含弱透水夹层饱和砂土坡体滑坡的实验研究

通过含有细砂夹层的饱和砂土在冲击载荷下的滑坡模拟实验，考察了土层参数不均匀的坡面的滑坡模式，坡体变形，破坏和不均匀渗流引起的滑坡，特别是散体粒径不均匀时出现的含水层和通道与滑坡的关系，各控制参数(载荷的和土体的)对滑坡的影响，并对这类滑坡中的现象给出了定性解释。     

Numerical Modeling of an Earthquake-Induced Landslide Considering the Strain-Softening Characteristics at the Bedding Plane

The damage caused by an earthquake-induced landslide can generally be classified as either a limited deformation or a catastrophic failure. From an engineering point of view, the latter can be much more dangerous because the sliding mass may continue moving until it collides with another object. If a catastrophic failure occurs near a river, the debris may block the river, causing serious damage to the adjacent area. Therefore, examination of the mechanism of such catastrophic slope failures is important with respect to the mitigation of earthquake disasters in mountainous districts, although numerical modeling of such phenomena is rather difficult. In the present study, a new numerical model is developed to simulate an earthquake-induced catastrophic landslide that occured at a typical dip slope, namely, the Yokowatashi Landslide in Japan. In this case, the upper part of the bedrock on the planer tectonic dip surface slid more than 70 m. Only shear-strength degradation at the bedding plane could cause such a long-distance traveling failure. To investigate the strain-softening characteristics of the materials that filled the bedding plane, a series of laboratory tests involving undisturbed block samples was performed. The measured stress-displacement relationships under cyclic loading were numerically modeled as a newly proposed elasto-plastic constitutive model to be used in numerical simulations of landslide, based on the dynamic finite element method. The observed phenomena were appropriately simulated by the proposed method. The mechanism of catastrophic failure is discussed in detail in this paper in order to clarify the relationships between the strain-softening characteristics and the global slope stability. Our newly proposed method to evaluate the possibility of a catastrophic failure was applied to the landslide, and the moment when the slope becomes unstable was able to be predicted. The results confirm that the proposed method can predict the catastrophic failure of a slope.     

陡倾层状岩质斜坡极限平衡稳定分析

针对自然界中的层状岩质滑坡绝大部分呈现出明显的三维形态特征,在倾倒破坏极限平衡二维推导分析方法的基础上,考虑层状岩质斜坡的三维受力状态,进行三维力系的简化与等效,提出了考虑三维受力的倾倒分析方法,在考虑真倾角方向的倾倒极限平衡分析中,将层状岩质滑坡近似为悬臂梁处理。并以重庆鸡冠岭滑坡为例进行验证分析。计算结果表明:1自然状态下,鸡冠岭斜坡处于稳定状态;2地下采空状态下,鸡冠岭煤层上覆岩层逐层发生倾倒破坏,并挤压下伏阻滑关键块体,导致关键块体剪出破坏后形成滑坡。该分析结果与实际情况基本一致。     

Slope failures in residential land on valley fills in Yamamoto town

As a result of the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, five slope failures occurred in a residential area on artificial valley fills in Taiyo New Town, Yamamoto, Miyagi Prefecture. The site was constructed by leveling a hilly area and using the cut materials as fill for the valleys to provide foundation ground for houses. The fill material was sandy and was derived from the weathering of tuffaceous sandstone which had formed the natural ground. Each of the five slope failures was observed to have occurred either at the edge of the artificial valley fills or within the embankment sections that had been widened for road construction. Laboratory tests show that the fill, which had a fines content of F_c=20%, had a very low liquefaction resistance, which further decreased with the application of initial shear stress. A pseudo-static slope stability analysis, using conventional strength parameters, could not explain the slope failure at one of the sites that failed, but it could explain the slope failure when the dynamic strength was used to represent the soil strength at the slip surface. Thus, the slope failures in Taiyo New Town, at least at the one site analyzed in this study, could be attributed to the liquefaction of the fill material induced by the intense shaking.     

川东红层缓倾角地层中降雨引起滑带土饱和对滑坡的稳定性影响

以四川省宣汉县天台乡滑坡为例,研究了降雨引起滑带土饱和对滑坡的稳定性影响。首先通过土工试验分别测试了天然和饱和状态下滑带土的剪切强度,结果显示滑带土饱和时的剪切强度比天然状态时下降较大;然后利用Geostudio软件对降雨条件下天台乡滑坡坡体内的渗流场进行了模拟,并分别计算坡体在上述渗流场作用下滑带土天然及饱和状态时滑坡的稳定系数,结果表明,滑带土饱和对川东红层缓倾角滑坡的稳定性影响较大,川东红层缓倾角滑坡的形成是降雨引起坡体内应力变化和滑带土强度降低共同作用的结果。     

Assessment of potential slope failure sites at Mt. Can-abag, Guinsaugon, Philippines, based on stratigraphy and rock strength

Geological mapping was undertaken to determine the stratigraphy and potential landslide sites along Mt. Can-abag in St. Bernard, Philippines, where a disastrous landslide occurred in February 2006. The area is underlain by a sequence of NW- to SW-dipping breccias, sandstones and mudstones, with andesite intrusions. The low permeability of the mudstones, which form an aquiclude and hence confined aquifers, results in the build-up of pore pressures. Although the strata dip into the hillside, the fault-created discontinuities mean that the NE-facing slope of Mt. Can-abag is prone to wedge failures.     

《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)边坡岩体爆破振动速度安全允许值的理论探讨

开挖爆破诱发的地震波对岩质边坡有显著影响,我国《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)给出了边坡岩体的爆破振动速度允许值,但未明确说明取值的理论依据。为此,分析露天开挖爆破条件下邻近边坡岩体的附加动应力和质点振动速度场分布特征,推导以坡表质点振动速度表征的岩体附加动应力表达式。以边坡岩体不发生剪切和张拉破坏为控制要求,考虑边坡岩体分级特征和坡体结构特征,提出基于简单边坡模型的浅层岩体的爆破振动速度允许值。分析表明,岩体强度、边坡坡度、滑动面深度和地震波频率等均对边坡岩体的允许振动速度存在显著影响。其次,无剪切破坏条件下计算的爆破振动速度允许值与《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)的控制标准在量级上较接近,而无张拉破坏时各级岩体的爆破振动速度允许值差别不大,《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)中岩质边坡爆破振动控制标准应在理论分析和工程实践基础上进一步细化。     

Cut slopes failures on the Triassic beds in Coimbra, Portugal

An analysis is presented of several cut slope failures which occurred in the Triassic “Grés de Silves”, in the area of Areeiro in Coimbra, Portugal. They developed along thin mudstone layers dipping at some 16° towards the face of the excavation. The failures mainly occurred after periods of intense rainfall, sometimes immediately after the excavation of the slope, and in some cases have continued for the 7 years since, even where the slope height was only a few metres. The conditions leading to the failures were investigated in the field and in the laboratory. It was concluded that the main factors inducing the slope failure are a conjugation of the geological structure and the reduction in the shear strength of the mudstones when they dilate following excavation. This dilation allows the ingress of water further reducing the shear strength of the mudstones.     

Geo- and Hydro-Mechanical Evaluation of Slope Failure Induced by Torrential Rains in Northern-Kyushu Area,July 2009

Torrential rainfall in mid-July 2009 triggered numerous geodisasters such as slope failure and debris flow in Chugoku and Northern Kyushu areas of Japan. A number of slope failures and debris flows occurred in Yamaguchi and Fukuoka prefectures resulting in extensive damage to human life and infrastructure. One of the most serious geodisasters included a slope failure followed by debris flow at Sasaguri-machi and Fukuchi-machi, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. This paper summarizes the results of geotechnical investigations on the geodisaster sites in Fukuoka prefecture. The geotechnical investigation included determining a series of grain size distributions, consistency limits and conducting direct box shear tests for collapsed soils collected at six disaster sites. The generation mechanisms of slope failure followed by debris flow were also investigated by analyzing the precipitation, topography, geology, and strength properties of the collapsed soils. Moreover, slope deformation and stability analyses were coupled with an unsaturated-saturated seepage analysis to investigate the slope failure mechanism. The main findings from the study are summarized as: The physical properties, such as the grain size distribution, the plastic limit and liquid limit of collapsed soils, are summarized and compared with the results of other failure slopes in the literature. The collapsed soil was characterized as being a well grained soil (the uniformity coefficient >50) and highly weathered (the ignition loss >5%), however, with regard to the liquid limit and plastic index, there were no remarkable findings. The original shear strength for collapsed soils with natural water content is relatively large and slope failure doesn't occur because the cohesion in the shear strength is induced by a suction force between the soil particles under unsaturated condition. However, water seepage into the soil induces a drastic decrease in the shear strength, which is mainly caused by a decrease in cohesion (losing suction) resulting from soil saturation. In addition, the drained/undrained condition in the shear process is also sensitive to shear strength. For example, both water seepage and the shear process with constant volume cause an approximate 30% reduction in shear strength for Fukuchi-machi and Sasaguri-machi soil samples. Therefore, the reduction of cohesive strength due to water seepage and the low permeability of the slope are the parameters which trigger geodisaster. Based on the results of slope deformation and a stability analyses which took the change in water pressure and cohesive strength into account, the geodisaster at Fukuchi-machi was simulated, it is reasonable to assume that the shallow failure near the top of slope occurred due to torrential precipitation of about 100 mm per hour which triggered a debris flow.     

Response of Unsaturated Sandy Soils Under Constant Shear Stress Drained Condition

In order to understand the mechanism and conditions leading to failure of sandy slopes due to the infiltration of rainwater, constant shear stress drained triaxial tests were conducted on three sets of soil samples-normal sand, gravelly sand and silty sand-taken from natural slopes where large-scale landslides have occurred in the past. Water was infiltrated from the bottom of an initially unsaturated soil specimen under constant shear stress drained condition until failure occurred. Such a loading pattern simulated the stress path followed by a soil element on a potential failure plane on a slope subjected to rainwater infiltration. The effects of various parameters reflecting the initial condition, such as relative density, principal stress ratio, degree of saturation and infiltration rate, on the development of deformation during the infiltration process were investigated. The test results confirmed that the development of pore water pressure within the soil is the main reason for the failure of slopes during heavy rainfall. The results obtained can serve as guidelines in developing warning systems against impending rainfall-induced slope failures.     

顺层古滑坡体变形特征及综合治理

本文介绍了缓倾角顺层古滑坡体的综合治理过程。基于现场详细的工程地质勘察和监测资料,研究了滑坡体变形特征,并准确判断了古滑坡体复活的原因,指出现场地质条件较差是产生滑坡的内在原因,工程施工开挖切脚和降雨入渗是滑坡产生的诱发因素。在此基础上,提出了采用预应力锚索+抗滑桩、预应力锚索+贴坡混凝土挡土墙、坡体内设置多条排水洞、坡面排水以及削坡减载等综合治理措施。边坡上部各建(构)筑物工程经过两年多的运行和现场监测结果表明,边坡变形得到了很好的控制,说明滑坡体的综合治理是成功的。     

GIS-based three-dimensional slope stability analysis considering rainfall infiltration

Rainfall-induced landslides are a major cause of slope failure in mountainous areas. As rainfall begins to infiltrate a slope the wetting front advances into the soil and reduces its shear strength. Slope failures occur when the reduced shear strength becomes less than the resisting shear strength needed for equilibrium. These areas of instability are usually located near the ground surface where pore-water pressure changes rapidly during infiltration. The wetting front depth in a slope plays an important role in slope stability. In this study a well-known infiltration model, the Green and Ampt model, is integrated into three GIS-based three-dimensional limit equilibrium methods to assess the impact of rainfall on slope stability. This infiltration model can predict the depth of the wetting front during steady and unsteady rainfall. The applied three-dimensional methods are modified according to different positions of the wetting front to reflect the influence of rainfall on slope stability. This approach is capable of calculating safety factors corresponding to individual rainfall events and is also capable of predicting the corresponding failure time. The accuracy of the presented study has been verified by simulating the failure process of a real landslide triggered by a rainstorm.     

岷县漳县6.6级地震永光村滑坡致灾机制分析

2013年7月22日甘肃省定西市岷县漳县MS6.6级地震,诱发了大量黄土滑坡和崩塌灾害。基于对岷县梅川镇永光村西侧泥流状黄土滑坡的现场勘察、探井取样和高密度面波勘探,得到了该滑坡的地形条件和土层分布特点。通过对滑坡体土样进行室内动三轴液化试验,验证了该滑坡土体在地震作用下发生液化的可能。结合动力有限元法和强度折减法,分析了该滑坡在地震作用下的动力响应特征和动力稳定性的影响因素。结果表明:震前的持续强降雨,导致滑坡体表层黄土含水率升高,抗剪强度降低,在强地震荷载作用下,黄土层之间存在拉应力效应,表层土体发生液化,造成该斜坡失稳瞬间发生,发生长距离滑移。     

高强超薄壁冷弯型钢低层住宅抗震设计方法

结合国内外已完成的冷弯薄壁型钢龙骨式复合墙体静力和动力试验研究成果,提出了冷弯薄壁型钢复合墙体的骨架曲线和恢复力模型。基于已经完成的屈服强度550 MPa高强超薄壁冷弯型钢足尺结构模型振动台试验,对结构在多遇和罕遇地震作用下的抗震分析方法进行了对比。结果表明：多遇地震作用下结构的弹性分析可采用底部剪力法、反应谱法和弹性时程分析法;罕遇地震作用下结构分析可采用静力非线性（推覆）分析和非线性时程分析法。依据GB 50011-2010《建筑抗震设计规范》的基本规定,提出了低层冷弯薄壁型钢龙骨体系结构的抗震设计实用方法建议。     

兰永一级公路顺层滑坡抗剪强度参数确定及应用

兰永一级公路工程修建过程中在路堑边坡开挖时形成了顺层边坡,以K23+520处的大型顺层滑坡最为典型。由于岩土体抗剪强度参数在边坡稳定性分析和加固设计中不可或缺,为了更好地实现其余类似边坡的加固设计和稳定性分析,以K23+520处的滑坡为研究对象,提出含有软弱夹层的顺层滑坡结构面上抗剪强度参数的确定方法:对已知一个滑动面位置的滑移–拉裂破坏模式下的顺层滑坡,通过结合顺层滑坡失稳条件(临界高度、局部稳定系数)及变形破坏特征对满足刚体滑移模型下的多组强度参数进行逐步修正,得到了满足工程应用要求的强度参数取值,并将结果用于类似边坡的加固设计和稳定分析。方法不仅适合兰永一级公路K23+520处顺层滑坡结构面上抗剪强度参数的确定,还适用于类似滑坡工程强度参数的确定,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

姑山矿采场滑坡成因与综合治理

姑山矿采场滑坡位于芜当联圩堤防55＋300桩号处,滑坡沿着粉质壤土与砂壤土、细砂互层中的粘性土软弱结构面发生。滑坡主要原因为边坡过陡,且土体为易吸水软化的膨胀土,吸水后强度下降,滑坡反算证明主要土层的抗剪强度指标均小于实测值。滑坡治理采用了削坡减载、防渗排水、加筋土护坡等综合治理措施。     

Evaluation of Run-Out Distances of Slope Failures During 2004 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu Earthquake

During 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake in Japan, a large number of landslides occurred on natural slopes, especially at the hillsides in the region of Yamakoshi. In many of the large slides, the debris has travelled through a fairly long distance, aggravating the disaster caused by the landslides. In recognizing its importance, case studies were undertaken on the run-out distance of the landslides at several sites at Higashi-Takezawa, Mushigame and Naraki. Case studies are also undertaken for slope failures involving the man-made deposits behind retaining walls surrounding the residential hill at Takamachi-Danchi in Nagaoka. In the first section of the present study, a simple analytical method is introduced based on the energy principle, in which the residual strength is taken up as a sole parameter to determine the run-out distance combined with the geometry of the landslides. The slope failure is herein assumed to consist of two phases, sliding and spreading, and the sliding distance is defined as the length of a slope on which the mass of soils slides down, and the run-out distance is determined as the one on a gentle slope or flat plane on which the phase of spreading occurs. Soil samples were retrieved from the sites of landslide, and laboratory triaxial tests are conducted on unsaturated soil samples with varying water contents. The residual shear strength thus obtained was used as an input parameter in the simple analysis to forecast the run-out distance. The outcome of the present study is presented in a form of simple charts in which the run-out distance is expressed as function of relevant geometrical parameters and the residual shear strength of soils involved in the landslide.     

条形荷载下加筋土边坡破坏机制的数值模拟

为了克服模型的尺寸效用,获得加筋与不加筋边坡在条形荷载下的各种性状参数和边坡的破坏机制,建立用于分析和模拟3个大型室内足尺加筋与不加筋边坡破坏机制的数值计算模型。边坡回填材料采用级配较差的粗砂,土体的非线性弹性响应采用Duncan-Chang双曲线模型E-B模式加以描述,破坏准则采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,并采用与屈服条件不相关联的流动法则。加筋材料采用两节点的弹塑性锚索结构单元进行模拟,并采用无厚度的弹簧-滑动系统来模拟筋土之间的相互作用和相对运动。数值计算采用基于有限差分的连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法(FLAC),分别对与破坏面位置和形态密切相关的节点位移速度向量、塑性区和剪应变速率分布3个参数进行了计算,获得了3个边坡在条形极限荷载下的双楔体破坏机制和极限承载力,与试验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,对不同的条形荷载位置及不同填土材料强度下边坡破坏机制进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明,无论加筋与不加筋边坡,当条形荷载位置距坡肩的距离减小时,边坡破坏面形态由双楔体过渡到圆弧形;当填土材料强度降低时,破裂面形态转化为圆弧形或对数螺线形。     

渗透对非饱和原状黄土高边坡土压力和水平位移影响的试验研究

 通过现场原位试验,对非饱和原状黄土垂直高边坡在坡顶浸水渗流作用下的土压力变化及切坡临空面位移进行现场试验研究,试验结果表明：(1) 切坡坡顶浸水后,土压力强度增加迅速,截止滑坡前,土压力强度比浸水前增大约4倍;(2) 滑坡发生后,实测的滑移面形态及剪出口位置在切坡高度H的1/3处,而并非发生在坡脚处;(3) 非饱和原状黄土垂直切坡的土压力强度是由下滑土体自身的剩余下滑推力引起的,这与经典土压力理论有一定差异;(4) 土压力强度变化与边坡临空面水平位移没有对应关系,也是非线性的;(5) 在切坡浸水渗透试验过程中,土压力强度变化过程可划分为3个阶段：第一阶段滑动土体的力学性质改变阶段,第二阶段滑动土体的整体变形阶段,第三阶段滑动土体的整体滑移阶段;(6) 对于非饱和原状黄土垂直切坡,本次实测坡顶水平位移在10 mm时滑坡,可考虑对于该力学特性的黄土水平位移10 mm为预警值。     

硫酸盐渍土的力学和细观特性试验研究

通过对粉土质砂硫酸盐渍土的CT-三轴剪切试验,得到了硫酸盐渍土的应力-应变关系和剪切过程中试样的CT图像.分析表明:试样表现出明显的剪缩特性;试样均呈塑性破坏;随着围压增加,其应力—应变性状由理想弹塑性过渡到应变硬化;含盐率对盐溃土的强度和变形影响明显,随着硫酸钠的增加,硫酸钠的溶解和降温结晶都会造成土体干密度减小,引起强度降低;含盐率较高时,试样在剪切初期会出现压密阶段.对CT图像的分析表明:随着三轴剪切试验的进行,试样趋于密实和均匀;相同含盐量条件下,CT数均值同体变线性相关性明显.