陶瓷层厚度增加而增加,陶瓷层厚度在240 um以下时,表层为残余压应力;厚度超过300 um时,表层为残余拉应力.最后提出了相应的物理力学模型.     

等离子喷涂ZrC基涂层逐道逐层沉积残余应力模拟与实验验证

采用商用ANSYS14.5软件, 依据复合梁增层力学模型, 采用逐道逐层累积模型模拟了C/C复合材料表面等离子喷涂ZrC基涂层沉积残余应力的特征, 分析了SiC过渡层、第二相(SiC, MoSi₂)和涂层厚度对ZrC基涂层残余应力的影响, 并进行了实验验证。结果表明, SiC过渡层有效缓解了涂层与基体的热失配应力。涂层体系的应力随着涂层厚度的增加逐渐减小, 符合应力松弛和叠加规律。在涂层内部的径向应力以拉应力为主, 基体中主要为压应力, 且在界面边缘存在压应力集中的极限区域, 易使涂层产生裂纹并沿界面扩展。该模拟采用逐道逐层累积的方法更逼近实际喷涂过程, 能更准确预测涂层的残余应力。     

等离子喷涂生物活性梯度涂层的残余应力与结合强度

本研究设计的生物活性梯度涂层材料,通过降低涂层与基体间的热膨胀系数差值,并对喷涂后的涂层材料进行适当热处理,有效地降低了涂层的残余应力,涂层结合强度可达38MPa左右．本实验采用X射线sin²Ψ法对涂层残余应力进行测试,探讨涂层残余应力与结合强度的相互影响关系．     

等离子喷涂热障涂层残余应力的实验与模拟研究

分别采用真空和大气等离子体喷涂工艺在GH3128镍基高温合金基材表面制备CoNiCrAlY结合层和氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆陶瓷层组成热障涂层。采用有限元模拟计算了涂层的残余应力, 研究了基材预热对打底层与陶瓷层界面应力分布的影响规律。结果表明, 预热基材可以显著地降低陶瓷顶层内部产生的残余拉应力。采用钻孔法测量了涂层中的残余应力并与模拟结果作定量比较, 结果表明: 有限元模拟计算结果与实验测量结果能较好吻合。     

强流脉冲电子束粘结层表面改性对热障涂层热震及残余应力的影响

采用等离子喷涂技术在GH4169镍基高温合金表面制备CoCrAlY粘结层,利用电子束蒸发镀膜在CoCrAlY表面蒸镀纳米铝膜并使用强流脉冲电子束熔敷纳米铝膜进行表面改性,使用APS技术在CoCrAlY表面沉积陶瓷层制备改性热障涂层。对粘结层蒸镀铝膜表面改性涂层和普通涂层分别进行热震实验、结合强度测试和残余应力分析。实验发现,在1 050 ℃高温加热后10 ℃水淬的冷热循环条件下,改性涂层的抗热震性能优于普通涂层;热震过程中改性涂层和普通涂层热生长氧化物内产生的残余应力均为压应力,且随热震次数的增加而增大,改性涂层热生长氧化物内残余压应力增长速度小于普通涂层。拉伸结果显示,普通涂层的断裂属于混合断裂,而改性涂层断裂基本发生在陶瓷层和薄膜胶界面,未发现层间断裂。改性涂层结合强度优于普通涂层。实验结果表明,采用电子束蒸发镀膜和强流脉冲电子束技术相结合对粘结层进行熔敷铝膜的表面改性处理,可以显著提高热障涂层冷热循环服役寿命。     

不同热喷涂技术制备铁基涂层摩擦学性能研究

采用高速电弧喷涂(HVAS)、超音速等离子喷涂(HEPJ)、爆炸喷涂(DGS)三种工艺喷涂技术,制备了铁基涂层.借助X射线应力测定仪、CETR摩擦磨损试验机、纳米测试仪等工具,考察了三种涂层表面残余应力场与(211)晶面半高宽,研究涂层在室温下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:爆炸喷涂(DGS)制备的铁基涂层相对于另外两种涂层具有更好的耐磨性,主要原因为爆炸喷涂(DGS)制备的同种材料的涂层表面表现为残余压应力,纳米硬度较大,晶粒较小,涂层致密.涂层表面的残余应力与涂层的摩擦性能有很好的对应关系,晶粒细化与涂层表面晶格畸变的增加可以有效地提高涂层的耐磨性能.     

喷涂

后期冷却是导致热喷涂层产生残余应力的主要原因。很少考虑喷射颗粒在凝固后冷却到基体温度这个初始冷却问题。提出了两类冷却模型以预测基体温度对残余应力的影响。考虑了三个连续的机理:喷射颗粒凝固后收缩,在喷涂期间和喷涂后涂层的变形。当涂层的膨胀系数比基体小时,高的基体温度将导致压应力;反之,则产生     

Y-TZP/LZAS微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层残余应力分析

为了提高钢基体微晶玻璃涂层的韧性,设计了Y-TZP/LZAS微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层。运用有限元软件,分析了梯度层数目、梯度层厚度和层间3Y-TZP体积组分差等参数对涂层/基体界面残余热应力的影响。结果表明,涂层表层主要分布为径向压应力;在涂层/基体界面的边缘区域应力集中较为严重;涂层/基体界面处的径向应力、轴向应力和剪切应力以及梯度层数目、梯度层厚度和3Y-TZP体积组分差均有密切关系。最后通过涂搪法制备了梯度涂层,测试了涂层表面残余应力,并与有限元结果对比,以验证模拟的准确性。     

Y-TZP/LZAS微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层残余应力的有限元分析

设计了Y-TZP/LZAS微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层,使用有限元软件分析了成分分布指数、梯度层数目和梯度层厚度等参数对涂层/基体界面残余热应力的影响。结果表明:功能梯度材料的最佳成分梯度指数为m=1;涂层最佳层数为3-5层;涂层最佳厚度为1-1.5 mm;涂层表层主要分布为径向压应力;在涂层/基体界面的边缘区域应力集中较为严重;涂层/基体界面处的径向应力、轴向应力和剪切应力与成分分布指数、梯度层数目和梯度层厚度有密切的关系。用涂搪法制备了梯度涂层,用X射线衍射法(XRD)测试了涂层表面残余应力,验证了有限元结果的准确性。     

热喷涂涂层和基体中残余应力预报与控制研究

分析研究了热喷涂涂层和基体中残余应力产生的原因并发展建立了相应的理论模型。依据该模型,不但可以计算骤冷过程和冷却过程在涂层/基体结构内引发的残余应力,而且首次分析了沉积过程中,基体/涂层因喷射冲击(即喷涂粒子高速撞击基体及形成的涂层表面)而产生的残余应力,以及因基体/涂层热膨胀系数不匹配产生的残余应力。理论计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。通过理论计算,可以预报涂层/基体中残余应力的大小,并根据需要控制涂层/基体中残余应力的分布。对即将进行的热喷涂工艺具有一定的指导意义。     

爆炸喷涂Cr3C2-25NiCr涂层的微观结构及性能

为了使Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层能够应用于水力机械表面,采用爆炸喷涂技术在0Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢基材表面制备了Cr_3C_2-25NiCr涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相分析仪、拉伸试验机、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、电化学工作站等手段研究分析了该涂层的微观形貌、孔隙率、结合强度、显微硬度、耐磨性能、耐蚀性能等。结果表明:爆炸喷涂Cr_3C_2-25NiCr涂层具有高致密结构,平均孔隙率仅为0. 76%,并且其结合强度高达82 MPa;涂层平均显微硬度为1 026 HV2 N,远高于基体;且在相同试验条件下,涂层的磨损量仅为基体的1/72;同时涂层还具有远高于基体的耐腐蚀性能。     

含FGM的涂层结构中热残余应力的分析与优化

本文利用有限元方法和优化理论,对含ＦＧＭ（Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ　Ｇｒａｄｅｄ　Ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ）层的热喷涂构件中的残余应力进行了数值分析,并获得了ＦＧＭ内各组份体积含量分布的最优化形式和参数ｐ。同时,我们也研究了喷涂构件的几何形状、涂层及基底的材料性能对于ｐ的影响规 律。在本文的分析中,考虑了基底材料和ＦＧＭ的塑性变形以及其性能对于温度的依赖。本文 的工作将有利于含ＦＧＭ层的热喷涂构件的设计与生产。     

Prediction of residual stresses in thermally sprayed steel coatings considering the phase transformation effect

The present study is aimed to propose an elastoplastic bilayer model for prediction of residual stresses in thermally sprayed coatings, in which the effect caused by martensite phase transformation for steel coating materials was taken into account. Closed-form solutions of the curvature and stresses within the substrate and coating are obtained for the plastically deformed structures. Applications of the model for prediction of the twin-wire electric arc sprayed high carbon steel coatings were investigated subsequently. In the application case that a thin coating layer deposited with varying temperatures, the martensite phase transformation has a significant effect on the residual stress, e.g. a lower deposition temperature leads to more amount of martensite transformation and then to a lower level of final stress. The model was also used to predict the stress distribution of high carbon steel coating after quenching heat treatment, and the calculation results were compared with the X-ray residual stress measurements. It is found that the residual stresses on the coating surface obtained from the analytical model are closed to that obtained from the experiments.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Microstructure and thermal behaviour of plasma sprayed zirconia/alumina composite coating

In thermal barrier coatings (TBC), failure occurs near or at the interface between the metallic bondcoat and topcoat. On high temperature conditions, an oxide scale which is named thermally grown oxide (TGO) occurs along the bond/topcoat interface. For diminishing the creation of TGO, a dense coating with low residual stress and thermal stress buffer layer was preferable. High hardness ceramic coatings could be obtained by gas tunnel type plasma spraying, and the deposited coating had superior property in comparison with those deposited by conventional type plasma spray method. In this study, the gas tunnel type plasma spraying system was utilized to produce a zirconia/alumina functionally graded thermal barrier coating and discussed its physical and mechanical properties, thermal behavior and high temperature oxidation resistance of the coating are discussed. Consequently, the proposed system exhibited superior mechanical properties and oxidation resistance at the expenses of a slightly lower thermal insulating effect. This interlayer is preferred in order to minimize the detrimental effect of the phase transformation of gamma-Al2O3 to alpha-Al2O3.     

Effect of the thickness of plasma-sprayed coating on bond strength and thermal fatigue characteristics

NiCrAlY bond coat and ZrO2–8 wt% Y2O3 top coat with various thicknesses were deposited on Hastelloy X by plasma spraying. Residual stress was calculated by the finite element method (FEM) to explain the variations in the bond strength and thermal fatigue characteristics with the thickness of the bond coat and top coat. The bond strength of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) increased with decreasing maximum residual stress in the y-direction of the top coat. The thermal fatigue characteristics increased with decrease of the maximum principal residual stress of the top coat and the thickness of oxidation layer of the bond coat.     

Modeling of residual stresses variation with thermal cycling in thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are commonly used as protective coatings for engine metal components to improve performance. Many investigations have shown that residual stresses in TBCs applications play an important role, but the residual stresses are mainly obtained by simulation method. As we know, there are a few analytical solutions of residual stress in TBCs system. In this paper, a new two-dimensional analytical solution has been obtained under the condition of non-linear coupled effects of temperature gradient, thermal fatigue, deposited residual stress, thermally grown oxide (TGO) thickening, elasto-plasticity deformation and creep deformation of TBC. Moreover, the influences of bending moment and curvature on stress variation in TBCs are considered during thermal cycling. The calculated results are in agreement with the prior experimental results.     

Thermal residual strains in carbon fibre-reinforced aluminium laminates

The thermal residual strains in various carbon fibre-reinforced aluminium laminates (carall), which were generated during cooling from the curing temperature, have been evaluated by both experimental methods and theoretical analysis. The experimental methods used include the deflection of an asymmetric laminate and the yield point shift of the aluminium alloy in the carall laminate. The theoretical calculation performed was based on the classical lamination theory. Residual strains determined by each experimental method and by theoretical calculation show good agreement. In addition, the possible errors associated with each method were carefully assessed and shown to be acceptable. For carall laminates reinforced with unidirectional carbon fibres, the thermal residual stress in the aluminium layer was found to be roughly proportional to the volume fraction of the carbon/epoxy layer.