LTE-A系统时域小区间干扰协诟技术标准化研究

异构网络被LTE-A系统视为一种提升单位区域频谱效率的关键技术而得到广泛关注。然而,异构网络会带来严重的小区间干扰,小区间干扰协调因此成为3GPP标准化进程研究的重点。首先总结了异构网络及小区间干扰协调技术,然后介绍了目前3GPP中讨论的小区覆盖扩展（CRE：CellRange Extension）和基于几乎空白子帧（ABS：Almost Blank Subframe）的时域小区间干扰协调技术。最后,基于动态系统级仿真平台,评估了CRE和ABS技术方案系统性能。     

基于信漏噪比的异构网络载波干扰协调技术

针对异构网络存在小区间干扰的问题,提出了一种基于频域载波聚合的干扰协调管理机制。该机制将所有小区的用户分为中心用户和边缘用户,采用可降低干扰的信漏噪比(SLNR)准则,动态调度用户和选择小区载波,并将每种小区载波选择方案对应一种调度用户分组的机制,即对小区的中心用户和边缘用户采用不同优先级,以此有效避免小区间的干扰,其中优先级采用比例公平和SLNR准则。仿真结果表明,由于在系统目标最大化时实现了频率复用增益和干扰消除增益间实现最佳的平衡,可有效取得系统流量的分流和总吞吐量的提升。     

基于小区覆盖增强技术的Macro-Pico异构网络上行干扰识别与干扰协调机制

在LTE (Long Term Evolution)异构网络中,由于宏基站(Macro)与微微(Pico)基站的发射功率相差较大,一些离Pico基站较近的用户因为接收到的宏基站下行信号质量好于Pico基站而选择接入宏小区。然而,因为这些用户距离Pico基站较近,因此上行通信会对Pico基站产生严重的上行干扰。小区覆盖增强(Range Expansion, RE)技术能够减少此类干扰,但同时又可能引入新的下行干扰。该文提出一种基于RE技术的上行干扰识别与协调机制(UIICRE),能够准确识别上行干扰源及其强度,并进行相应的干扰协调处理。仿真结果表明,该文提出的方案能够解决Pico小区的上行干扰问题,提升用户的上行通信质量,并保证用户下行通信质量不受影响。     

基于Q学习异构网络干扰协调算法

在LTE-A中采用异构网络能提高用户的性能,但是由于小区间使用相同的频谱资源,产生了小区间干扰,影响了用户性能,从而需要采用小区间干扰协调技术来控制小区间干扰(ICI)。虽然现有的小区间干扰协调技术可以降低小区间干扰,但是存在Macro用户性能影响较大的问题。为此,提出了基于Q学习的ETPS算法,在不影响Macro用户性能的前提下,降低小区间干扰。仿真结果表明,QL-ETPS算法较传统固定ABS/RP-ABS子帧配置方案性能更优,可以在尽量不影响Macro基站用户的前提下,提高Pico基站边缘用户的吞吐量。     

OFDMA毫微微小区双层网络中基于分组的资源分配

毫微微小区(Femtocell)网络能够增强室内覆盖,提高系统容量,但是在频谱共享的正交频分多址(OFDMA)毫微微小区网络中,毫微微小区之间的同层干扰以及毫微微小区与宏小区(Macrocell)之间的跨层干扰严重限制了系统的性能。针对这两种干扰,该文提出一种基于分组的资源分配算法。该算法包括两部分：一部分是宏基站先利用改进的匈牙利算法为宏小区用户分配信道,再用注水算法分配功率,保证宏小区用户的正常传输;另一部分是在避免干扰宏小区用户的基础上,先采用模拟退火算法对毫微微小区进行分组,再进行信道和功率分配,满足毫微微小区用户的数据速率需求,最大化频谱效率。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地抑制了这两种干扰,既能保证用户的数据速率需求,又能有效提升网络频谱效率。     

TD-LTE网络上行CoMP方案研究与外场试验

TD-LTE采用同频组网,使得小区间干扰成为限制网络容量提升的主要瓶颈之一。TD-LTE规模试验的测试数据表明,终端有超过70%的概率会同时检测到多个小区的信号。多小区协作(CoMP)技术通过相邻多个小区对信号进行联合处理,可有效降低小区间干扰。介绍了几种上行CoMP的实现方案及仿真性能,并重点介绍在TD-LTE试验网络中开展上行CoMP外场试验的情况。测试结果表明,通过上行CoMP可将小区边缘用户上行吞吐率提升50%~100%,显著改善了用户体验。     

一种基于过渡区的小区间干扰协调方法

文章提出了一种基于过渡区的小区间干扰协调方法,通过小区的网络规划、时频资源划分和上行链路发射功率规划三个部分,详细阐述了该方案的实现。该方案能有效提高整个网络的平均用户吞吐量和小区边缘用户的吞吐量。     

一种公平的多天线多小区联合调度算法

为了能够以较小的实现复杂度有效减少多天线蜂窝系统中的小区间干扰,同时保证系统中的用户公平性,提出一种新的多小区联合调度算法,提出的算法的复杂度远远低于最优多小区联合调度算法。该算法将系统分簇并在每个簇内按一定比例选择部分平均速率较低的用户,之后在簇内按照给定的优化目标进行联合调度。仿真结果表明：与单小区调度算法相比,提出的多小区联合调度算法可以显著增加系统平均速率,而且可以取得与单小区调度算法类似的用户公平性。     

一种超密集异构网中联合干扰协调方法研究

针对5G超密集异构网中严重的跨层干扰问题,该文提出一种基于现有的增强型小区间干扰协调技术和协同多点传输技术的联合干扰协调方法。运用随机几何理论工具推导了两层超密集异构网下用户的中断概率,频谱效率和网络平均遍历容量表达式。仿真结果表明：该文提出的联合的干扰协调方案,相比于传统协同多点传输技术,不仅降低了协作用户数目,同时使得用户在信干比阈值为0 dB时的中断概率降低了15%;相比较于增强型小区间干扰协调技术,在偏置值为10 dB时,扩展区域的用户频谱效率改善为35%,整个网络平均遍历容量提升了3.4%。

     

LampSite虚拟4T4R应用技术校园场景实现方案

文章主要介绍了中国联通赤峰市分公司在新城区交通职业技术学院利用Lamp Site实现两个小区联合调度区域的虚拟4T4R技术。该技术不仅支持在现有网络2T2R设备基础上快速构建4T4R网络,降低网络规划难度,同时支持快速灵活组网。在联合调度区域,能够大幅降低小区分裂带来的小区干扰,通过软件升级化干扰为容量,增大网络容量,提升用户感知。     

Improved parallel interference cancellation for CDMA

This paper introduces an improved nonlinear parallel interference cancellation scheme for code-division multiple access (CDMA) that significantly reduces the degrading effect on the desired user of interference from the other users that share the channel. The implementation complexity of the scheme is linear in the number of users and operates on the fact that parallel processing simultaneously removes from each user a part of the interference produced by the remaining users accessing the channel the amount being proportional to their reliability. The parallel processing can be done in multiple stages. The proposed scheme uses tentative decision devices at the multiple stages to produce the most reliably estimated received data for generation and cancellation of user interference. Simulation results are given for a multitude of different situations, in particular, those cases for which the analysis is too complex     

一种基于预编码的异构网下行干扰协调方法

在通用移动通信系统（Universal Mobile Telecommunications System,UMTS）异构网络中,理论分析了宏基站对微微（Pico）小区边缘用户的下行干扰问题。在传统空白帧（ABS）方法的基础上,提出了一种干扰避免策略,其主要思想是通过联合时域ABS策略和空域基于码本限制的策略提高传统ABS策略的系统性能,即在ABS子帧上,宏基站并不是完全不发送数据,而是采用码本受限的预编码进行传输。限制的码本可以根据宏小区自身的负载动态进行更改,并通过广播传递给低功率节点（Low Power Node,LPN）,LPN根据得到的信息进行边缘用户的调度。仿真结果表明,提出的方法在最差5%用户吞吐率比ABS方法略有下降的情况下,使用户平均吞吐量得到了提升。     

一种新的应用于多载波码分多址系统的干扰对消算法

本文提出了一种适用于多载波直扩码分多址系统(MC-DS-CDMA)上行信道的低复杂度部分并行干扰对消(LC-PPIC)算法.该算法充分利用MC-DS-CDMA系统的信道估计与子载波分集,在各个子载波上将用户分为可靠,普通和无效三类,对可靠用户进行干扰对消处理并消去后,再对普通用户进行相同操作,并放弃无效用户,最后将各个子载波上的结果通过最大比合并(MRC)输出.这样,在降低运算复杂度的同时,更好地抑制了多址干扰(MAI).通过仿真比较,可以看出LC-PPIC算法的误码率(BER)性能明显优于置于载波合并前后的两种部分并行干扰对消(PPIC)算法,特别是在系统负载较重和信噪比较高的情况下,这种优势十分显著.     

Pricing framework for almost blank subframe scheme in two‐tier heterogeneous networks

As a part of enhanced inter‐cell interference coordination (eICIC), almost blank subframe (ABS) is an efficient technique to mitigate the cross‐tier interference of two‐tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and enhance overall network performance. However, in small cells with closed subscriber group (CSG) mode, how to motivate small cell base stations (SBSs) to adopt ABS schemes is still one of technical challenges due to the selfish nature of SBSs. In this paper, we propose a pricing framework with ABS scheme that benefit both the macrocell and small cell tier. Within the proposed framework, each SBS with closed access policy performs ABS scheme by muting a portion of the whole frame in time domain, and then dedicating this interference‐free subframe to macrocell users (MUs) for exclusive use. In return, the macrocell base station (MBS) announces the price for these ABSs and offers a certain amount of revenue to each SBS according to the length of its ABS. Furthermore, we extend the small cell performance analysis to the scenario of hybrid access policy, which allow neighboring MUs to access small cells. To investigate the interaction between two tiers, we formulate the proposed framework as a one‐leader multiple‐follower Stackelberg game, which regards the MBS and SBSs as leader and followers, respectively. On the basis of the theoretical analysis, we prove that a unique Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) exists and obtain the optimal strategies for both tiers. Numerical results evaluate the utility performance of both tiers when SE is achieved and verify the validity of the proposed framework.     

Semi‐distributed dynamic inter‐cell interference coordination scheme for interference avoidance in heterogeneous networks

Inter‐cell interference (ICI) is a major problem in heterogeneous networks, such as two‐tier femtocell (FC) networks, because it leads to poor cell‐edge throughput and system capacity. Dynamic ICI coordination (ICIC) schemes, which do not require prior frequency planning, must be employed for interference avoidance in such networks. In contrast to existing dynamic ICIC schemes that focus on homogeneous network scenarios, we propose a novel semi‐distributed dynamic ICIC scheme to mitigate interference in heterogeneous network scenarios. With the goal of maximizing the utility of individual users, two separate algorithms, namely the FC base station (FBS)‐level algorithm and FC management system (FMS)‐level algorithm, are employed to restrict resource usage by dominant interference‐creating cells. The distributed functionality of the FBS‐level algorithm and low computational complexity of the FMS‐level algorithm are the main advantages of the proposed scheme. Simulation results demonstrate improvement in cell‐edge performance with no impact on system capacity or user fairness, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to static and semi‐static ICIC schemes.     

Joint load balancing and interference coordination in multi-antenna heterogeneous networks

In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), it is desirable to offload users from macro cells to small cells to achieve load balancing. However, the offloaded users suffer a strong inter-tier interference. To guarantee the performance of the offloaded users, the interference from macro cells should be carefully managed. In this paper, we jointly optimize load balancing and interference coordination in multi-antenna HetNets. Different from previous works, instead of almost blank subframes (ABS) on which the macro cells waste time resource, the macro cells suppress the interference to the offloaded users by zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) on interference nulling subframes (INS). Considering user association cannot be conduct frequently, we derive the long-term throughput of users over Rayleigh fading channels while previous works focused on instantaneous rate. From the perspective of the spectrum efficiency and user fairness, we formulate a long-term network-wide utility maximization problem. By decomposing the problem into two subproblems, we propose an efficient joint load balancing and interference coordination strategy. Simulation results show that our proposal can achieve good system performance gains over counterparts in term of the network utility, cell edge throughput and average throughput.     

基于干扰消除的异构蜂窝网络中断分析

在异构网络中,小小区可以为宏基站用户提供接入服务,并能够根据自身条件调节传输参数。该文研究在宏基站端干扰消除技术,来消除宏基站到小小区用户的干扰。该文分析了采用此种方案后异构网络下行链路的整体性能,推导了宏基站和小小区用户接收端信噪比的概率密度函数和分布函数。在此基础上,得到了系统整体中断概率的闭合表达式。理论推导和仿真结果表明,干扰消除方案能够有效提升异构蜂窝网络的整体性能。     

Effective resource scheduling scheme considering scheduling relevancy for downlink joint transmission system

Coordinated multi-point(CoMP) transmission is a promising technique to improve both cell average and cell edge throughput for long term evolution-advanced(LTE-A).For CoMP joint transmission(CoMP-JT) in heterogeneous scenario,if joint transmission(JT) users are firstly scheduled,other non-JT users will not be allocated sufficient resources,i.e.,scheduling relevancy exists in the users under different cells in the same coordination cluster.However,the CoMP system throughput will decline remarkably,if the impact of scheduling relevancy is not considered.To address this issue,this paper proposes a novel scheduling scheme for CoMP in heterogeneous scenario.The principles of the proposed scheme include two aspects.Firstly,this scheme gives priority to user fairness,based on an extended proportional fairness(PF) scheduling algorithm.Secondly,the throughput of the coordination cluster should be maintained at a high level.By taking the non-CoMP system as a baseline,the proposed scheme is evaluated by comparing to random PF(RPF) and orthogonal PF(OPF) scheme.System-level simulation results indicate that,the proposed scheme can achieve considerable performance gain in both cell average and cell edge throughput.