Characterisation of waxes by differential scanning calorimetry

The characterisation of hydrocarbon and natural waxes by differential scanning calorimetry is described. It is shown that the determination of the melting, cooling and remelting curves of a wax, and comparison with the corresponding curves of authenticated waxes, affords a rapid and valuable method for the identification of many waxes. Heats of transition of many waxes are also given.     

Über Naturwachse IX: Vorkommen,Isolierung und Identifizierung der Olefine in Naturwachsen

Natural Waxes IX: Occurence, Isolation and Identification of Olefines in Natural Waxes After reviewing the methods for the investigation of olefines in the hydrocarbon part of waxes and the results obtained uptil now, a simple chromatographic procedure for the determination of olefines in waxes has been described. The analytical procedure has been explained with the examples of sugarcane waxes and a detailed study of the trans-monoolefinic part of bees-wax.     

Epichlorhydrin in der Wachssynthese

Epichlorohydrine in the Synthesis of Waxes Waxes that are soluble in usual wax solvents are of interest in special fields of application. It is not possible to prepare clear solutions of appreciable concentration using natural waxes, such as carnauba wax or derivatives of montana wax. Although these waxes are well soluble when hot, however, on cooling they separate out as crystalline or pasty masses. For preparing easily soluble waxes a new path of synthesis was found. Thus, waxes having ether or ester groups which were also easily soluble in the cold were prepared by reacting epichlorohydrine with such compounds, which, apart from having a long hydrocarbon chain also possessed a functional group with one active hydrogen atom.     

A rapid,effective method for the reduction of waxes in sunflower seed oil

Four samples of sunflower seed were surface washed with boiling hexane to remove waxes and hydrocarbons. Measurement of waxes in oil extracted from washed and unwashed seed showed greater than 92% removal of waxes. In addition, straight chain hydrocarbon content of the oil was substantially reduced. The composition of the material removed is shown.     

Ölbindevermögen von Mineralozokeriten

Oil-bindung Capacity of Mineral Ozocerites It was attempted, by determining the slip point of the pastes obtained from different oils and mineral waxes, to find out and measure the influence of the quantity, viscosity of the oil, recrystallization tendency and homogenity as well as to characterise the oil-binding capacity of different hydrocarbon waxes. In view of the considerable rise in purity demands, the oil-binding capacity of highly refined microwaxes or mineral ozocerites was also investigated.     

Dünnschicht-Chromatographie von Kohlenwasserstoff-Wachsen an harnstoffbeschichteten Platten

Thin-Layer Chromatography of Hydrocarbon Waxes on Plates Coated with Urea Chromatographic mobility patterns of hydrocarbon waxes on normal silica gel G and urea-impregnated silica gel G plates are compared. Influence of polarity and temperature of the developing solvent, and effect of chain length and degree of branching of the wax on separation were investigated. The varying tendency of the wax components to form inclusion compounds with urea result in considerable difference in mobility patterns. Thus the various hydrocarbon waxes can be better differentiated.     

Optimierung von Kohlenwasserstoffgelen aus analytisch definierbaren Komponenten 1. Mitteilung: Kohlenwasserstoffgele als Salbengrundlagen mit optimierten gewünschten Gebrauchseigenschaften

Optimization of Hydrocarbon Jellies from Analytically Definable Components, 1. Communication: Hydrocarbon Jellies as Ointment Bases with Optimized Desired Properties for Use The work being presented investigates various slack waxes, solid and liquid paraffines concerning to their suitability to improve hydrocarbon jellies. An important criterion for selecting the raw materials is the analytical evidence of their unchanging quality. As a result recipes are proposed for hydrocarbon jelly mixtures, blended from ozokerite, solid and liquid paraffines. By varying their proportions the hydrocarbon jellies are improved for different purposes e. g. an improved ductibility, or an improved drug-liberation.     

Über die Zerlegung von Kohlenwasserstoff-Gemischen mit Hilfe selektiver Extraktionsmethoden × — Zerlegung von Gatschen aus einem paraffinbasischen Rohöl

The Analysis of Hydrocarbon Mixtures with the Help of Selective Extraction Methods × — Analysis of Crude Waxes from a Paraffin Based Crude Oil The analysis of three crude waxes from different fractions of paraffin based crude oil, with the help of solid-liquid extraction and finally by urea-adduct formation, is reported. On the basis of selected physical data and suitable diagrams, the structural composition of the hydrocarbon components of these three crude waxes is discussed.     

Fischer-tropsch waxes. II. Crystallinity and physical properties

The density, congealing point, and hardness were considered in relation to crystallinity, determined by an infra-red spectrometric method, of a series of waxes which are fractions from crude Fischer–Tropsch wax. Values ranging between 65 and 93, expressed as molecular percentages of crystalline material present, have been obtained. Data on molecular weights and physical properties were available. Smooth curves could be drawn for the variations of density, congealing point and hardness (or rather penetration) with molecular weight, but only for the more highly crystalline waxes. Two waxes, with crystallinities below 75, were found to have abnormally low congealing points and densities and to be abnormally soft, in relation to their molecular weights. This can be explained in terms of the less dense packing of molecules in the amorphous state. The effect of crystallinity on density was examined more closely, and a set of equations expressing the relationship between these entities and molecular weight was derived. These contain an unknown factor, however, which is dependent upon molecular weight distribution.     

Über Modellwachse für den Metallpräzisionsguß

The Model Wax for the Precision Metal Castings After a short review of the history and the technique of precision metal casting on lost model waxes, the requisite properties of such waxes are given in details. The sum of all these properties can be achieved only by mixing different types of waxes with one another or by combination with other substances. At the same time, the molecular structure of the waxes also plays an important role. The relation between this and the shrinkage is shown by means of experimental investigations on a number of examples.     

The compositions of some unhydrolyzed naturally occurring waxes,calculated using functional group analysis and fractionation by molecular distillation,with a note on the saponification of carnauba wax and the composition of the resulting fractions

Summary Methods for the determination of acid, ester, hydroxyl, and ketone (or aldehyde) groups and of mean molecular weights of small samples of natural waxes are reported. Complete analyses can be made on 0.5 g. of sample. A simplified procedure for quantitative separation of acid and unsaponifiable fractions of a wax is also reported. Molecular distillations of beeswax, caranda wax, crude and refined candelilla wax, and ouricury wax, have fractionated these complex mixtures into simpler ones. Hydrocarbons and free unsubstituted alcohols and acids, if present, distil readily at 150°C. A pot still suitable for convenient molecular distillation of up to 100-g. charges of waxes or other high melting materials is described. A method for the calculation of composition of unhydrolyzed waxes based upon function group analysis of molecular distillation fractions is described. Results of application of this method to the waxes distilled are reported and show the ubiquitousness of hydroxy acids. All of the above waxes and carnauba wax contain major proportions of esters of the hydroxy acids, and none contains as much as one-half simple esters of unsubstituted acids and alcohols. A portion of a dissertation submitted by Thomas Wagner Findley to the Graduate School of the Ohio State University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. S. C. Johnson and Son Inc. Fellow in Physiological Chemistry, 1946-50.     

Dampfdruckosmometrische Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen von hochschmelzenden,oxidierten Polyethylenwachsen

Molecular Weight Determination of High-melting, Oxidized Polyethylene Waxes by Vapour Pressure Osmometry Amongst the high-malting oxidized polyethylene waxes PE-Wax AC 392 of Allied Chemical Corp, holds an exceptional position as for its specification. Because of its crystallinity and the high melting point AC 392 can only be kept in solution at high temperatures. Several attempts to determine the molecular weight failed so far, because of these difficulties. The average number of the molecular weight (M?n) was determined for AC 392 and some similar waxes with a commercial vapour pressure osmometer at a working temperature of 125°C. The selection of the solvent is of importance; the high measuring temperature requires special experimental conditions.     

Thin layer chromatographic procedure for class separation of plant neutral lipids

A thin layer chromatographic method has been developed for the class separation of plant neutral lipids. Utilizing a two-step development in one dimension, lipid mixtures are separated into hydrocarbon waxes, steryl esters, methyl esters, triglycerides, fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols, and monoglycerides. The method may be employed for either qualitative or preparative purposes.     

Use of processing aids and coupling agents in mica-reinforced polypropylene

Low molecular weight waxes prepared by the maleation of thermally degraded polypropylene are effective substitutes for silane coupling agents in filled polypropylene resins. The addition of 1 to 5 percent maleated polypropylene wax increased the tensile and flexural strength of mica-filled polypropylenes without significant changes in the modulus or fracture toughness. The waxes also aided dispersion, reduced melt viscosity, and permitted direct injection molding of powder blends without precompounding. The influence of maleated polypropylene wax coupling agents on the mechanical properties is similar to the published behavior of chlorinated paraffin waxes, but without the undesirable corrosiveness. The efficient utilization of untreated micas as reinforcing fillers for general purpose polypropylene homopolymers can have important cost savings in the fabrication of mica-reinforced automotive components.     

A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes

Cryogenic air separation technology has been successfully employed for many years to supply oxygen for the gasification of a wide range of hydrocarbon feedstocks to generate synthesis gas for the production of fuels, chemicals and other valuable products. Examples include the conversion of liquid and solid refinery waste streams into hydrogen for use within the refinery along with the coproduction of electricity, and the growing interest in gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes which convert natural gas into synthetic crude oil, waxes and fuels. Recently, increased attention has been focused on methods of integrating the oxygen production process with the downstream hydrocarbon processing units to reduce facility cost or increase efficiency. A review of traditional and developing processes to generate oxygen is presented, along with integration schemes to improve the economics of these facilities.     

Thermogravimetrische Wachsanalyse

Analysis of Waxes by Thermogravimetry A series of low molecular weight paraffins, micro-crystalline waxes, Fischer-Tropsch-paraffins and polyethylene paraffins were studied by thermogravimetry. Low molecular weight hydrocarbons could be clearly distinguished from each other, whereas with increasing molecular weight the differences became smaller. Mixtures of two components can be analyzed under certain circumstances.     

Chemometric Classification of Comb and Cuticular Waxes of the Honeybee Apis Mellifera Carnica

Waxes are important as building material and for the chemical communication of the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica. In this study chemometric tools were established for classifying the different waxes inside the hive. By using gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry, components of different types of waxes were analyzed. By considering different substance classes of waxes, discriminant function analyses revealed distinct subtypes of comb waxes and of cuticular waxes. It is shown that the aging of comb wax is in part a spontaneous physicochemical process due to differential volatilities of compound classes with different chain length ranges. On the other hand it is directly influenced by the bees by adding lipolytic enzymes to the comb wax. The data suggest that the varying cuticular wax and comb wax compositions could serve as cues for bees to recognize castes, sexes, or comb age.     

Die Emulgierung oxidierter Polyäthylen-Wachse mit ionisch - nichtionischen Emulgator-Systemen II

Emulsification of Oxidized Polyethylene Waxes with Ionic-Nonionic Emulsifier Systems II Studies using methods described earlier were extended to emulsification of oxidized polyethylene waxes having varying acid values and molecular weights with nonionic-ionic emulsifier systems. Besides nonylphenolethoxylates C_9/11- and C_13/15-fatty alcohol ethoxylates were also used in the presence of various amines as emulsifiers. The optimum degree of ethoxylation for each emulsifier was determined within each class of ethoxylate as a function of the degree of oxidation of polyethylene waxes. The efficiency of various classes of ethoxylation products and the influence of various amines were compared under different conditions.     

Characterization of Oleogels Based on Waxes and Their Hydrolyzates

In this paper, the structuring of liquid oils, also known as oleogelation, is systematically investigated for the first time using a quasi-quaternary mixing system approach. Native waxes with different quantities of wax esters (WE), n-alkanes (hydrocarbons (HC)), fatty acids (FA), and fatty alcohols (FaOH) are applied in mixtures with hydrolyzed waxes to systematically change the composition. Hydrolyzed waxes contain high levels of FA and FaOH. The model systems are investigated on microscopic level (brightfield light microscopy (BFM), cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM)) as well as on their macroscopic properties (rheology, gel hardness) and calorimetric behavior (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). It is found that sunflower wax (SFW)-based gels (12% structurant) become less hard on any admixture. Beeswax (BW)-based gels show significant increases in hardness when 25% and 50% (w/w) hydrolyzate are admixed. This could be related to stepwise crystallization. Further analysis reveals that the dissolution/melting behavior of the wax ester mixtures can be surprisingly well described as ideal solubility of a single pseudocomponent. The approach to unravel the individual contributions of the different species present in waxes is successful and marks a first step to better understand the systematic of wax functionality as oleogelators. Practical Application: The substitution of hardstock fats in structured oil phases is of interest for two reasons. The improved nutritional profile oleogels offer are beneficial for public health while the elimination of palm oil based ingredients appears to be a general public desire. Among the technical solutions for non-TAG oil structuring waxes are very promising. This is primarily due to their availability, prior consumption, potentially low cost for functionality. Currently waxes are technically and scientifically wrongly treated as single components. In order to better utilize the potential of waxes and design future sourcing strategies it is necessary to understand the wax functionality at a compositional/molecular level. This contribution marks the first step into this direction by considering classes of molecules with respect to their contribution to functionality. This understanding is considered as a key for future compositional design.     

Neuartige emulgierbare Polyäthylenwachse

Novel Emulsifiable Polyethylene Waxes In comparison to naturally occuring waxes and their derivatives, the group of synthetically prepared emulsifiable polyethylene waxes known so far exhibit a relatively small proportion of polar centers in their molecular structure. Using a new process of preparation, products having a high content of hydrophilic groups are obtained. The properties and emulsifying techniques are described. This report also includes the development of a new group of purely non-ionic emulsifiable very hard polymer waxes.