涂层界面刚度的超声数值仿真检测

针对涂层结合界面刚度在非破坏条件下难以精确测量的问题,提出了一种超声检测特征参量表征刚度系数的方法。利用声波在n层各向同性介质中的反射、透射原理,结合界面的弹簧模型,建立了多层介质界面刚度系数的超声检测数学模型。基体选用钢、铸铁、铝合金,表面选用不同喷涂工艺得到的Al2O3陶瓷涂层,获得了不同界面刚度系数的超声反射频谱。仿真结果表明:分离界面和理想界面时,谐振频率都具有周期性,但周期大小不同;弱结合界面时,随着界面的刚度系数逐渐增加,谐振频率逐渐增多,这些谐振频率均向高频方向移动。与频率较高处相比,频率较低处的谐振频率随着刚度系数的增加向高频移动的速度更快。因此建立了第一个谐振频率与刚度系数之间的关系。在同一刚度系数下,由谐振频率与材料的特性阻抗关系获得如下规律:当涂层材料不变时,谐振频率随着基体特性阻抗的增大而增大;当基体材料不变时,谐振频率随着涂层特性阻抗的增大而减小。给出了以指数函数形式拟合的刚度系数与谐振频率的变化曲线。通过对该指数函数参数与材料特性阻抗之间关系的分析,获得了弱界面时谐振频率与刚度系数和材料特性阻抗三者之间的函数表达式。该方法为涂层复合材料弱界面的超声检测提供了理论支持。     

板状粘接结构中对称和反对称纵波与界面的相互作用

为了激发粘接结构中的导波或界面波,通常需要将声波从两半无限介质同相位或反相位地同时入射多层系统。针对此问题,基于矩阵方法,推导了界面处于理想连接的情况下,对称或反对称纵波从上下半无限空间入射时,三层板状粘接结构中纵、横波的反射与透射系数表达式。分析了入射角度、粘接层厚度以及基体材料等对声波反射(或透射)特性的影响。结果表明,对称或反对称纵波垂直入射时不发生波型转换。粘接结构中声波的反射(或透射)特性与入射角度、频率以及粘接层厚度等参数密切相关。在相同的粘接层厚度(或频率)范围内,随着声波频率(或粘接层厚度)的增加,谐振频率曲线向低频漂移。该方法可作为粘接结构中体波或导波传播特性研究的重要理论基础。     

层状岩体滤波特性研究

用振幅、相位透射、反射系数描述应力波在结构面的波形变化,充分考虑应力波在层间、层内多重透射、反射条件下建立层状岩体中透射、反射系数计算模型;分别计算的层状岩体透射系数及波形与已有研究结果吻合,表明该模型计算结果合理。讨论结构面刚度、岩层厚度及结构面数量对层状岩体滤波特性影响。结果表明,结构面刚度及岩层厚度是影响弹性层状岩体滤波特性的主要因素,层状岩体具有多尺度梳状滤波器特性,随岩层厚度与波长之比γ增加,振幅透、反射系数成两种尺度周期性变化,由层内多重透、反射形成大尺度周期γ=0.5,并存在一个带通、一个带阻,在带通内又存在多个小尺度周期,由层间多重透、反射形成;层状岩体具有多带通滤波特性,结构面刚度增加,岩体带通上、下限频率同时增加,且上限频率增加幅度较下限大,随频率增加,带通宽度近似成负指数减小;所有岩层厚度相同时带通中心频率约为岩层一阶固有频率的整数倍,各岩层厚度不相等时层状岩体仅在各岩层共同谐振频率处表现为带通。     

机械结构流体层厚度超声测量方法理论研究

针对机械设备运行状态监控需要,对机械结构流体层厚度超声测量方法进行了理论研究。根据流体层厚度超声测量的实际情况,建立了超声波在三层介质中传播的理论模型,并由边界连续条件,得到流体层超声波反射系数的连续模型。通过对不同厚度流体层反射系数曲线的理论分析,得到流体层厚度超声反射系数测量的谐振模型和弹簧模型,即通过流体层的谐振频率和刚度系数来表征其厚度。同时,研究了三层介质的声学特性对流体层超声反射系数及厚度测量的影响。     

粘接结构中垂直入射纵波的准静态模型解

研究了板状粘接结构中垂直入射纵波的准静态模型解。在将粘接界面简化为准静态模型（QSM）的情况下,推导了界面为完好连接且上下基体为同种材料的板状粘接结构中垂直入射纵波的声反射和透射系数表达式。首先将纵波的准静态模型解和精确解进行了比较以阐释准静态模型的适用条件;接着分析了法向刚度系数和界面相对质量的变化对纵波反射和透射特性的影响。结果表明,在特定频率下,随着刚度系数或界面相对质量的增加,纵波的反射和透射系数的幅值分别减小和增大至某一稳定值。研究成果可为实验时采用纵波垂直入射检测粘接结构提供一定的理论指导。     

纵波在含有线性粘滞粘接层的粘接结构中的传播

研究了纵波垂直入射上下基体为同种介质且含有线性粘滞粘接层的三层板状粘接结构时声波的反射和透射特性,基于粘接界面的准静态模型(QSM)并结合各向同性线性粘滞体的本构方程,导出了含有粘滞系数和体积弹性模量的纵波反射和透射系数表达式。首先将纵波的准静态模型解和精确解进行对比,研究了准静态模型的适用条件。其次在界面处于不同接触形式(完好连接和粘滞型弱粘接)的情况下,分别讨论了考虑和不考虑界面相对质量对声反射和透射特性的影响。接着分析了粘滞粘接层参数的变化对纵波反射和透射特性的影响。最后在不大于0.1 MHz-mm的较小频厚积范围内简要阐述了如何鉴别界面形式。结果表明,准静态模型适用于较小频厚积的检测;是否考虑界面的相对质量对纵波的反射和透射特性影响不大;在特定的频厚积下,利用纵波的反射或透射系数方法结合准静态模型可有效辨别界面形式。研究成果可为实验时采用纵波垂直入射检测粘接结构提供一定的理论参考。     

平面波与层状多孔介质海底的反射和透射

针对典型的海底介质结构情况,研究了从海水入射到含有非固结沉积层的层状流体饱和多孔介质海底的平面波的反射和透射问题,分析了沉积层和基岩中纵、横波速度和衰减的频散变化特点,在沉积层厚度和频率变化时,对海水-海底界面上的位移势函数反射系数进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明：在沉积层厚度一定的情况下,较高频率时,沉积层对海水中声场的影响较大,而频率较低时,基岩对海水中声场的影响较大。在以不同的掠射角入射时,由于沉积层中质点的法向共振,广义位移势函数反射系数随频厚积的变化曲线会出现一系列的共振峰,随着掠射角的减小,共振峰个数减少,但共振峰的幅度会增加。     

炭纤维织物复合材料微结构超声成像方法

超声波在炭纤维织物复合材料中树脂囊界面声压反射系数可达 21 %,在层间界面的反射则与树脂层的厚度和声波频率有关,在缺陷界面则会产生绝对反射。研究了入射声波在织物复合材料内部树脂囊、编织纤维束和层间界面产生的声波反射信息,揭示织物复合材料内部铺层和层间界面微结构的三维分布特征。结果表明,采用高分辨率超声成像方法,可以较好地再现织物复合材料中的树脂囊和纤维束形状、取向、铺层方向及层间界面等三维分布特征,为织物复合材料提供一种有效的微结构表征和缺陷检测方法。      

考虑接触刚度的燃气轮机拉杆转子动力特性研究

基于弹塑性理论对具有粗糙表面的长方微元体进行有限元接触分析,根据受力和变形关系得到了不同载荷作用下的法向和切向界面接触刚度。将微元体界面接触刚度与宏观结构应力分析结果相结合,给出了考虑接触刚度的组合结构动力特性研究方法,分析了压气段轮盘接触刚度对某重型燃气轮机拉杆转子固有振动频率的影响。结果表明,界面接触刚度导致转子固有频率降低,随着接触刚度的增加,其对固有频率的影响逐渐减小。接触刚度对转子各阶固有频率的影响不同,法向刚度对第一阶弯曲频率影响较大,切向刚度对第二阶弯曲频率影响较大。     

固体火箭发动机粘接界面湿热老化实验

对固体火箭发动机粘接界面试验件进行了不同湿热条件下的加速老化试验,并测量了不同老化时间粘接界面的扯离强度,描述了湿热老化试验和性能测试中的试验现象,结合复合材料微粘接结构吸湿规律对试验现象和撤离强度随老化时间变化曲线进行了分析。研究结果表明:衬层-推进剂粘接界面是固体火箭发动机粘接结构中最薄弱环节,应予以重点考虑;湿热老化促进了环境水分从衬层–推进剂界面向推进剂内部的扩散和渗透,致使弱边界层向推进剂内部扩展,导致了衬层-推进剂界面粘接强度的降低。试验件平均扯离强度随老化时间呈下降趋势,中间有一个强度趋于稳定的平台期。      

Flexural vibrations and resonance of piezoelectric cantilevers with a nonpiezoelectric extension

A piezoelectric cantilever (PEC) is a flexural transducer consisting of a piezoelectric layer [e.g., lead zirconate titanate (PZT)] bonded to a nonpiezoelectric layer (e.g., stainless steel). A PEC with a thin nonpiezoelectric extension has two distinctive sections, each with a different thickness, different axial density, and elastic-modulus profiles and has been increasingly used as an in-situ biosensor. It has the advantages of dipping only the nonpiezoelectric extension part in an aqueous solution without electrically insulating the piezoelectric section as well as serving as the bonding pad for receptor immobilization. In this study, we examined the effect of the thin nonpiezoelectric extension on the flexural resonance spectrum and resonance vibration waveforms of PEC; in particular, how the length ratio between the piezoelectric section and the nonpiezoelectric extension section affects the resonance frequencies and resonance peak intensities of PEC. Theoretical resonance frequencies and resonance vibration waveforms were obtained using an analytical transcendental equation we derived by solving the flexural wave equation. Both experimental and theoretical results showed that the two-section structure distorted the flexural vibration waveforms from those of PEC without an extension. As a result, the higher-mode resonance peaks of PEC with a nonpiezoelectric extension could be higher than the first resonance peak due to the two-section structure. With PEC that has a piezoelectric section of 0.25-mm thick PZT bonded to 0.07 mm thick stainless steel of various length 11 and a 0.07-mm thick nonpiezoelectric extension of length l2, we showed that the first-mode-to-second-mode resonance peak intensity ratio had a maximum of 5.6 at l1/l2 = 0.75 and the first-mode-to-second-mode resonance frequency ratio a minimum of 2.2 at 11/12 = 1.8. These findings will undoubtedly help optimize the design and performance of PEC.     

Computational Characterization of Adhesive Layer Properties Using Guided Waves in Bonded Plates

This research develops a guided waves technique to nondestructively characterize the stiffness properties of bonded engineering components. This study first quantifies the influence of the relevant adhesive layer properties—Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and bond thickness—on the dispersion curves of a two-layer bonded system, an aluminum plate with an adhesive tape layer bonded to its lower surface. Both a commercial finite element (FE) code (ABAQUS/Explicit) and the global matrix method (GMM) are used to determine the dispersion relationships of this bonded plate system in the form of frequency-wavenumber and slowness-frequency relations. These dispersion curves are then used to determine a set of adhesive tape parameter sensitive points, whose frequency coordinates represent the solution criteria for a proposed inversion procedure. This inversion is based on the GMM and assumes the three adhesive tape properties are unknown. The performance of this inversion procedure depends on the number of input time-domain signals; it is possible to solve the inverse problem for all three of the unknown adhesive tape properties if multiple input signals are known.     

Resonance reflection of acoustic waves in piezoelectric bi-crystalline structures

The paper studies the bulk wave reflection from internal interfaces in piezoelectric media. The interfaces of two types have been considered. Infinitesimally thin metallic layer inserted into homogeneous piezoelectric crystal of arbitrary symmetry. Rigidly bonded crystals whose piezoelectric coefficients differ by sign but the other material constants are identical. Analytic expressions for the coefficients of mode conversion have been derived. An analysis has been carried out of specific singularities arising when the angle of incidence is such that the resonance excitation of leaky interface acoustic waves occurs. The conditions for the resonance total reflection have been established. The computations performed for lithium niobate (LiNbO3) illustrate general conclusions.     

Shape optimization of bonded patch to cylindrical shell structures

Adhesive bonding has been widely used to join or repair metallic and composite structural components to achieve or restore their designated structural stiffness and strengths. However, current analysis methods and empirical databases for composite bonded patch repairs or joints are limited to flat structures, and there exists a very limited knowledge on the effect of curvature on the performance and durability of composite bonded joints and repairs. Recently, a novel finite element formulation was presented for developing adhesive elements for conducting 2.5‐D simplified stress analysis of bonded repairs to curved structures. This paper presents the work on optimal shape design of a bonded curved composite patch using the newly developed adhesive element. The Sequential Linear Programming (SLP) method is employed as the optimization algorithm in conjunction with a fully implemented mesh generation algorithm into which new features have been incorporated. The objective of shape optimization is to minimize the maximum stress in the entire adhesive layer to ensure that the bonded patch effectively works together with the parent structure in service. Several different objective functions, related to possible failure mechanisms of the adhesive layer, are proposed to optimize the shape of a bonded patch. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.